Background: Retinal and optic disc perfusion in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is incompletely understood. Our aim was to investigate the characteristics of the microvascular structures at the peripapillary area and optic disc, and their associations with retinal structure and function in patients with NAION. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational case series study. Thirty-four eyes, consisting of 15 NAION eyes and 19 normal eyes, were included. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography was used to measure the vessel densities in the peripapillary superficial retina and whole-depth mode inside the optic disc. Measurement of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness was performed using OCT. Sectorial division analysis of cpRNFL was performed by eliminating the influences of the difference in disc rotation between OCT images and OCT angiography images. Results: The vessel densities of peripapillary retina and inside the optic disc were significantly reduced in the NAION compared to the normal (both P
http://ift.tt/2hbbZZ9
Παρασκευή 16 Δεκεμβρίου 2016
Short Follow-up Bias Confounds Estimates of the "Typical" Clinical Course of Susac Syndrome.
Background: To evaluate the validity of the prevailing concept that Susac syndrome (SS), a rare microvasculopathy of the brain, retina, and inner ear, is a self-limiting disease. Methods: We performed a literature search to identify all cases of SS reported between 1973 and October 2015. If available, we determined their demographics, duration of follow-up, and the clinical course that was labeled as monocyclic or polycyclic. We attempted to determine the number of relapses and the relapse rate in patients with polycyclic disease. Results: Our literature search yielded 185 relevant publications reporting 405 cases of SS. The duration of follow-up could be determined in 247/405 cases, with a range 0.5-312 months. The mean was 41 months but the distribution was skewed, with a median of 24 months. Defining the clinical course as monocyclic or polycyclic was possible in 102 patients who were followed for greater than 24 months; 53 were identified as having a polycyclic course. Patients labeled polycyclic were followed longer than those labeled monocyclic (median 62 vs 42 months, P
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http://ift.tt/2gV6Isy
Reversible Charles Bonnet Syndrome After Oculoplastic Procedures.
Individuals with Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) typically have severe visual loss and experience visual hallucinations yet have no psychiatric disease. Visual impairment often is due to end-stage glaucoma or macular degeneration. We report 3 cases of CBS in patients who underwent an oculoplastic surgical procedure. One patient experienced binocular visual distortion due to excessive topical ophthalmic ointment, and 2 patients experienced monocular visual impairment from patching. Visual hallucinations resolved once vision returned to baseline. We highlight the possibility of transient CBS in postoperative patients who have temporary iatrogenic vision impairment in one or both eyes. (C) 2016 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
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http://ift.tt/2hbfX3W
Assessment reactivity: A randomized controlled trial of alcohol-specific measures on alcohol-related behaviors
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 67
Author(s): Ellen Meier, Mary Beth Miller, Nate Lombardi, Thad Leffingwell
IntroductionCompletion of alcohol assessments influences treatment outcomes, yet little is known about the aspects of assessment that may contribute to this response. The present study is a randomized controlled trial examining how the themes of alcohol assessments (e.g., assessment of alcohol-related consequences as opposed to drinking patterns) may affect drinking behaviors.MethodsUndergraduate students (N=290, Mage=19.97, SDage=1.81, 61.7% female), reporting at least one binge drinking episode during the past month, completed one of five baseline assessment batteries that varied thematically: (a) Control (e.g., minimal drinking quantity and frequency questions), (b) Consequences (e.g., College Alcohol Problems Scale; CAPS-r), (c) Norms (e.g., Drinking Norms Rating Form), (d) Diagnostic (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), and (e) Combined (all themes). Participants completed a one-month follow-up of drinking quantity/frequency and the CAPS-r.ResultsAll groups decreased their self-reported peak drinks consumed (p<0.001, ηp2=0.05) and past month frequency of drinking (p=0.002, ηp2=0.03; except for the consequences group) from baseline to follow-up. There were no between-group differences. No changes emerged in drinks per week (p=0.09, ηp2=0.01) or alcohol-related consequences (p=0.06, ηp2=0.03) from baseline to follow-up.ConclusionMinimal assessment of drinking quantity and frequency may result in assessment reactivity. Reductions in markers of risky drinking behaviors did not differ as a function of the type of assessments completed (e.g., Consequences vs Diagnostic). Continued research is needed to determine what other important variables (e.g., treatment seeking) may affect assessment reactivity.
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The impact of detergents on the tissue decellularization process: a ToF-SIMS study
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Lisa J White, Adam J Taylor, Denver M Faulk, Tim J Keane, Lindsey T Saldin, Janet E Reing, Ilea T Swinehart, Neill J Turner, Buddy D Ratner, Stephen F Badylak
Biologic scaffolds are derived from mammalian tissues, which must be decellularized to remove cellular antigens that would otherwise incite an adverse immune response. Although widely used clinically, the optimum balance between cell removal and the disruption of matrix architecture and surface ligand landscape remains a considerable challenge. Here we describe the use of time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to provide sensitive, molecular specific, localized analysis of detergent decellularized biologic scaffolds. We detected residual detergent fragments, specifically from Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in decellularized scaffolds; increased SDS concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% increased both the intensity of SDS fragments and adverse cell outcomes. We also identified cellular remnants, by detecting phosphate and phosphocholine ions in PAA and CHAPS decellularized scaffolds. The present study demonstrates ToF-SIMS is not only a powerful tool for characterization of biologic scaffold surface molecular functionality, but also enables sensitive assessment of decellularization efficacy.Statement of significanceWe report here on the use of a highly sensitive analytical technique, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to characterize detergent decellularized scaffolds. ToF-SIMS detected cellular remnants and residual detergent fragments; increased intensity of the detergent fragments correlated with adverse cell matrix interactions. This study demonstrates the importance of maintaining a balance between cell removal and detergent disruption of matrix architecture and matrix surface ligand landscape. This study also demonstrates the power of ToF-SIMS for the characterization of decellularized scaffolds and capability for assessment of decellularization efficacy. Future use of biologic scaffolds in clinical tissue reconstruction will benefit from the fundamental results described in this work.
Graphical abstract
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Three-dimensional Hepatic Lobule-like Tissue Constructs Using Cell-microcapsule Technology
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Zeyang Liu, Masaru Takeuchi, Masahiro Nakajima, Chengzhi Hu, Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Qiang Huang, Toshio Fukuda
The proper functioning of the liver and tissues containing hepatocytes greatly depends upon the intricate organization of the cells. Consequently, controlling the shape of three-dimensional (3D) cellular constructs is an important issue for in vitro applications of fabricated artificial livers. However, the precise control of tissue shape at the microscale cannot be achieved with various commonly used 3D tissue-engineered building units, such as spheroids. Here, we present the fabrication of hepatic lobule-shaped microtissue (HLSM) containing rat liver (RLC-18) cells. By using cell-microcapsule technology, RLC-18 cells were encapsulated in the core region of poly-l-lysine-alginate microcapsules. After 14 days of long-term cultivation, RLC-18 cells self-assembled into HLSM, and the cells fully occupied the microcapsule. By monitoring the cell number and albumin secretion during culture and characterizing the dimensions of the fabricated tissue, we demonstrated that the HLSM showed higher hepatic function as compared with normal cell spheroids. We also showcased the assembly of these microtissues into a 3D four-layered hepatic lobule model by a facile micromanipulation method. Our technology for fabricating 3D multilayer hepatic lobule-like, biofunctional tissue enables the precise control of tissue shape in three dimensions. Furthermore, these constructs can serve as tissue-engineered building blocks for larger organs and cellular implants in clinical treatment.
Graphical abstract
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A new tool to improve delivery of patient-engaged care and satisfaction in facial treatments: the Aesthetic Global Ranking Scale
Summary
Background
Physicians face the challenge of individualizing aesthetic treatments in order to match the aesthetic needs of patients with their expectations.
Objective
To review issues underlying patient satisfaction with minimally invasive aesthetic treatment and to present a patient-centric assessment tool (the Global Ranking Scale [GRS]) designed to set higher standards for patient consultation and treatment experience; ensure a comprehensive patient-centric aesthetic consultation process; and raise patient satisfaction with facial rejuvenation treatment.
Methods
A review of the design and content of the GRS and its use as part of the wider Galderma Harmony Program. Results of a small survey of clinicians who have switched to the GRS, and case studies of patients who have used the tool, are also presented.
Results
The GRS is used in ~500 clinics around the world. In a small survey, physicians who have used the GRS report that it has changed the way that patients are assessed and treated. While no patient survey was conducted, anecdotal evidence suggests that patients are satisfied with the GRS procedure and the outcomes of treatment.
Conclusions
The GRS is a new patient assessment tool that is designed as a guide for clinicians to help ensure consistency in the quality of patient assessment and consultation in their clinics offering minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures. Qualitative research suggests that it gives patients a better chance to achieve results aligned with their needs resulting in a higher level of satisfaction with aesthetic treatments, but this needs to be confirmed in a formal patient survey.
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The role of oxidative stress in early-onset androgenetic alopecia
Abstract
Background
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of alopecia in men. In the literature, although there are in vitro studies investigating the relationship between oxidative stress and AGA, any in vivo study does not exist.
Aim
Our aim was to evaluate the oxidative stress status in male patients with early-onset AGA by measuring total oxidant levels (TOS), total antioxidant levels (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI).
Methods
Our study included 33 male patients with early-onset AGA and 30 healthy men between ages of 18 and 30 years old. TAS and TOS measurements were taken, and OSI was calculated.
