Interface-induced growth of boronate-based metal-organic framework membrane on porous carbon substrate for aqueous phase molecular recognition

Publication date: 15 September 2017
Source:Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 324
Author(s): Shucheng Liu, Sudhirkumar Shinde, Jianming Pan, Yue Ma, Yongsheng Yan, Guoqing Pan
For metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), introduction of special functional groups and integration on porous support will endow the MOF with specific molecular affinity and tunable membrane-like surface properties. Herein, we demonstrated a facile interface-induced Zn(II)-ligand-fragment co-assembly strategy to in situ fabricate boronate-based MOF membrane on hydrophobic porous carbon substrate for specific molecular recognition and separation. Due to the phenylboronic acid groups and hydrophobic porous carbon supporting layer, a catechol-containing medicinal natural flavone Luteolin was found to be efficiently and selectively recognized on the MOF composite in water-containing solution. As compared to the separated MOF particles and carbon substrate, the MOF composite exhibited similar adsorption kinetics but significant higher adsorption capacity in static separation. Dynamic separation also revealed that the MOF composite could achieve a desirable maximum adsorption capacity under mild separation condition, implying its applicability in industrial application. As a proof of this concept, a commercially available Luteolin with 85% purity could be easily extracted and concentrated to 99.90% purity by the MOF composite in highly aqueous solution, and the products possessed the similar antibacterial performance with standard substance. These results demonstrated that, a membrane-like functionalized MOF composite with enhanced surface hydrophobicity and improved molecular specificity has great potential for separation of industrial and even biological samples under water compatible conditions.

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Influence of laser offset on laser welding-brazing of Al/brass dissimilar alloys

Publication date: 15 September 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 717
Author(s): L. Zhou, Z.Y. Li, X.G. Song, C.W. Tan, Z.Z. He, Y.X. Huang, J.C. Feng
Laser welding-brazing of dissimilar metals 5052 aluminum alloy and H62 brass in butt configuration was performed with Zn-15%Al filler metal. Laser beam offset was defined as the deviation from the center of the laser beam to the butted joint face. Influence of laser offset (defined Al side (−) and brass side (+)) on microstructure and mechanical properties of welded-brazed joints were investigated. Satisfied and defect-free joints were obtained when laser beam was irradiated at Al side, while poor wetting at the bottom, interfacial cracks and lack of penetration occurred when laser offset was shifted to brass side. When the laser offset was −0.6–0 mm, the interfacial microstructure mainly consisted of serrated layer Al4.2Cu3.2Zn0.7 adjacent to the weld seam and continuous layer CuZn close to the brass substrate. When the laser offset moved towards brass side (0.3 mm), Al4Cu9 phase formed in between CuZn and Al4.2Cu3.2Zn0.7, due to more melting and dissolution of brass. Tensile test indicated that joint strength increased first and then reduced with laser offset from Al side to brass side, and the maximum tensile strength of 128 MPa was obtained at laser offset of −0.3 mm, which was 55.7% of that of Al base metal. All the joints fractured along the bottom of brass side with brittle fracture surface and fracture location extended into the weld seam at the upper of the joints.



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Comparison of ashes from fixed/fluidized bed combustion of swine sludge and olive by-products. Properties, environmental impact and potential uses

Publication date: November 2017
Source:Renewable Energy, Volume 112
Author(s): Despina Vamvuka, George Kaniadakis, Despina Pentari, George Alevizos, Zoe Papapolikarpou
Residues from agriculture and processing industries or from the livestock sector play an important role for the power generation sector. However, ash materials produced during combustion may create several technical and environmental problems. In this work, bottom and fly ashes obtained from lab-scale fixed/fluidized bed combustion of swine sludge, olive by-products and their mixtures, from the island of Crete, were characterized by mineralogical, chemical, particle size distribution and fusibility analyses, as well as by standard leaching tests. Slagging and fouling propensities were determined and their environmental impact and potential uses were assessed. The results showed that the ashes were rich in Ca, Si, Mg, P, K, Cu, Zn and Sr minerals. Slagging/fouling potential of swine manure was significant. Heavy metals showed less preference for fly ashes. Toxic metal ions were released in low quantities through the soil, below the legislative limit values. The low leachability of the elements was attributed to the higher alkalinity of the extracts, as well as the mineralogical and chemical composition of the solids involved. All ashes could be used as secondary building materials, or for road construction. Alternatively, they could be used in mixtures with other byproducts as liming agents and fertilizers on acidic soils.



