Non-living microvascular training models: Face validity of liquid latex and the challenge of structural vs. “physiological” patency assessment

Microvascular anastomosis training increasingly uses assessment tools to objectively evaluate the surgeons' performance and to track progression in this challenging learning curve. The first steps in microvascular skills acquisition are accomplished via a variety of training models in a safe simulation training environment1, with an increasing use of non-living biological models over living animal models, in line with the ethical considerations of replacement, reduction and refinement.

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