Results
When TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were compared between patient and control groups, there was no difference for TAS level, while TOS and OSI were significantly higher in patient group. In patient group, correlation between TAS, TOS, and OSI levels and age, and disease onset age and disease duration was evaluated. Highly significant negative correlation was determined between TAS level and both age and disease duration. When TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were assessed according to AGA stage, there was no significant difference between groups, while OSI level was significantly higher in patients with family history.
Conclusions
We found increased oxidative stress in younger patients with early-onset AGA. There is need for further molecular studies on the role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of AGA. We also think that topical or systemic antioxidants can be promising in treatment of AGA, especially for young patients.
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Beware of De-intensification of Radiotherapy in Patients with p16-positive Oropharynx Cancer and Rheumatological Diseases
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Practical Radiation Oncology
Author(s): Bhishamjit S. Chera, Robert J. Amdur, William Mendenhall, Jose Zevallos, Neil Hayes
http://ift.tt/2haZHzH
Initial Clinical Experience of Postmastectomy Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy in Patients with Breast Expanders with Metallic Ports
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Practical Radiation Oncology
Author(s): Robert W. Mutter, Nicholas B. Remmes, Mohamed MH Kahila, Kathy A. Hoeft, Deanna H. Pafundi, Yan Zhang, Kimberly S. Corbin, Sean S. Park, Elizabeth S. Yan, Valerie Lemaine, Judy C. Boughey, Chris J. Beltran
PurposeThe feasibility of proton post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in patients reconstructed with expanders has not been previously reported, limiting treatment options. We analyzed the dosimetric impact of the metallic port contained within expanders on intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and report our techniques and quality control for treating patients in this setting.Methods and Materials12 patients with the same expander model underwent two-field IMPT as part of a prospective registry. All planning dosimetry was checked with an in-house graphic processing unit-based Monte-Carlo simulation. Proton ranges through the expander were validated using a sample implant. Dosimetric impact of setup metallic port position uncertainty was evaluated. Pre and post-treatment photographs were obtained and acute toxicity was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0.ResultsNine patients had bilateral skin-sparing mastectomy with bilateral tissue expander reconstruction and three patients had unilateral skin-sparing mastectomy and reconstruction. The left side was treated in ten patients and the right side in two. Target coverage and normal tissue dose uncertainties resulting from the expander were small and clinically acceptable. The maximum physician-assessed acute radiation dermatitis was three in one patient, two in five patients and one in six patients.ConclusionsPostmastectomy IMPT in breast cancer patients with expanders is feasible and associated with favorable CTV coverage and normal tissue sparing, even when taking into account treatment uncertainties. Therefore, these patients should be eligible to participate in clinical trials studying the potential role of proton therapy in breast cancer. We caution, however, that institutions should carry out similar analyses of the physical properties and dosimetric impact of the particular expanders used in their practice prior to considering IMPT.
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Increasing faculty participation in resident education and providing cost-effective self-assessment module credit to faculty through resident generated didactics
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Practical Radiation Oncology
Author(s): Hyun Kim, Theresa M. Malatesta, Pramila R. Anne ', John McAna, Voichita Bar Ad, Adam P. Dicker, Robert B. Den
Purpose/Objective(s)Board certified radiation oncologists and medical physicists are required to earn self-assessment module (SAM) continuing medical education (CME) credit, which may require travel costs or usage fees. Data indicate that faculty participation in resident teaching activities is beneficial to resident education. Our hypothesis was that providing the opportunity to earn SAM credit in resident didactics would increase faculty participation in and improve resident education.Materials/MethodsSAM applications, comprised of CME certified category 1 resident didactic lectures and faculty-generated questions with respective answers, rationales and references, were submitted to the American Board of Radiology for formal review. Surveys were distributed to assess main academic campus physician (MCP), affiliate campus physician (ACP), physicist and radiation oncology resident impressions regarding the quality of the lectures. Survey responses were designed in Likert-scale format. Sign-test was performed with p<0.05 considered statistically different from neutral.ResultsFirst submission SAM approval was obtained for 9 of 9 lectures to date. A total of 52 SAM credits have been awarded to 4 physicists and 7 attending physicians. MCP and ACP attendance increased from 20% and 0%, respectively, over the 12months preceding CME/SAM lectures, to 55.6% and 20%, respectively. Survey results indicated that the change to SAM lectures increased the quality of resident lectures (p=.001), attending physician participation in resident education (p<.0001), physicist involvement in medical resident education (p=.0006) and faculty motivation to attend resident didactics (p=.004). Residents reported an increased amount of time required to prepare lectures (p=.008).ConclusionsWe are the first department, to our knowledge, to offer SAM credit to clinical faculty for participation in resident generated didactics. Offering SAM credit at resident lectures is a cost effective alternative to purchasing SAM resources, increases faculty attendance and may improve the quality of radiation oncology resident education.
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A KCNJ6 gene polymorphism modulates theta oscillations during reward processing
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Chella Kamarajan, Ashwini K. Pandey, David B. Chorlian, Niklas Manz, Arthur T. Stimus, Howard J. Edenberg, Leah Wetherill, Marc Schuckit, Jen-Chyong Wang, Samuel Kuperman, John Kramer, Jay A. Tischfield, Bernice Porjesz
Event related oscillations (EROs) are heritable measures of neurocognitive function that have served as useful phenotype in genetic research. A recent family genome-wide association study (GWAS) by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) found that theta EROs during visual target detection were associated at genome-wide levels with several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including a synonymous SNP, rs702859, in the KCNJ6 gene that encodes GIRK2, a G-protein inward rectifying potassium channel that regulates excitability of neuronal networks. The present study examined the effect of the KCNJ6 SNP (rs702859), previously associated with theta ERO to targets in a visual oddball task, on theta EROs during reward processing in a monetary gambling task. The participants were 1601 adolescent and young adult offspring within the age-range of 17–25years (800 males and 801 females) from high-dense alcoholism families as well as control families of the COGA prospective study. Theta ERO power (3.5–7.5Hz, 200–500ms post-stimulus) was compared across genotype groups. ERO theta power at central and parietal regions increased as a function of the minor allele (A) dose in the genotype (AA > AG>GG) in both loss and gain conditions. These findings indicate that variations in the KCNJ6 SNP influence magnitude of theta oscillations at posterior loci during the evaluation of loss and gain, reflecting a genetic influence on neuronal circuits involved in reward-processing. Increased theta power as a function of minor allele dose suggests more efficient cognitive processing in those carrying the minor allele of the KCNJ6 SNPs. Future studies are needed to determine the implications of these genetic effects on posterior theta EROs as possible "protective" factors, or as indices of delays in brain maturation (i.e., lack of frontalization).
http://ift.tt/2gLh2OV
Socio-emotionally significant experience and children's processing of irrelevant auditory stimuli
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Alice C. Schermerhorn, John E. Bates, Aina Puce, Dennis L. Molfese
Theory and research indicate considerable influence of socio-emotionally significant experiences on children's functioning and adaptation. In the current study, we examined neurophysiological correlates of children's allocation of information processing resources to socio-emotionally significant events, specifically, simulated marital interactions. We presented 9- to 11-year-old children (n=24; 11 females) with 15 videos of interactions between two actors posing as a married couple. Task-irrelevant brief auditory probes were presented during the videos, and event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited to the auditory probes were measured. As hypothesized, exposure to higher levels of interparental conflict was associated with smaller P1, P2, and N2 ERPs to the probes. This finding is consistent with the idea that children who had been exposed to more interparental conflict attended more to the videos and diverted fewer cognitive resources to processing the probes, thereby producing smaller ERPs to the probes. In addition, smaller N2s were associated with more child behavior problems, suggesting that allocating fewer processing resources to the probes was associated with more problem behavior. Results are discussed in terms of implications of socio-emotionally significant experiences for children's processing of interpersonal interactions.
http://ift.tt/2hR1gqJ
Enhancing tolerance of rice ( Oryza sativa ) to simulated acid rain by exogenous abscisic acid
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates much important plant physiological and biochemical processes and induces tolerance to different stresses. Here, we studied the regulation of exogenous ABA on adaptation of rice seedlings to simulated acid rain (SAR) stress by measuring biomass dry weight, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, nutrient elements, and endogenous hormones. The application of 10 μM ABA alleviated the SAR-induced inhibition on growth, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, and decreases in contents of nutrient (K, Mg, N, and P) and hormone (auxin, gibberellins, and zeatin). Moreover, 10 μM ABA could stimulate the Ca content as signaling molecules under SAR stress. Contrarily, the application of 100 μM ABA aggravated the SAR-induced inhibition on growth, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, and contents of nutrient and hormone. The results got after a 5-day recovery (without SAR) show that exogenous 10 μM ABA can promote self-restoration process in rice whereas 100 μM ABA hindered the restoration by increasing deficiency of nutrients and disturbing the balance of hormones. These results confirmed that exogenous ABA at proper concentration could enhance the tolerance of rice to SAR stress.