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Mineral and fatty acid profile of high intensity pulsed electric fields or thermally treated fruit juice-milk beverages stored under refrigeration

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Food Control, Volume 80
Author(s): Laura Salvia-Trujillo, Mariana Morales-de la Peña, Alejandra Rojas-Graü, Jorge Welti-Chanes, Olga Martín-Belloso
The influence of High Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields (HIPEF) or Thermal Treatment (TT) on minerals and fatty acids of fruit juice-whole (FJ-WM) or skimmed milk (FJ-SM) beverages was assessed after processing and during chilled storage. Mineral profile of both beverages was characterized by Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu, and Mn; being Ca the macroelement detected at the highest concentration (3.06–3.17mg/100 mL). Neither HIPEF nor TT significantly affected mineral concentration of the beverages, except Fe, which augmented after HIPEF (300%) or TT (43%). During storage (56 days), mineral content in both bevearges remained highly stable, regardless of the treatment applied. 11 fatty acids were identified in untreated and processed FJ-WM beverages. Palmitic acid was detected at highest concentration (21.83–24.37 mg/100 g of fat). Immediately after HIPEF or TT, most fatty acids remained with no significant changes, only linoleic acid increased (20%) in HIPEF treated beverage. Fatty acid content of HIPEF treated FJ-WM beverages was kept constant along storage; only palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids showed lower concentrations (12–20%) at day 56. Conversely, the concentration of most fatty acids in the heated beverage underwent a significant reduction (7–19%) with time, except palmitic acid, which remained constant. HIPEF can be considered as a potential alternative to conventional pasteurization to obtain stable mixed beverages with significant concentrations of health-related compounds.



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Eyelid Reconstruction Using Oral Mucosa and Ear Cartilage Strips as Sandwich Grafting

Background: The eyelid structure can be divided into an inner layer and an outer layer. Reconstruction of a full-thickness eyelid defect is accomplished by full-thickness composite tissue transfer or combined layered reconstruction. We present a new technique for inner layer reconstruction using ear cartilage and oral mucosa. Methods: The oral mucosa graft is harvested from the inner side of the lower lip to fit the defect size and shape. The ear cartilage graft is harvested as a rectangular strip. The harvested mucosa is sutured to the defect margin and the cartilage strip graft is interposed to the defect. Finally, the outer layer of the defect is covered with skin flaps. Consequently, the ear cartilage graft is sandwiched between the mucosa graft and the skin flap. Results: We used this technique for the reconstruction of 13 full-thickness eyelid defects of various locations, sizes, and shapes. Ten cases involved the lower eyelid, 2 cases involved the lower eyelid including the medial canthus, and 1 case involved the upper eyelid. The oral mucosa graft survived in all patients. The reconstructions were successful and there were no postoperative reports of conjunctival or corneal irritation. Conclusions: The present technique using a combination of an ear cartilage strip graft and oral mucosa graft is an easy and versatile technique for reconstruction of inner layer eyelid defects. We believe that the beneficial effects of tears, which are richly oxygenated, improved survival of the grafted mucosa.

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Sonographic findings of IgG4-related disease of the salivary glands: Case report and review of the literature.

Related Articles

Sonographic findings of IgG4-related disease of the salivary glands: Case report and review of the literature.

J Clin Ultrasound. 2017 May 11;:

Authors: Narayan AK, Baer A, Fradin J

Abstract
IgG4-related disease is a relatively newly described entity with findings that historically have been confused with a variety of other diseases with markedly different treatments and prognoses, including Sjogren's syndrome and MALT lymphoma. We present a case of IgG4-related disease of the salivary glands and review the literature on sonographic findings of IgG4-related disease. By connecting sonographic features of IgG4 disease with common ancillary features of IgG4 disease in other sites (pancreas, hilar lymph nodes, biliary tree, thyroid, and retroperitoneum), radiologists can play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and identification of IgG4-related disease. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2017.

