Putting the heart into microvascular training: The Micropump, a practical “heart-like” device to enhance vascular anastomosis non-living simulation

Non-living simulation models are effective training platforms in learning to achieve a structurally patent microvascular anastomosis. However, a gap still exists between non-living and living models in providing physiological feedback. We have an ethical obligation to optimise non-living resources, to minimise the use of living animals in microsurgical training.

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