http://ift.tt/2hYJ36C
Exploring river pollution based on sediment analysis in the Upper Tisza region (Hungary)
Abstract
We assessed contamination in the Upper Tisza region (Hungary, Central Europe), analyzing the elemental concentrations in sediment cores of oxbows. Our hypothesis was that the metal contamination which occurred in the year 2000 and which came from the mining area in Transylvania (Romania) may be detected even 15 years after the contamination, based on the vertical profile of sediment cores. Sediment cores were collected from five oxbows, and the following elements were measured with microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES): Cu, Cr, Ba, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn. Among the oxbows studied, there was one protected oxbow, three were used for fishing, and one was contaminated with sewage. Our results indicated that the year of contamination is still observable in the vertical profile of the sediment cores. The pollution index (PI) was used to characterize the sediment enrichment of metal elements in the sediment cores. In the case of Cu, Pb, and Zn, the contamination which originated in the year 2000 was detected in the layers of the sediment cores. The contamination levels of Cu, Pb, and Zn were high or moderate in the studied oxbows. All oxbows were moderately contaminated by Mn, while a moderate level of contamination was found for Fe in the protected oxbow, one fishing oxbow, and the sewage-contaminated oxbow. In the fishing oxbows, a low level of contamination was found for Fe. The contamination level of Sr was low in the protected oxbow and in the two fishing oxbows, while in one of the fishing oxbows and in the sewage-contaminated oxbow, a moderate level of Sr contamination was found. The pollution index scores indicated that the contamination level for Ba and Cr was low in the sediment cores of the oxbows studied. Our results indicated that the contamination of the Tisza River from the mining area in Northern Romania has been continuous and is still ongoing.
http://ift.tt/2hYKQZr
Further understanding on the mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer sizing on the causticized calcium carbonate filled paper and its improvements
Abstract
Causticized calcium carbonate (CCC), a solid waste derived from kraft black recovery process, can be used as an alternative for the conventional precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). However, the application of the CCC has been limited due to its low sizing efficiency in its filled paper. In this study, the characteristics of the CCC were studied aiming to improve the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing performances of the CCC filled papers, and the results were compared with those from PCC filled papers. The results showed that the CCC had higher pore structure, higher specific surface area, and more negative charge density than the PCC, thus leading to a higher cationic AKD adsorption onto the CCC filler. The lower AKD sizing efficiency in the CCC filled paper can be explained by the combination of higher AKD adsorption and migration, both of which resulted in preferred AKD adsorption onto/into the CCC fillers, rather than the cellulose fibers. Based on the above, the prior addition of polyamide-polyamine epichlorhydrin (PAE) resin to the CCC filler system was proposed to remedy the related issues, thus improving the sizing efficiency.
http://ift.tt/2gV3DH8
Environmental investigation for the presence of Vibrio species following a case of severe gastroenteritis in a touristic island
Abstract
Global changes have caused a worldwide increase in reports of Vibrio-associated diseases with ecosystem-wide impacts on humans and marine animals. In Europe, higher prevalence of human infections followed regional climatic trends with outbreaks occurring during episodes of unusually warm weather. Similar patterns were also observed in Vibrio-associated diseases affecting marine organisms such as fish, bivalves, and corals. Following a possible human case of infection due to V. cholerae in the island of Kos (eastern Aegean, Greece), environmental samples were collected and tested for the presence of Vibrio species. Using chromogenic agar and MALDI-TOF MS, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus V. furnisii, V. alginolyticus, and V. fluvialis were isolated and/or identified. The presence of V. cholerae was established by PCR-sequencing analysis only. Following the susceptibility testing of the Vibrio isolates, only one, V. furnisii, showed intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin. The rest of the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The presence of Vibrio species in aquatic samples reveals potential dangers due to exposure to contaminated seawaters.
http://ift.tt/2hYQ6vW
Effective characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis by most probable number (MPN) followed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a relevant pathogen involved in gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. In this study, we determined the capacity to combine the most probable number (MPN) and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to characterize the most important Salmonella serotypes in raw sewage. A total of 499 isolates were recovered from 27 raw sewage samples and screened using two previously described multiplex PCR methods. From those, 123 isolates were selected based on PCR banding pattern—identical or similar to Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium—and submitted to conventional serotyping. Results showed that both PCR assays correctly serotyped Salmonella Enteritidis, however, they presented ambiguous results for Salmonella Typhimurium identification. These data highlight that MPN and multiplex PCR can be useful methods to describe microbial quality in raw sewage and suggest two new PCR patterns for Salmonella Enteritidis identification.
http://ift.tt/2gV6qAn
Reducing N losses through surface runoff from rice-wheat rotation by improving fertilizer management
Abstract
To better understand N runoff losses from rice-wheat rotation and demonstrate the effectiveness of improved fertilizer management in reducing N runoff losses, a field study was conducted for three consecutive rice-wheat rotations. Nitrogen losses through surface runoff were measured for five treatments, including CK without N application, C200, C300 simulating the conventional practices, CO200, and CO300. Optimum N rate was applied for C200 and CO200, and 30% of chemical fertilizer was substituted with organic fertilizer for CO200 and CO300 with respect to C200 and C300, respectively. Rice season had higher runoff coefficients than wheat season. Approximately 52% of total N was lost as NH4+-N in rice season, ranging from 21 to 83%, and in wheat season, the proportion of NO3−-N in total N averaged 53% with a variation from 38 to 67%. The N treatments lost less total N in rice season (1.67–10.7 kg N ha−1) than in wheat season (1.72–17.1 kg N ha−1). These suggested that a key to controlling N runoff losses from rice-wheat rotation was to limit NO3−-N accumulation in wheat season. In both seasons, N runoff losses for C200 and CO300 were lower than those for C300. CO200 better cut N losses than C200 and CO300, with 64 and 57% less N in rice and wheat seasons than C300, respectively. Compared with the conventional practices, optimum N inputs integrated with co-application of organic and chemical fertilizers could reduce N runoff losses with a better N balance under rice-wheat rotation.
http://ift.tt/2hYSkeN
Associations between unhealthy dieting behaviors and tobacco use among adolescents
Abstract
Background
Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for unhealthy dieting behaviors (UDBs) in youth. The role of alternative tobacco products and UDB engagement has yet to be examined empirically despite concerning trends in use. This study aimed to examine UDB prevalence in a U.S. geographic region-specific adolescent sample and associations with a variety of tobacco use behaviors and perceptions.
Methods
Weighted data from the 2013 Virginia Youth Survey were analyzed (n = 6903). UDBs assessed included past 30-day fasting, diet pill use, and vomiting/laxative use. Tobacco-related items were ever and past 30-day cigarette smoking, past 30-day smokeless tobacco and cigar use, and the perception that smokers have more friends. UDB prevalence was recoded by the number of behaviors endorsed (0, 1, and 2+). Bivariate and multinomial regression models were used to examine associations between covariates and number of UDBs endorsed by gender.
Results
Overall, nearly 16% engaged in at least one UDB. Fasting was most prevalent (14.2%) followed by vomiting/laxative (7.0%) and diet pill use (6.1%). Across gender, ever cigarette smoking, past 30-day cigar use, and the perception that smokers have more friends were positively associated with UDB engagement in relative isolation as well as in combination.
Conclusions
Findings highlight the importance of tobacco-related factors for weight control behaviors and are the first to identify an association between UDB incidence and an alternative tobacco product, cigars. This work should inform prevention efforts for tobacco use and UDBs and underscores the need to address the use of any tobacco for weight control.
http://ift.tt/2gUYf6Q
Role of Neurotoxicants and Traumatic Brain Injury in α-Synuclein Protein Misfolding and Aggregation
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Brain Research Bulletin
Author(s): Dharmin Rokad, Shivani Ghaisas, Dilshan S. Harischandra, Huajun Jin, Vellareddy Anantharam, Arthi Kanthasamy, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
Protein misfolding and aggregation are key pathological features of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and other forms of human Parkinsonism. PD is a complex and multifaceted disorder whose etiology is not fully understood. However, several lines of evidence support the multiple hit hypothesis that genetic vulnerability and environmental toxicants converge to trigger PD pathology. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation in the brain is an important pathophysiological characteristic of synucleinopathies including PD. Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that metals and pesticides play a crucial role in α-Syn aggregation leading to the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases including PD. In this review, we will emphasize key findings of several epidemiological as well as experimental studies of metal- and pesticide-induced α-Syn aggregation and neurodegeneration. We will also discuss other factors such as traumatic brain injury and oxidative insult in the context of α-Syn-related neurodegenerative processes.