PMID: 28493480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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CONTENTS 1

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Materials Today, Volume 20, Issue 3





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CONTENTS 2

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Materials Today, Volume 20, Issue 3





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Hepatoprotective activities of Antrodia camphorata and its triterpenoid compounds against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice

Publication date: Available online 12 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Zi-wei Li, Yi Kuang, Shu-nan Tang, Kai Li, Yun Huang, Xue Qiao, Si-wang Yu, Yew-min Tzeng, Jen-Yu Lo, Min Ye
Ethnopharmacology relevance:Antrodia camphorata (AC) is a rare and precious fungus indigenous to Taiwan used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of liver injury. Triterpenoids are the major bioactive constituents of A. camphorata and have been reported to possess hepatoprotective activities. To meet the increasing demand, artificial cultivation techniques have been developed.Aim of the studyThis study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective activities of AC samples derived from different cultivation techniques and to dissect the main active triterpenoid compounds.Materials and methodsThe ethanol extracts of five batches of AC samples, including wild growing fruiting bodies, cutting wood culture fruiting bodies, dish cultures, cutting wood culture mycelia, and submerged fermentation mycelia were orally administered (50mg/kg or 200mg/kg) to ICR mice for 7 days. On the last day, CCl4 (0.2%, 7mL/kg, i.p.) was used to induce liver injury, and the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined 24h after the injection. Moreover, a HepG2 cell model treated with CCl4 (0.35%) was used to screen the protective activities of 29 AC triterpenoids. After incubation for 6h, viabilities of the cells were tested using MTS assay. The in vivo hepatoprotective activities of antcin B and antcin K were further studied on the mice model by ALT and AST tests and histopathologic examinations. To elucidate the mechanisms, the mRNA levels of iNOS, COX2, TNF-α and IL-1β, and the protein levels of NF-κB (p65/p-p65), iNOS and COX2 in liver tissues were determined.ResultsThe wild growing or cutting wood culture fruiting bodies, and the dish cultures of AC showed more potent activities than the mycelia (P < 0.001). At 20μM, 16 of 29 triterpenoids showed significant protective activities, increasing HepG2 cell viability from 46% of the CCl4 group to >90%. Antcin B and antcin K could dose-dependently (10 or 50mg/kg, 7 days, i.g.) decrease the serum levels of ALT and AST, and decrease the incidence of liver necrosis. The effects of 50mg/kg of antcin K or antcin B were almost identical to those of 100mg/kg silymarin. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed they could down-regulate IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB in liver tissues at both transcriptional and translational levels.ConclusionThe results indicate that cultivation techniques remarkably affect the hepatoprotective activities of AC. Antcin K and antcin B are the major hepatoprotective compounds of A. camphorata, and the mechanism is related with anti-inflammation. Given its high natural abundance and good oral absorption, antcin K could be a promising drug candidate for liver injury.

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Chinese Materia Medica Used in Medicinal Diets

Publication date: Available online 12 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Fang Tan, Yalin Chen, Xiaolei Tan, Yunyun Ma, Yong Peng
Ethnopharmacological relevance:Medicinal diets have a history of more than 2000 years. Locally referred to as yaoshan (Chinese: 药膳), a medicinal diet is understood in China as a dietary product that combines herbs and food with the purpose of preventing and treating diseases or improving health under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Medicinal diets are used in Chinese people's daily life and in specialized restaurants. Hundreds of Chinese materia medica (CMM) are used in medicinal diets; however, a comprehensive evaluation of medicinal diets is lacking.Aims of the study:This is an exploratory study that aims to identify the CMM that are most frequently used in medicinal diets and to provide an updated view of the current situation of medicinal diets in China.Materials and methods:A field study of 1221 people in 32 Chinese provinces was conducted over a period of approximately 6 months and included various types of interviews as well as a written questionnaire. Two approaches were used to analyse the data collected in the survey: (1) estimating the frequency of CMM consumed in daily diets; and (2) collecting CMM used in medicinal diet restaurants. Complementary information on the selected CMM was obtained from relevant databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, and Web of Science.Results:Ten CMM were reported as commonly used by more than 50% of the participants. Among these 10 species, most medicinally used parts were seeds and fruits. Pharmacological data from the literature revealed that these species are associated with a wide spectrum of biological properties, including antitumour (80%), antioxidant (50%), anti-diabetic (40%), antilipemic (40%), anti-aging (40%), antimicrobial (40%) and cardioprotective (40%) activities. Our survey shows that most medicinal diet restaurants are located in the eastern part of China, with the greatest numbers being found in Beijing and Guangzhou. Only Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Chrysanthemi Flos and Longan Arillus were frequently consumed both in daily diets and at medicinal diet restaurants. Some of the similarities shared by these 4 species include an extensive history of use (>2000 years); a sweet flavour; and antioxidant, antidiabetic, antilipemic and cardioprotective effects.Conclusions:The 10 most commonly consumed CMM possess various biological effects that are currently target the most frequent health problems for the majority of the population. The development of medicinal diet restaurants has certain regional restrictions and is associated with the local climate environment and dietary culture. The data revealed by this study provided useful information for commercial exploitation of medicinal diets and their components and serve as a basis for further studies on various aspects of medicinal diets.

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New Isoflavonoids from the Extract of Rhynchosia precatoria (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC. and their antimycobacterial activity

Publication date: Available online 12 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Enrique Wenceslao Coronado-Aceves, Giulia Gigliarelli, Adriana Garibay-Escobar, Ramón Enrique Robles Zepeda, Massimo Curini, Jaime López Cervantes, Clara Inés Espitia-Pinzón, Stefano Superchi, Stefania Vergura, Maria Carla Marcotullio
Ethnopharmacology relevanceThe evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of extracts of medicinal plants used by Mayos against tuberculosis and respiratory problems, allowed the identification of Rhynchosia precatoria (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC (Fabaceae) as the best candidate to find new antimycobacterial compounds.Aim of the studyTo isolate and characterize the compounds of R. precatoria responsible for the inhibitory and bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 700084. To determine antimycobacterial synergistic effect of pure compounds and their selectivity index towards Vero cells.Materials and MethodsA total of six flavonoids were purified by silica gel column chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques. The configuration at the C-3 chiral center was established by quantum mechanical calculation of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum. In vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis were determined with the redox indicator Alamar Blue (resazurin). Synergy was determined by X/Y quotient. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay.ResultsThe isolated compounds were identified as precatorin A (1), precatorin B (2), precatorin C (3), lupinifolin (4), cajanone (5) and lupinifolinol (6). Compounds 1–3 are new. Compounds 1 to 5 inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis (MIC ≥31.25µg/mL); compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 killed the bacteria (MBC ≥31.25µg/mL) and also inhibited M. smegmatis (MIC ≥125µg/mL), while 1 and 4 also resulted bactericidal (MBC ≥125µg/mL). Compounds 4 and 5 presented synergistic effect (X/Y quotient value <0.5) at a concentration of 1/2 MIC of each compound in the combination. Cytotoxicity in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) gave IC50 values of 13.3 to 46.98µM, for compounds 1–5.ConclusionsIn this work we isolated two new isoflavanones (1 and 2), and one new isoflavone (3) with a weak antimycobacterial activity. The (3R) absolute configuration was assigned to 1 by computational analysis of its ECD spectrum and to 2 and 5 by similarity of their ECD spectra with that of 1. We are also reporting by first time, activity against virulent strain of M. tuberculosis for compounds 4 and 5 and their antimycobacterial synergistic effect.

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Neuropathic and inflammatory antinociceptive effects and electrocortical changes produced by Salvia divinorum in rats

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Karina Simón-Arceo, Ma. Eva González-Trujano, Ulises Coffeen, Rodrigo Fernández-Mas, Francisco Mercado, Angélica Almanza, Bernardo Contreras, Orlando Jaimes, Francisco Pellicer
Ethnopharmacological relevanceSalvia divinorum Epling et Játiva-M (SD, Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in hallucinogenic ethnopharmacological practices and for its analgesic and antinflammatory properties. Its active compounds include diterpenes known as salvinorins which act as potent κ opioid receptor agonists.Aim of the studyGiven its effects in acute animal models of pain, as well as its antinflammatory attributes, we decided to investigate the analgesic effects of an SD extract in neuropathic (sciatic loose nerve ligature) and inflammatory (intra plantar carrageenan) pain models in rats. We also determined in this study the electrocorticographic changes to correlate similar hallucinogenic state and behavior as those produced in humans.Material and methodsMechanical and thermonociceptive responses, plantar test and von Frey assay, respectively, were measured in adult Wistar rats 30min, 3h and 24h after the intraperitoneal administration of saline or an hydroponic SD extract. We also evaluated carbamazepine and celecoxib, as gold reference drugs, to compare its antinociceptive effects.ResultsOur results showed that administration of SD extract induced antialgesic effects in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. All those effects were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine (a Kappa opioid receptor antagonist). Moreover, it was observed an increase of the anterior power spectral density and a decrease in the posterior region as electrocorticographic changes.ConclusionThe present investigation give evidence that SD is capable to reduce algesic response associated to neuropathic and inflammatory nociception. This study support therapeutic alternatives for a disabling health problem due to the long term pain with high impact on population and personal and social implications.