Graphical abstract
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The optimal dose of arsenic trioxide induced opposite efficacy in autophagy between K562 cells and their initiating cells to eradicate human myelogenous leukemia
Publication date: 20 January 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 196
Author(s): Zhenzhen Guo, Mingjing Meng, Shengnan Geng, Zhenhua Du, Yaqiu Zheng, Jingjing Yao, Zibo Li, Guang Han, Haihong Lin, Gangjun Du
Ethnopharmacological relevanceArsenic trioxide (As2O3), a main component of arsenolite which is a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wildly used as a therapeutic agent for more than 2400 years in china, has been accepted as a standard treatment for the patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) based on the principle in TCM of "using a poison to fight against other poisons or malignancy illnesses". However, it remains unknown that which mechanism is actually responsible for the therapeutic effects against these blood malignancies.Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to explore the actual mechanism that ATO exerts its effects in K562 cells and their initiating cells (K562s).Materials and methodsK562s cells were separated and enriched for CD34+/CD38- cells using magnetic microbeads. Cell proliferation was determined by incorporation of BrdU. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin-V binding and PI uptake. Autophagy was estimated by acridine orange and immunofluorescence staining of LC3-B and p62. MC colonic formation was used to examine cell self-renew. ROS generation inside living cells was measured by DCFH-DA. Cell differentiation was assessed by the benzidine staining. The SA-β-gal assay was used to detect cell senescence. Protein expression was examined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining.ResultsK562s cells were stronger in self-renew and resistance to ATO cytotoxicity and starvation-induced apoptosis than K562 cells. Unexpectedly, we found that ATO at a dose of 0.5μM which had no effect on cell proliferation resulted in maximum suppression on self-renew in both cells and maximum starvation-induced apoptosis in K562s cells but minimum starvation-induced apoptosis in K562 cells. Next, we found that ATO no more than 0.5μM selectively induced K562s cell differentiation indicated by benzidine staining, γ-globin and CD235a expression. More importantly, we found that ATO no more than 0.5μM led to opposite efficacy in autophagy between K562 and K562s cells, and the opposite autophagy could induced late-phase senescence in both cells. Finally, we used the optimal dose of ATO to eradicate leukemia cells and obtained a satisfied therapeutic outcomes in vivo.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the used dose of ATO may determine the fate of cell differentiation senescence or malignant transformation, and the optimal dose of ATO induced opposite efficacy in autophagy between K562 cells and their initiating cells and ultimately leads both cells to late-phase senescence.
Graphical abstract
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Total sesquiterpene lactones prepared from Inula helenium L. has potentials in prevention and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
Publication date: 20 January 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 196
Author(s): Shuang Gao, Qun Wang, Xin-Hui Tian, Hui-Liang Li, Yun-Heng Shen, Xi-Ke Xu, Guo-Zhen Wu, Zhen-Lin Hu, Wei-Dong Zhang
BackgroundsInula helenium L. is an herb with anti-inflammatory properties. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), mainly alantolactone (AL) and isoalantolactone (IAL), are considered as its active ingredients. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of SL-containing extracts of I. helenium have not been explored. Here we prepared total SLs from I. helenium (TSL-IHL), analyzed its chemical constituents, and performed cellular and animal studies to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activities.Materials and methodsThe chemical profile of TSL-IHL was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Its in vitro effects on the activation of signaling pathways and expression of inflammatory genes were examined by western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively, and compared with those of AL and IAL. Its in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in adjuvant- and collagen-induced arthritis rat models.ResultsChemical analysis showed that AL and IAL represent major constituents of TSL-IHL. TSL-IHL, as well as AL and IAL, could inhibit TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in b. End3 cells, suppress the expressions of MMP-3, MCP-1, and IL-1 in TNF-α-stimulated synovial fibroblasts, and IL-1, IL-6, and iNOS in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0.6–2.4μg/mL. Oral administration of TSL-IHL at 12.5−50mg/kg could dose-dependently alleviate the arthritic severity and paw swelling in either developing or developed phases of arthritis of rats induced by adjuvant or collagenConclusionsThese results indicated potentials of TSL-IHL in prevention and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2hEqNTB
Assessment of Protective Factors in Clinical Practice
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Michiel de Vries Robbé, Gwenda M. Willis
Protective factors safeguard against undesirable outcomes such as violence, sexual violence and criminal behavior in general. While a growing body of theoretical and empirical literature has identified plausible protective factors and explored their underlying mechanisms and additional value to risk factors, little has been written concerning clinical assessment of protective factors. A challenge faced by clinicians working in correctional and forensic settings is how to translate emerging knowledge into applied approaches to assessment and treatment. The current paper explores the clinical assessment of protective factors. Within often time-pressed legal and clinical practice environments, feasible assessment methods are needed that add value to the current predominantly risk-focused assessment practice. The valid and reliable assessment of protective factors should aid in risk-management decision-making and help inform strengths-based treatment efforts. This paper aims to demonstrate ways to bridge the gap between theoretical and empirical knowledge regarding protective factors and their clinical applicability, and to highlight the added value of assessing protective factors. Several protective factor assessment tools are described and short cases are used to exemplify how consideration of protective factors can enhance clinical practice.
http://ift.tt/2gUTWbU
Surface PolyPEGylation of Eu3+ doped luminescent hydroxyapatite nanorods through the combination of ligand exchange and metal free surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Applied Surface Science
Author(s): Guangjian Zeng, Meiying Liu, Chunning Heng, Qiang Huang, Liucheng Mao, Hongye Huang, Junfeng Hui, Fengjie Deng, Xiaoyong Zhang, Yen Wei
The Eu3+ doped luminescent hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanorods with uniform size and morphology can be synthesized by hydrothermal route. However, these HAp nanorods are coated by hydrophobic oleylamine, which makes them difficult to be dispersed in aqueous solution and impede their biomedical applications. In this work, Eu3+ doped luminescent polymers functionalized HAp nanorods were prepared through the combination of ligand exchange reaction and metal free surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. In this procedure, the amino group functionalized HAp nanorods were first prepared by ligand exchange reaction using adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as ligand. Then the Br-containing initiators (HAp-Br) were introduced onto the surface of HAp-AMP nanorods through the amidation reaction. Finally, polymers functionalized HAp nanorods were prepared by metal free ATRP method using poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as monomer and 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as organic photocatalyst. The properties of these obtained HAp nanocomposites (HAP-polyPEGMA nanorods) were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis in detail. The cell imaging of these HAP-polyPEGMA nanorods was examined using laser scanning confocal microscope to evaluate their biomedical applications. We demonstrated for the first time that hydrophobic luminescent HAp nanorods can be functionalized with polyPEGMA through the combination of ligand exchange reaction and metal free surface initiated ATRP. As compared with the traditional ATRP, the metal free ATRP can overcome the toxic and fluorescence quenching effects of metal catalysts such as copper ions. More importantly, the strategy described in this work should also be utilized for fabrications of many other luminescent polymer nanocomposites due to its good monomer adoptability.
http://ift.tt/2gUGgPR
Selective ex vivo photothermal nano-therapy of solid liver tumors mediated by albumin conjugated gold nanoparticles
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 119
Author(s): Lucian Mocan, Cristian Matea, Flaviu A. Tabaran, Ofelia Mosteanu, Teodora Pop, Cosmin Puia, Lucia Agoston-Coldea, Gabriela Zaharie, Teodora Mocan, Anca Dana Buzoianu, Cornel Iancu
We have used albumin (BSA) bound to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as active vectors to target liver cells. Our incentive to develop an original model of living liver cancer sprang from the ethical drawbacks that hindered the assessment of the selective character and the therapeutic capacity of these nano-biosystems in cancer patients. Ex vivo-perfused liver specimens were obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma patients similarly to the surgical technique of transplantation. Albumin bound to GNPs was inoculated intra-arterially onto the resulting specimen and determined the specific delivery of the nano-bioconjugate into the malignant tissue by means of the capillary bed. The extent of necrosis was considerable following laser therapy and at the same time surrounding parenchyma was not seriously affected. The selective photothermal ablation of the malignant liver tissue was obtained after the selective accumulation of BSA bound to GNPs into tumor cells following ex-vivo intra-vascular perfusion.
http://ift.tt/2hYw2tu
Histological evidence that metformin reverses the adverse effects of diabetes on orthodontic tooth movement in rats
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of metformin on orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rats were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks to induce fat accumulation and insulin resistance, and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetes. An orthodontic appliance was placed in normoglycemic, type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes with metformin-administrated rats. After 14 days, type 2 diabetes rats exhibited greater orthodontic tooth movement and had a higher number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts, stronger cathepsin K expression, and weaker alkaline phosphatase immunostaining than normoglycemic rats. Metformin administration resulted in normalization of osteoclast numbers, cathepsin K immunostaining, and of tooth movement as well as partly recovery of alkaline phosphatase expression in diabetic rats. Metformin also reduced sclerostin expression and improved the immunolocalization of dentin matrix protein 1 in osteocytes of type 2 diabetes rats. These results suggest that metformin administration reversed the adverse effects of diabetes on orthodontic tooth movement.
http://ift.tt/2gJkZna
Graves’ orbitopathy, idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and Epstein–Barr virus infection: a serological and molecular study
Abstract
Objective
One of the hypotheses on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO), involves bacterial or viral infections. Recently, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP) in Asians. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of GO with EBV infection/exposure, as compared with IOIP, using serum and tissue samples, as well as primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts.
Methods
Thirty-one patients were studied, including four with IOIP, ten with GO, nine with GD without GO and eight control patients without IOIP, GD and GO. All patients with IOIP and GO underwent orbital decompression. Control patients underwent palpebral surgery. Fibroadipose orbital tissue samples were collected. Serum anti-EBV antibodies were measured in all patients. EBV-DNA was measured in blood samples, orbital tissue samples and primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts.
Results
Serum assays showed that the vast majority of patients have had a previous exposure to EBV, but no one had an acute infection. EBV-DNA was detected in ~40% of blood samples from GO, GD and control patients, but in none of the IOIP samples. EBV-DNA was not detected in any of the orbital tissue samples tested or in primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts.
Conclusions
EBV infection does not seem to be associated with GD, GO and IOIP in Caucasians. Whether EBV is involved in IOIP in Asians or other populations remains to be confirmed.
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Adapting the concepts of brain and cognitive reserve to post-stroke cognitive deficits: Implications for understanding neglect
Source:Cortex
Author(s): Roza M. Umarova
Advanced lesion mapping and connectivity analyses are currently the main tools used to understand the mechanisms underlying post-stroke cognitive deficits. However, the factors contributing to pre-stroke architecture of cognitive networks are often ignored, even though they reportedly play a decisive role in the manifestation of cognitive impairment in neurodegeneration. The present review on post-stroke cognitive deficits therefore adopts the concept of brain and cognitive reserve, which was originally developed to account for the individual differences in the course of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. By focusing on spatial neglect, a typical network disorder, it is discussed how individual susceptibility to stroke lesion might explain the reported discrepancies in lesion anatomy, non-spatial deficits and recovery courses. A detailed analysis of the literature reveals that premorbid brain (age, brain atrophy, previous strokes, leukoaraiosis, genetic factors, etc.) and cognitive reserve (IQ, life experience, education, occupation, premorbid cognitive impairment, etc.) greatly impact the brain's capacity for compensation. Furthermore, the interaction between pre-stroke brain/cognitive reserve and the degree of stroke-induced system impairment (e.g. hypoperfusion, lesion load) determines both the extent of neglect symptoms variability and the course of recovery. Premorbid brain/cognitive reserves should thus be considered to: (i) understand the mechanisms of post-stroke cognitive disorders and sufficiently explain their individual variability; (ii) provide a prognosis for cognitive recovery and hence post-stroke dependency; (iii) identify individual targets for cognitive rehabilitation: in the case of reduced brain/cognitive reserve, neglect might occur even with a confined lesion, and non-spatial training of general attentional capacity should represent the main therapeutic target also for treatment of neglect; this might be true also for non-cognitive domains, e.g. motor deficit. This alternative view of how neglect and other cognitive deficits occur and recover promotes discussion about plasticity and recovery to a general rather than a single stroke-based domain, providing more efficiency in recovery research.
http://ift.tt/2gL818d
Phthalate plasticizers covalently linked to PVC via copper-free or copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions
Publication date: 27 January 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 109
Author(s): Aruna Earla, Longbo Li, Philip Costanzo, Rebecca Braslau
Plasticization of PVC was carried out by covalently linking phthalate derivatives via copper-free (thermal) or copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate derivatives (DEHP-ether and DEHP-ester) were synthesized and appended to PVC at two different densities. The glass transition temperatures of the modified PVC decreased with increasing content of plasticizer. PVC-DEHP-ether gave lower glass transition temperatures than PVC-DEHP-ester, reflecting the enhanced flexibility of the ether versus ester linker.
Graphical abstract
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The association between Orthostatic Hypotension and Handgrip Strength with Successful Rehabilitation in elderly hip fracture patients
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): L.C. Hartog, A.M. Winters, H. Roijen, A.M. Kamper, H. Inia, N. Kleefstra, H.J.G. Bilo, K.J.J. van Hateren
ObjectiveOur objectives were to investigate the relationship between orthostatic hypotension (OH) and muscle strength versus time to successful rehabilitation within elderly hip fracture patients.DesignA prospective observational cohort study. Handgrip strength was measured at the day of admission and OH as soon as possible after surgery. Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to investigate the relationship between OH, or handgrip strength (kg) and time to successful rehabilitation, expressed as hazard ratios (HR). OH was defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of > 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of > 10 mmHg after postural change (dichotomous). Handgrip strength was measured with a hand dynamometer (continuous). The study was registered on trialregister.nl (NTR4940).SettingGeneral hospitalParticipantsPatients of > 70 years with a hip fracture were recruited at the day of hospital admission. A total of 116 patients was included.InterventionsNot applicableMain outcome measuresPrimary outcome was time to successful rehabilitation, which was defined as discharge to patients' own homes.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 36 days (IQR 9-57), 103 (89%) patients were successfully rehabilitated. No statistically significant relationships were found between OH and time to successful rehabilitation; HR 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.66)). Also handgrip strength and successful rehabilitation were not statistically significantly related; HR 1.03 (95%CI 0.99-1.06).ConclusionsOH measured during the first days of hospitalization is not related to time to successful rehabilitation in operated hip fracture patients. Although no significant relationship was seen in the present study, the width of the confidence intervals does not exclude a relevant relationship between handgrip strength and time to successful rehabilitation
http://ift.tt/2hQpWQb
Functional independence: A comparison of the changes during neurorehabilitation between patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage or acute ischemic stroke
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Henriette Holm Stabel, Asger Roer Pedersen, Søren Paaske Johnsen, Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen
ObjectiveTo compare the changes in functional independence measured by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) after specialized neurorehabilitation between patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage or acute ischemic stroke (ICH/AIS).DesignHistorical cohort study comparing changes in functional independence between patients with SAH and ICH/AIS, using FIM scores from a local database, and clinical information from the Danish National Patient Registry.SettingPost-acute specialized in-patient neurorehabilitation.Participants212 first-time SAH and 448 first-time age-matched ICH/AIS patientsMain outcome measuresCrude and adjusted comparisons of FIM (total and item-by-item) measured at baseline and at discharge.ResultsPatients with SAH were admitted with a lower functional level compared to patients with ICH/AIS (FIM median 25 (IQR 18-81) versus (vs.) 78.5 (IQR 47-107)), and discharged with a lower functional level (FIM median 98 (IQR 40-116) vs. 110 (IQR 82.5-119)), although they made more progress during neurorehabilitation (FIM median change 27 (IQR 4-60) vs. 17 (7-35)). Statistically, patients with SAH had significantly better odds for obtaining functional independency in six of the 18 FIM items compared to patients with ICH/AIS: Eating (OR 3.2; 95%CI 1.7-5.8), dressing upper-body (OR 2.0; 95%CI 1.1-3.5), transfer tub/shower (OR 2.0; 95%CI 1.1-3.6), stair walking (OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.3-3.7), comprehension (OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.3-3.9), and expression (OR 3.6; 95%CI 2.0-6.5).ConclusionPatients with SAH made significantly more progress during neurorehabilitation, although they were discharged with a lower level of functional independency compared to patients with ICH/AIS. However, both patients with SAH and ICH/AIS improved their functional outcome significantly. Also, it was demonstrated that patients with SAH admitted with severe functional outcome were capable of recovering to a moderate level in functional independency.
http://ift.tt/2gKL2dP
Depression in individuals with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury living in the community
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Joan Saurí, Andrés Chamarro, Anna Gilabert, Mariona Gifre, Neus Rodriguez, Raquel Lopez-Blazquez, Lluïsa Curcoll, Jesús Benito-Penalva, Dolors Soler
ObjectiveTo assess depression in a sample of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in the community, and to determine the prevalence of probable major depression disorder (PMDD) amongst those for whom the injury is traumatic (T-SCI) and those for whom it is not (NT-SCI).DesignCross sectional.SettingData were collected on individuals with SCI now living in the community, who completed a comprehensive follow-up assessment at the Guttmann Institute in Barcelona, Spain.ParticipantsA total of 831 individuals with T-SCI or NT-SCI completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and were included.InterventionsNot applicableMain Outcome MeasuresThe PHQ-9 was used to detect the presence of PMDD, and to measure the severity of the depression.ResultsThe most frequent etiology of SCI was T-SCI (66.9%). Overall, 16.2% of participants met the criteria for PMDD, though a higher prevalence was noted for NT-SCI individuals (21.1%) than for T-SCI individuals (13.8%). Risk factors between T-SCI and NT-SCI did not differ greatly. Female gender, chronic pain and lower levels of/difficulties in participation were associated with the presence of PMDD.ConclusionsPMDD appears to occur at a higher rate in NT-SCI individuals, with greater symptom severity. The finding that problems with participation are directly associated with depression raises the need for specific treatment goals, with the aim of empowering individuals with SCI to reintegrate into the community. Potential stress factors, such as environmental barriers and limited participation options, should be addressed accordingly.
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Effect of a single administration of focused extracorporeal shock wave in the relief of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: results of a partially-blinded randomized controlled trial
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Johannes Fleckenstein, Mara Friton, Heiko Himmelreich, Winfried Banzer
ObjectivesTo examine the effects of a single administration of focused extracorporeal shockwave therapy (fESWT) on eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DOMS is a common symptom in people participating in exercise, sports, or recreational physical activities.DesignThree-arm randomized controlled study conducted in 2009.SettingDOMS was induced by eccentric exercise of the non-dominant arm in voluntary participants at the Sports Campus of a German university.InterventionsParticipants were randomly allocated to verum (energy flux density 0.06 to 0.09 mJ/mm2; pulse ratio per point 200), or sham fESWT (no energy) at 7 equidistant points along the biceps muscle, or no intervention.Main outcome measureThe primary outcome was the difference in pain intensity. Secondary outcomes included maximum isometric voluntary force (MIVF), pressure pain threshold (PPT) and impairment in daily life.ResultsDOMS was induced in 46 participants (23 female) with a mean age of 29.0 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.0) and a mean BMI of 23.8 kg/m2 (SD = 2.8). Despite descriptive clinically meaningful differences, mixed-effects analysis (group x time) of changes to baseline did not reveal significant differences in the reduction of pain intensity between groups (F2.498, df2, p = 0.094). The MIVF was not significantly different between groups (F1.917, df2, p = 0.159). The PTT was not significantly decreased over time (F0.158, df2, p = 0.854), as was the daily life impairment (F1.444, df2, p = 0.248), and there were no differences between groups in the post-hoc analysis.ConclusionsA single treatment with fESWT causes clinically relevant effects in the relief of pain, increase in force, and improvement of pain-associated impairments of daily living. Still, results need to be cautiously interpreted due to the pilot character of this study. Focused ESWT might present an option in the mid-term recovery from DOMS (72 hours). This being an approach enhancing the return to play in athletes.