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Ethnozoological assessment of animals used by Mon traditional medicine vendors at Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar

Publication date: Available online 12 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Vincent Nijman, Chris R Shepherd
Ethnopharmacological relevanceWild animals are widely used in traditional Asian medicine but information from Myanmar is lacking. We show that a wide range of animals are used at a pilgrimage site, mostly for their rendered fats and oils to be used in mixed concoctions. The majority of species were sold to be used to treat aching joints, muscle ache and skin diseases.Aim of the studyTo assess wildlife for sale for medicinal purposes, and document their medicinal use at Kyaiktiyo, a pilgrimage site at a 1100m tall mountain, with many of the pilgrims climbing to the top. In addition we address legal issues relating to the production and sale of traditional medicine that contain legally protected animals.Material and methodsFour visits were made to Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar, between 2000 and 2017 to quantify animal parts on display and through discussions with vendors to obtain information on medicinal use of these parts.ResultsTwenty-three species, mostly mammals, were recorded to be used for traditional medicine. The most common were Chinese serow Capricornis milneedwardsii, Asian elephant Elephas maximus, and Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus. Over 600 bodies or body parts were present. Combined, these parts purportedly provided cures or relief for at least 15 ailments or diseases. The most commonly mentioned treatment was that of using rendered animal fats/oils externally to relieve/cure aching joints or muscles. This treatment allegedly provides instant relief to pilgrims after an arduous climb up the mountain. Purported cures for various skin diseases was the next common use for the animal species on offer. Purported cures for various skin diseases were the next common uses for animals. Ten of the species observed for sale at Kyaiktiyo are listed globally as threatened, and 15 are protected and cannot be legally traded. Ambiguities in Myanmar's legislation mean that protected animals or their body parts cannot be traded, however traditional medicines can be made out of them provided rules relating to the manufacturing of traditional medicines are adhered to.ConclusionThis study indicated that animals and their parts continue to be openly offered for sale at Kyaiktiyo to treat various illnesses. Despite these products potential medical, traditional or cultural importance, solutions have to been found on how to ensure that, in line with Myanmar's laws, use of traditional local medicine does not impede the conservation of imperilled species.

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Src and Syk contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of Achyranthes aspera ethanolic extract

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Jeong-Ook Lee, Woo Seok Yang, Jae Gwang Park, Deok Jeong, Han Gyung Kim, Kee Dong Yoon, Adithan Aravinthan, Jong-Hoon Kim, Eunji Kim, Jae Youl Cho
Ethnopharmacological relevanceNuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays pivotal roles in inflammation. Src and Syk are two tyrosine kinases that act upstream of NF-κB signaling. Although Achyranthes aspera L. (A. aspera) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat fevers and inflammatory ailments and heal wounds, the molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory actions are not yet fully understood.Materials and MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of A. aspera ethanol extract (Aa-EE). To determine the mechanism by which Aa-EE dampens the inflammatory response, nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined by Griess assay and RT-PCR. Luciferase assays and immunoblotting were also conducted to examine how Aa-EE regulates the NF-κB pathway.ResultsAa-EE reduced NO production up to 60% without any cytotoxicity. This extract was found to downregulate the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes. Aa-EE blocked NF-κB promoter activity induced by both TNF-α and adaptor molecule MyD88 (about 70% and 40%, respectively). Moreover, nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were also inhibited. Furthermore, Aa-EE inactivated two upstream signaling molecules, the Src and Syk kinases. In accordance with these data, the kinase activities of Src and Syk were decreased by 50% and 80%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory action of Aa-EE was also confirmed in a gastritis model.ConclusionOur data suggest that Aa-EE targets NF-κB to exert its anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing Src and Syk. Therefore, our study raises the possibility that this extract can be developed as a novel natural anti-inflammatory remedy.