http://ift.tt/2gKKYKN
Imposed faster and slower walking speeds influence gait stability differently in Parkinson fallers
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Michael H. Cole, Matthew Sweeney, Zachary J. Conway, Tim Blackmore, Peter A. Silburn
ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the effect of imposed faster and slower walking speeds on postural stability in people with Parkinson's disease (PD).DesignCross-sectional cohort study;SettingGeneral communityParticipants84 PD patients (51 with a falls history; 33 without) and 82 age-matched controls were invited to participate via neurology clinics and pre-existing databases. Of those contacted, 99 did not respond (PD=36; controls=63) and 27 were not interested (PD=18; controls=9). Following screening, a further 10 patients were excluded; 5 had deep brain stimulation surgery and 5 could not accommodate to the treadmill. The remaining 30 patients completed all assessments and were sub-divided in PD fallers (n=10), PD Non-Fallers (n=10) and age-matched controls (n=10) based on falls history.ProtocolSymptom severity, balance confidence and medical history were established prior to participants walking on a treadmill at 70%, 100% and 130% of their preferred speed.Main OutcomesThree-dimensional accelerometers assessed head and trunk accelerations and allowed calculation of harmonic ratios (HRs) and root mean square (RMS) accelerations to assess segment control and movement amplitude.ResultsHead and trunk control was lower for PD Fallers than PD Non-Fallers and Older Adults. Significant interactions indicated head and trunk control increased with speed for PD Non-Fallers and Older Adults, but did not improve at faster speeds for PD Fallers. Vertical head and trunk accelerations increased with walking speed for PD Non-Fallers and Older Adults, while the PD Fallers demonstrated greater anteroposterior RMS accelerations compared with both other groups.ConclusionThe results suggest that improved gait dynamics do not necessarily represent improved walking stability and this must be respected when rehabilitating gait in PD patients.
http://ift.tt/2hQvPgi
Highly sensitive fiber grating chemical sensors: An effective alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy
Publication date: 1 June 2017
Source:Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 91
Author(s): Lata.S. Laxmeshwar, Mangesh S. Jadhav, Jyoti.F. Akki, Prasad Raikar, Jitendra Kumar, Om prakash, U.S. Raikar
Accuracy in quantitative determination of trace elements like Zinc, present in drinking water in ppm level, is a big challenge and optical fiber gratings as chemical sensors may provide a promising solution to overcome the same. This paper presents design of two simple chemical sensors based on the principle of shift in characteristic wavelength of gratings with change in their effective refractive index, to measure the concentration of Zinc in drinking water using etched short period grating (FBG) and Long period grating (LPG) respectively. Three samples of drinking water from different places have been examined for presence of Zinc. Further, the results obtained by our sensors have also been verified with the results obtained by a standard method, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The whole experiment has been performed by fixing the fibers in a horizontal position with the sensor regions at the center of the fibers, making it less prone to disturbance and breaking. The sensitivity of LPG sensor is about 205 times that of the FBG sensor. A few advantages of Fiber grating sensors, besides their regular features, over AAS have also been discussed, that make our sensors potential alternatives for existing techniques in determination of trace elements in drinking water.
http://ift.tt/2hDVtEg
Colorimetric semi-quantitative measurement of pyrophosphate by functionalised SPPS resin in biological media
Publication date: May 2017
Source:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 243
Author(s): Benjamin M. Long, Frederick M. Pfeffer, Colin J. Barrow
Inorganic pyrophosphate is a molecule of significant biological importance, which has roles in metabolism and disease diagnosis. In this communication we demonstrate a novel platform for the colorimetric naked eye detection of pyrophosphate using a threshold test in both aqueous solutions and biological fluids. Our system uses peptide synthesis resin as a solid support for a bis-Zn(II)dipicolylamino mediated indicator displacement assay. Our threshold tests are able to detect pyrophosphate in concentrations as low as 1mM.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2hHqKDJ
Effect of Cu2+ doping on the structural, electronic and optical properties of ZnAl2O4: A combined experimental and DFT+U study
Publication date: April 2017
Source:Journal of Luminescence, Volume 184
Author(s): W.M. Mulwa, B.F. Dejene, M.O. Onani, C.N.M. Ouma
Using the sol-gel technique, pristine and Cu2+ doped gahnite (ZnAl2O4) samples were prepared at 0≤x≤1.24 Cu2+ percentages. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the prepared samples were cubic and that there was no phase segregation. Energy dispersive X-rays (EDS) was then used to investigate and confirm the purity of Zn, Al, O and Cu samples with no other characteristic peaks. From the XRD spectra of Cu2+ at different concentrations, Cu2+ doping was found not to lead to significant lattice distortion an observation that was corroborated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As the Cu2+ concentration was increased a slight shift to higher angles was recorded in XRD analysis, suggesting a larger ionic radius atom substituted by a smaller ionic radius atom. At 300nm excitation, the doped samples were found to emit in the blue region (at 440nm and 470nm of the color spectrum. Theoretically using DFT with the Hubbard correction term U, the doped system was found to emit at 435nm which is within the emission range observed experimentally. From the calculated substitutional energies, Ovac was found to have negative formation energies indicating ease of formation form in gahnite. The binding energy for CuZn-Ovac was negative indicating that these two point defects don't exist as pair inside gahnite.
http://ift.tt/2hHq6G0
Hybridization of electronic band structure and enhancement of thermoelectric properties of ZnSb thin film by In doping
Publication date: April 2017
Source:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 103
Author(s): Zhuang-hao Zheng, Ping Fan, Jing-ting Luo, Guang-xing Liang
Here we report the In doped ZnSb thermoelectric thin films which were deposited by direct current magnetron co-sputtering with prefabricate layer doping method. The X-ray diffraction result indicates that the peaks of the In doped ZnSb thin films are related to ZnSb phase and are slightly shifted to smaller angle. The calculations of In occupy one of the Sb or Zn location in normal site were performed based on the first-principles and it has lower total energy when the In substitutes the Zn. The thermo-electrical testing experimental results indicate that the Seebeck coefficient increases greatly after In doped due to increase of the total density of states and the complicate of the electronic band structure. The Fermi surface moves to the valence band after In doped that will reduce the electrical conductivity and it corresponds to the testing result. It can be observed that the power factor of the In doped ZnSb is approach two times than that of the thin film without doping.
Graphical abstract
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Remediation of metal contaminated soil by aluminium pillared bentonite: Synthesis, characterisation, equilibrium study and plant growth experiment
Publication date: 1 March 2017
Source:Applied Clay Science, Volume 137
Author(s): P. Kumararaja, K.M. Manjaiah, S.C. Datta, Binoy Sarkar
In order to enhance the efficiency of metal immobilisation, bentonite clay was pillared with polyhydroxy aluminium complexes. The pillared bentonite was systematically characterised by multiple techniques including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The clay product was assessed for its metal removal efficiency from aqueous systems through batch experiments with variables in pH, amount of adsorbent and initial metal concentration. The adsorption data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of pillared bentonite was 61.4, 32.3 and 50.3mgg−1 for Cu (II), Zn (II) and Ni (II), respectively. The immobilisation efficiency of pillared bentonite was assessed by greenhouse pot culture experiment with amaranth as the test crop. Amendment of soil with pillared bentonite at 2.5% significantly improved the plant growth as well as reduced the bioavailable metals in the metal spiked soils. The study demonstrated that pillared bentonite could potentially be used for addressing heavy metal pollutions by immobilising the metals in the contaminated soil.
http://ift.tt/2hDYjZO
Neural correlates of pupil dilation during human fear learning
Source:NeuroImage, Volume 147
Author(s): Laura Leuchs, Max Schneider, Michael Czisch, Victor I. Spoormaker
BackgroundFear conditioning and extinction are prevailing experimental and etiological models for normal and pathological anxiety. Pupil dilations in response to conditioned stimuli are increasingly used as a robust psychophysiological readout of fear learning, but their neural correlates remain unknown. We aimed at identifying the neural correlates of pupil responses to threat and safety cues during a fear learning task.MethodsThirty-four healthy subjects underwent a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pupillometry. After a stringent preprocessing and artifact rejection procedure, trial-wise pupil responses to threat and safety cues were entered as parametric modulations to the fMRI general linear models.ResultsTrial-wise magnitude of pupil responses to both conditioned and safety stimuli correlated positively with activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), thalamus, supramarginal gyrus and insula for the entire fear learning task, and with activity in the dACC during the fear conditioning phase in particular. Phasic pupil responses did not show habituation, but were negatively correlated with tonic baseline pupil diameter, which decreased during the task. Correcting phasic pupil responses for the tonic baseline pupil diameter revealed thalamic activity, which was also observed in an analysis employing a linear (declining) time modulation.ConclusionPupil dilations during fear conditioning and extinction provide useful readouts to track fear learning on a trial-by-trial level, particularly with simultaneous fMRI. Whereas phasic pupil responses reflect activity in brain regions involved in fear learning and threat appraisal, most prominently in dACC, tonic changes in pupil diameter may reflect changes in general arousal.