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Protective effects of Cinnamomum cassia (Lamaceae) against gout and septic responses via attenuation of inflammasome activation in experimental models

Publication date: 9 June 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 205
Author(s): Woo-Young Shin, Do-Wan Shim, Myong-Ki Kim, Xiao Sun, Sushruta Koppula, Sang–Hyeun Yu, Han-Bi Kim, Tack-Joong Kim, Tae-Bong Kang, Kwang-Ho Lee
Ethnopharmacological relevanceCinnamomum cassia (C. cassia, Lauraceae family), commonly used for treating dyspepsia, gastritis, blood circulation, and inflammatory diseases is considered as one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.Aim of the studyThe anti-inflammatory action of an ethanol extract of C. cassia (CA), and its underlying mechanisms were explored in both in vitro cellular and in vivo murine models.Materials and methodsBone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used to study the regulatory effect of CA on inflammasome activation. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis mouse model and a monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gout model were employed to study the effect of CA on in vivo efficacy.ResultsCA improved the survival rate in the LPS-induced septic shock mouse model and inhibited inflammasome activation including NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2, leading to suppression of interleukin-1β secretion. Further, ASC oligomerization and its speck formation in cytosol were attenuated by CA treatment. Furthermore, CA improved both survival rate of LPS-induced septic shock and gout murine model.ConclusionsCA treatment significantly attenuated danger signals-induced inflammatory responses via regulation of inflammasome activation, substantiating the traditional claims of its use in the treatment of inflammation-related disorders.

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SKI3301, a purified herbal extract from Sophora tonkinensis, inhibited airway inflammation and bronchospasm in allergic asthma animal models in vivo

Publication date: Available online 12 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Hunseung Yoo, Minseok Kang, Sungsoo Pyo, Hee-Sung Chae, Keun Ho Ryu, Jinwoong Kim, Young-Won Chin
Ethnopharmacological relevanceSophora tonkinensis (Leguminosae, ST) is a traditional herbal plant in Korea and China. Its roots and rhizomes have been used to dissipate heat, to clear toxic material and to treat acute pharyngolaryngeal infections and sore throats.Aim of studyIn this study, we tried to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects of a purified extract (SKI3301) from Sophora tonkinensis using in vitro enzyme assay models and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma animal models.Materials and methodsThe effect of SKI3301 on pro-inflammatory enzymes such as 5-lipoxygenase, phosphodiesterase 3 & 4, and thromboxane synthase was assayed in vitro. BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA/Alum ip injection and nebulized with OVA to induce airway inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected and analyzed for leukocytes infiltration and IL-5 production along with lung histopathology. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with anti-OVA antiserum were used to investigate the effect of SKI3301 on bronchospasm in vitro and in vivo.ResultsSKI3301 potently inhibited the activities of 5-lipoxygenase, phosphodiesterase 3 & 4, and thromboxane synthase. Orally administered SKI3301 attenuated the total leukocytes and eosinophil infiltration and IL-5 level in BAL fluids. Histopathological changes associated with lung inflammation were also reduced by SKI3301. SKI3301 inhibited OVA-induced contraction of isolated trachea from sensitized guinea pigs. SKI3301 also protected OVA-induced bronchoconstriction in the sensitized guinea pigs. Maackiain, one of 3 major components of SKI3301, was effective in inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and OVA-induced airway inflammation.ConclusionIn this study, SKI3301 potently inhibited pro-inflammatory enzymes and attenuated OVA-induced bronchospasm in animal model of allergic asthma. These results suggest that SKI3301 may have therapeutic potential for allergic asthma.

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Chronic administration of antioxidant resin from Virola oleifera attenuates atherogenesis in LDLr -/- mice

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Paola Nogueira Coutinho, Beatriz Peters Pereira, Ana Claudia Hertel Pereira, Marcella Leite Porto, Arícia Leone Evangelista Monteiro de Assis, Afrânio Côgo Destefani, Silvana Santos Meyrelles, Elisardo Corral Vasquez, Breno Valentim Nogueira, Tadeu Uggere de Andrade, Denise Coutinho Endringer, Marcio Fronza, Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
Ethnopharmacological relevance:Virola oleifera (Schott) A. C. Smith, Myristicaceae has been largely used in traditional folk medicine in Brazil as an anti-inflammatory agent and our previous data indicated the antioxidant properties in other oxidative stress-related models. However, its effects on atherosclerosis (AT) are not yet investigated.Aims of the study:To evaluate the influence of resin from Virola oleifera (RV) on progression of AT in LDLr^-/- mice.Materials and methods:LDLr^-/- mice were divided into 4 groups: 1) The ND group received a normal diet without treatment. 2) The HD group received a high-fat diet without treatment. 3) The HD-V50 received a high-fat diet and was orally treated with RV at 50mg/Kg. 4) The HD-V300 received a high-fat diet and was orally treated with RV at 300mg/Kg. After 4 weeks, blood was collected to quantify biochemical parameters and ROS total and the aorta was removed to measure the lipid deposition by en face analysis. The liver was also collected to determine total lipids and lipid and protein oxidation. In order to investigate in more detail the contributions of RV in the vascular structure, we carried out the in vitro tests using four cellular types: macrophages, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.Results:We showed that the chronic treatment of RV at both doses reduced vascular lipid accumulation (~50%, p<0.05), probably through systemic and hepatic antioxidant effects, independent of dyslipidemia. Moreover, the in vitro assay results demonstrated that RV develops antioxidant properties on the vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, reinforcing the protective role of RV in progression of AT. LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with RV resulted in a significant reduction of NO production in a concentration-dependent manner.Conclusions:Chronic treatment with RV diminishes lipid deposition in atherosclerotic mice, which may be justified, at least in part, by antioxidant systemic and local mechanisms, reinforcing the protective role this resin in the setting of vascular lipid deposition, independent of hypercholesterolemia.