http://ift.tt/2hDUHHf
Molecular regulation of LHCGR expression by miR-122 during follicle growth in the rat ovary
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 442
Author(s): Bindu Menon, Thippeswamy Gulappa, K.M.J. Menon
We have previously reported that LHCGR expression in the ovary is regulated through a post-transcriptional mechanism involving an mRNA binding protein designated as LRBP, which is regulated, at least in part, by a non-coding RNA, miR-122. Our present study examined the regulatory role of miR-122 in FSH-induced LHCGR expression during follicle development. Treatment of rat granulosa cells concurrently with FSH and 17β estradiol showed, as expected, a time-dependent increase in LHCGR mRNA levels as well as hCG-induced progesterone production. However, miR-122 expression was decreased during the early time periods, which preceded the increased expression of LHCGR mRNA. The role of miR-122 in FSH-induced LHCGR mRNA expression was then examined by overexpressing miR-122 prior to FSH stimulation by infecting granulosa cells with an adenoviral vector containing a miR-122 insert (AdmiR-122). Pretreatment with AdmiR-122 resulted in complete abrogation of FSH- mediated upregulation of LHCGR. AdmiR-122 also blocked FSH-induced decrease in LRBP expression and increased the binding of LHCGR mRNA to LRBP. Based on these results, we conclude that miR-122 plays a regulatory role in LHCGR expression by modulating LRBP levels during FSH-induced follicle growth.
http://ift.tt/2hEp4ec
1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 stimulates system A amino acid transport in primary human trophoblast cells
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 442
Author(s): Yi-Yung Chen, Theresa L. Powell, Thomas Jansson
Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is linked to adverse perinatal outcomes such as small for gestational age infants. Recent evidence suggests that changes in placental amino acid transport contribute to altered fetal growth. We tested the hypothesis that 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 increases the gene expression of System A and L amino acid transporter isoforms and stimulates placental amino acid transport activity in cultured primary human trophoblast cells mediated by mTOR signaling. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 significantly increased mRNA expression of the System A isoform SNAT2 and System A activity, but had no effect on System L and did not affect mTOR signaling. siRNA silencing of the vitamin D receptor prevented 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-stimulated System A transport. In conclusion, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 regulates System A activity through increased mRNA expression of SNAT2 transporters. Effects on placental amino acid transport may be the mechanism underlying the association between maternal vitamin D status and fetal growth.
http://ift.tt/2ha7iPb
The advantage of hollow mesoporous carbon as a near-infrared absorbing drug carrier in chemo-photothermal therapy compared with IR-820
Publication date: 1 March 2017
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 99
Author(s): Qinfu Zhao, Xiudan Wang, Yue Yan, Da Wang, Ying Zhang, Tongying Jiang, Siling Wang
In this study, we synthesized a kind of hollow mesoporous carbon (HMC) as near-infrared (NIR) nanomaterial and made a comparison between HMC and IR-820 commercially available in terms of heat generation properties and thermal stability exposed under NIR laser irradiation. The NIR-induced photothermal tests indicated that HMC had excellent heat generating capacity and remained stable after exposed to NIR laser irradiation for several times. On the contrary, the IR-820 was thermal unstable and degraded completely after exposed to NIR laser irradiation for only one time. The anticancer drug DOX was chosen as a model drug to evaluate the loading capacity and release properties of carboxylated HMC (HMC-COOH). The drug loading efficiency of HMC-COOH could reach to 39.7%. In vitro release results indicated that the release rate of DOX was markedly increased under NIR laser irradiation both in pH5.0 and pH7.4 PBS. Cell viability experiments indicated that HMC-COOH/DOX has a synergistic therapeutic effect by combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. This present research demonstrated that HMC could be employed as NIR-adsorbing agents as well as drug carriers to load lots of drug, realizing the synergistic treatment of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2hDFYMI
A pharmacokinetic study of lipegfilgrastim in children with Ewing family of tumors or rhabdomyosarcoma
Abstract
Purpose
Neutropenia is a common complication from chemotherapy, limiting optimal dosing and treatment. Lipegfilgrastim is a long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor developed for the management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The objectives of this phase 1, multinational, open-label, single-arm study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of a single body weight-adjusted dose of lipegfilgrastim and to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the drug in children with Ewing family of tumors or rhabdomyosarcoma treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy.
Methods
Enrolled patients received lipegfilgrastim (100 µg/kg) 24 h after the last chemotherapy treatment in week 1. Patients were stratified into three age groups: 2 to <6, 6 to <12, and 12 to <18 years. Blood samples for PK analyses were obtained at baseline and at 3, 8, 24, 30, 48, 72, 96, 144, and 240 h postdose for the two oldest groups and up to 144 h in the youngest group.
Results
Twenty-one patients were enrolled and received lipegfilgrastim, seven in each age group. Lipegfilgrastim exposure levels were comparable across age groups, with concentrations maintained over a prolonged period after a single injection. Differences in PD were mainly associated with chemotherapy type. Most investigator-reported adverse events were attributed to chemotherapy and not to lipegfilgrastim. Severe adverse events were noted in 57% of patients; febrile neutropenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were more frequent among the oldest patients.
Conclusions
Results support the use of a body weight-adjusted dose to achieve equivalent initial peak exposure levels of lipegfilgrastim in children of various ages.
http://ift.tt/2gShEXF
Life cycle environmental impacts of saffron production in Iran
Abstract
Saffron is regarded as an important crop in Iranian agricultural economics that needs to be investigated to produce the environmentally friendlier product. In the present study, saffron production as an important agricultural production system in Iran was evaluated thoroughly from an environmental point of view. Data were collected from saffron farmers in Southern Khorasan province of the country with face-to-face questionnaire method during cropping period of 2013–2014. The system boundary was considered from the production of raw input materials to the harvested saffron. In order to identify the main hotspot during cultivation, impact categories were considered using CML methodology and cumulative exergy demand (CExD) indicator. Based on the results, chemical fertilizers N and P were the main hotspots in abiotic depletion (AD), acidification (AC), global warming (GWP), and photochemical oxidation (PO) impact categories, while diesel fuel was the main hotspot in fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity (FE), marine aquatic ecotoxicity (ME), and terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE). Direct emission from diesel fuel combustion (saffron) was the main hotspot only in human toxicity (HT). The small farms had the highest amounts of AD, AC, EP, GWP, and PO indicators in comparison with the medium and large farms. Total CExD indicator for production of 1 kg saffron was 1894.23 MJ eq. Totally, large farms (bigger than 1 ha) had better environmental performance considering all the impact categories.
http://ift.tt/2gTenYe
Influence of the soil sealing on the geoaccumulation index of heavy metals and various pollution factors
Abstract
Soil sealing belongs to the most destructive and damaging processes to the soil environment. Soil sealing interrupts or greatly restricts the exchange of matter and energy between the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and the soil environment. The aim of this study was to compare the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) of Ekranic Technosols by applying indicators such as geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution load index (PLI), which allowed to determine quantitatively the impact of the soil sealing degree on the content of heavy metals and to distinguish natural from anthropogenic sources of origin of heavy metals. In general, 42 soils from different parts of the city of Toruń (NW Poland) were sampled and divided into three groups according to the degree of soil sealing: completely sealed with asphalt or concrete (A), semi-permeable (partially sealed with cobblestones and concrete paving slabs (B)), and reference (non-sealed) (C). The results indicate that the artificial sealing in urban areas slightly affects the content of heavy metals in soils. However, based on PLI, I geo, and EF, it was found that the sealing has influence on soil properties and unsealed soil is the most exposed to the accumulation of pollutants.
http://ift.tt/2gTcL0M
The fate and transport of arsenic species in the aquatic ecosystem: a case study on Bestari Jaya, Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
The field of arsenic pollution research has grown rapidly in recent years. Arsenic constitutes a broad range of elements from the Earth's crust and is released into the environment from both anthropogenic and natural sources due to its relative mobility under different redox conditions. The toxicity of arsenic is described in its inorganic form, as inorganic arsenic compounds can leach into different environments. Sampling was carried out in the Bestari Jaya catchment while using a land use map to locate the site, and experiments were conducted via sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy to quantify proportions of arsenic in the sediment samples. The results show that metals in sediments of nonresidual fractions, which are more likely to be likely released into aquatic environments, are more plentiful than the residual sediment fractions. These findings support the mobility of heavy metals and especially arsenic through sediment layers, which can facilitate remediation in environments heavily polluted with heavy metals.
http://ift.tt/2h9ArK5
Photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes for the treatment of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil under simulated solar radiation
Abstract
In the present study, photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes were investigated for the degradation and mineralization of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). For the optimization of photo-Fenton treatment under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, the effects of several operating parameters (i.e., 5-FU concentration, Fe3+, and oxidant concentration) on the treatment efficiency were studied. According to the results, SSL/[Fe(C2Ο4)3]3−/Η2Ο2 process was the most efficient, since faster degradation of 5-FU and higher mineralization percentages were achieved. All the applied processes followed quite similar transformation routes which include defluorination-hydroxylation as well as pyrimidine ring opening, as demonstrated by the transformation products identified by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated solutions was evaluated using the Microtox assay. In general, low toxicity was recorded for the initial solution and the solution at the end of the photocatalytic treatment, while an increase in the overall toxicity was observed only at the first stages of SSL/Fe3+/Η2Ο2 and SSL/Fe3+/S2O82− processes.