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Inhibition of proinflammatory mediators by coumaroyl lupendioic acid, a new lupane-type triterpene from Careya arborea, on inflammation-induced animal model

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Rayhana Begum, Manjur Ali Sheliya, Showkat R. Mir, Ekta Singh, Manju Sharma
Ethnopharmacological relevanceCareya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is a large tree found throughout India in deciduous forests and grasslands. C. arborea is traditionally used in tumors, inflammation, anthelmintic, bronchitis, epileptic fits, astringents, antidote to snake-venom, skin disease, diarrhea, dysentery with bloody stools, dyspepsia, ulcer, tooth ache, and ear pain.Aim of the studyIn our previous work, the methanolic extract of Careya arborea stem bark showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. As a continuity of that work, this study aimed at the isolation and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of coumaroyl lupendioic acid, a new lupane-type triterpene from Careya arborea stem bark. Further, to give an insight into the underlying mechanism of action of the compound on the modulation of proinflammatory mediators.Materials and methodsMethanolic extract of Careya arborea stem bark was suspended in water, and sequentially fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Further ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to isolate the active molecules. The isolated compounds were characterized by the various spectral techniques namely UV, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT, ¹H - ¹H COSY, HMBC and Mass spectral techniques. In vitro COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition assays using human whole blood was performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of the isolated compounds. The resulted potent COX-2 inhibitor of the isolated constituents compound 5, designated as coumaroyl lupendioic acid (CLA), was investigated in carrageenan induced inflammation and its effect was also compared with betulinic acid (BA) at the doses of 10 and 20mg/kg, p.o. using indomethacin and celecoxib (10 and 20mg/kg, p.o., respectively) as reference drugs. The effect of CLA on the production of NO, MPO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were assessed. In addition, the histopathology and immunohistochemistry (NF-ҡB, COX-2 and TNF-α protein expression) in paw tissues were also carried out.ResultsThe chromatographic fractionation of the methanolic extract resulted in isolation of six new derivatives of lupane type triterpenes for the first time from the stem bark of C. arborea; 3β-hydroxy-lup-5,20 (29),21-trien-28-oic acid (Compound 1), 1, 3, 13, 16-tetrahydroxy-lup-9(11), 20(29)-diene-28-oic acid (Compound 2), 1, 7-di hydroxy betulinic acid (Compound 3), 3β-O-dihydrocinnamyl betulinic acid (Compound 4), 3β-O-trans-coumaryl-lup-6, 9(11), 20(29)-triene-27, 28-olioic acid (Compound 5), 16β-hydroxy-2, 3-seco-lup-5, 20(29)-dien-2, 3, 28-trioic acid (Compound 6). Among the all isolated compounds 3β-O-trans-coumaryl-lup-6, 9(11), 20(29)-triene-27, 28-olioic acid designated as coumaroyl lupendioic acid (CLA) showed higher COX-2 selectivity which is comparable to reference drug (celecoxib). CLA significantly reduced carrageenan induced inflammation whereas CLA revealed greater effect as compared to BA at the similar corresponding doses. Moreover, CLA significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators elevated by carrageenan. CLA also preserved the tissue architecture as evidenced by the histopathology. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies revealed that CLA significantly down regulated NF-ҡB, COX-2 and TNF-α protein expression.ConclusionThe study gives an insight into the molecular mechanisms of coumaroyl lupendioic acid and suggests that the down-regulations of proinflammatory mediators provide credence to the ethno botanical use of the plant in the management of inflammation.

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