http://ift.tt/2h9Bz0o
Variations in root morphology among 18 herbaceous species and their relationship with cadmium accumulation
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether root system morphology is involved in the interspecific variations in Cd accumulation in herbaceous plants. Biomasses, root morphology, and Cd accumulation of 18 herbaceous species were determined under 0, 2, and 10 mg kg−1 Cd conditions. Significant variations were found in biomass production, root system morphology, and Cd accumulation among the 18 species. Cd concentrations in the shoot had negative correlations with the biomass of roots and shoots in the 2 mg kg−1 Cd treatment. Total amounts of Cd in plants showed positive correlations with the biomass of roots and shoots, total root lengths, root surface areas, root volumes, and proportions of the fine roots (diameter <0.2 mm). Percentages of Cd in shoots were positively related to specific root lengths, root surface areas, and plant biomasses but negatively correlated with proportions of roots in the 0.6–0.8-mm diameter class. High-biomass species (rapeseed, Indian mustard, and four-o'clock) have high Cd uptake capacity due to their large root system. Longer and thinner roots might contribute to higher capacity for transferring Cd from roots to shoots, while coarse roots (i.e., diameter of 0.6–0.8 mm) could retain more Cd in the tissues and, consequently, reduce Cd transfer from roots to shoots.
http://ift.tt/2gTiO5h
Disability-adjusted life years and economic cost assessment of the health effects related to PM 2.5 and PM 10 pollution in Mumbai and Delhi, in India from 1991 to 2015
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is becoming a serious public health concern in urban cities in India due to air pollution-related health effects associated with disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic loss. To obtain the quantitative result of health impact of particulate matter (PM) in most populated Mumbai City and most polluted Delhi City in India, an epidemiology-based exposure–response function has been used to calculate the attributable number of mortality and morbidity cases from 1991 to 2015 in a 5-year interval and the subsequent DALYs, and economic cost is estimated of the health damage based on unit values of the health outcomes. Here, we report the attributable number of mortality due to PM10 in Mumbai and Delhi increased to 32,014 and 48,651 in 2015 compared with 19,291 and 19,716 in year 1995. And annual average mortality due to PM2.5 in Mumbai and Delhi was 10,880 and 10,900. Premature cerebrovascular disease (CEV), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes are about 35.3, 33.3, and 22.9% of PM2.5-attributable mortalities. Total DALYs due to PM10 increased from 0.34 million to 0.51 million in Mumbai and 0.34 million to 0.75 million in Delhi from average year 1995 to 2015. Among all health outcomes, mortality and chronic bronchitis shared about 95% of the total DALYs. Due to PM10, the estimated total economic cost at constant price year 2005 US$ increased from 2680.87 million to 4269.60 million for Mumbai City and 2714.10 million to 6394.74 million for Delhi City, from 1995 to 2015, and the total amount accounting about 1.01% of India's gross domestic product (GDP). A crucial presumption is that in 2030, PM10 levels would have to decline by 44% (Mumbai) and 67% (Delhi) absolutely to maintain the same health outcomes in year 2015 levels. The results will help policy makers from pollution control board for further cost–benefit analyses of air pollution management programs in Mumbai and Delhi.
http://ift.tt/2h9xUQl
Perturbations and 3R in carbon management
Abstract
Perturbations in various carbon pools like biological, geological, oceanic, and missing carbon sink affect its global data, which are generally neglected or ignored in routine calculations. These natural and anthropogenic events need to be considered before projecting a sustainable carbon management plan. These plans have both general and experimental aspects. General plans should focus on (a) minimizing emission; (b) maximizing environmentally sound reuse, reduce, and recycling; (c) effective treatment; and (d) converting carbon into valuable products with atom economy. Experimental carbon management plans involving various biological and chemical techniques with limitation in terms of research level and economic feasibility. Chemical options have benefits of higher productivity and wider product range, but it suffers from its higher-energy requirements and environmental unfriendliness. In contrast to this, biological options are more selective and less energy intensive, but their productivity is very low. Hence, there is a requirement of hybrid process where the benefits of both the options, i.e., biological and chemical, can be reaped. In view of above, the proposed review targets to highlight the various perturbations in the global carbon cycle and their effects; study the currently practiced options of carbon management, specifically in light of 3R principle; and propose various new hybrid methods by compatible combinations of chemical and biological processes to develop better and safer carbon management. These methods are hypothetical so they may require further research and validations but may provide a comprehensive base for developing such management methods.
http://ift.tt/2gTcBGF
Intraoral scanners – The FAQs
British Dental Journal 221, 803 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.961
David Claridge, CAD/CAM Product Specialist at Carestream Dental, addresses the key FAQs he is most often faced with when it comes to intraoral scanners.
http://ift.tt/2gJOkOi
What's in a name? Nominative determinism in the UK dental workforce
British Dental Journal 221, 773 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.950
Author: J. Sleigh
http://ift.tt/2gJJfp7
Oral health: Case report: Unusual sugar binge
British Dental Journal 221, 744 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.929
Author: K. Quinlan
http://ift.tt/2gJOsNX
On your marks, get set... ROT!
British Dental Journal 221, 744 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.930
Author: B. T. H. E. Grincher
http://ift.tt/2gJJVLc
Gastrointestinal diseases and their oro-dental manifestations: Part 1: Crohn's disease
British Dental Journal 221, 794 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.954
Authors: C. X. W. Tan, H. S. Brand, N. K. H. de Boer & T. Forouzanfar
http://ift.tt/2gJNjG0
Working conditions: Elfless hard labour
British Dental Journal 221, 745 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.931
Author: B. Elf
http://ift.tt/2gJN51o
Dental trauma: Ho, ho, hospitalised
British Dental Journal 221, 745 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.932
Author: D. Kay
http://ift.tt/2gJPIQP
Christmas White Paper
British Dental Journal 221, 743 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.928
Author: Stephen Hancocks
http://ift.tt/2gJJror
Infection control: Mistletoe threat
British Dental Journal 221, 745 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.933
Author: A. Bore
http://ift.tt/2gJSSEf
Motivational interviewing in general dental practice: A review of the evidence
British Dental Journal 221, 785 (2016). doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.952
Authors: E. J. Kay, D. Vascott, A. Hocking & H. Nield
http://ift.tt/2gJFUX6
Complement-mediated inflammation and injury in brain dead organ donors
Source:Molecular Immunology
Author(s): Felix Poppelaars, Marc A. Seelen
The importance of the complement system in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute rejection is widely recognized, however its contribution to the pathogenesis of tissue damage in the donor remains underexposed. Brain-dead (BD) organ donors are still the primary source of organs for transplantation. Brain death is characterized by hemodynamic changes, hormonal dysregulation, and immunological activation. Recently, the complement system has been shown to be involved. In BD organ donors, complement is activated systemically and locally and is an important mediator of inflammation and graft injury. Furthermore, complement activation can be used as a clinical marker for the prediction of graft function after transplantation. Experimental models of BD have shown that inhibition of the complement cascade is a successful method to reduce inflammation and injury of donor grafts, thereby improving graft function and survival after transplantation. Consequently, complement-targeted therapeutics in BD organ donors form a new opportunity to improve organ quality for transplantation. Future studies should further elucidate the mechanism responsible for complement activation in BD organ donors.
http://ift.tt/2hXiSgi
Effective Interprofessional Perioperative Training Requires not Only Multi-Professional and Multi-Department, but also Multi-Hospital Participation
Publication date: Available online 15 December 2016
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): Nobuyasu Komasawa, Benjamin W. Berg, Toshiaki Minami
http://ift.tt/2gSQsID
How Knowledge Relates to Confidence in Orthopedics and Emergency Medicine Regarding Return to Sport and Rehabilitation in Foot and Ankle Trauma
Publication date: Available online 16 December 2016
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): Sarah Johnson-Lynn, David Townshend
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to survey the knowledge of registrars in emergency medicine and orthopedics on 5 common injuries to the foot and ankle and compare this knowledge, and self-reported confidence in giving it, with that of consultants and physiotherapists of various levels of experience.DesignAn online survey was used to gather the information using scenario-based open and closed questions.ParticipantsA total of 102 health care professionals, who regularly deal with sports injuries, were recruited. These included consultant orthopedic surgeons with a subspecialty interest in foot and ankle surgery, orthopedic surgeons in other specialties, extended scope physiotherapy practitioners (ESPs) in foot and ankle and general musculoskeletal practice, emergency medicine consultants, emergency medicine registrars, orthopedic registrars, senior physiotherapists, and junior physiotherapists.SettingThe participants were drawn from various health care institutions in the North East of England.ResultsConsultant foot and ankle surgeons and extended scope practitioners in foot and ankle both scored significantly on knowledge of rehabilitation program design than either set of registrars. For 2 of the case scenarios, there was a significant difference in scores between either orthopedic consultants or ESPs and registrars (p < 0.05). For total score, there was a trend for extended scope practitioners to score higher than both sets of registrars, but this did not reach significance.Correlation coefficients for knowledge and self-reported confidence ranged between 0.009 and 0.33, demonstrating only weak positive linear correlation between scenario score and reported confidence in advice given.ConclusionsThe most significant area of gaps in knowledge among the 2 groups of registrars was in the specifics of rehabilitation programs. There was markedly higher confidence with greater seniority. Registrars in emergency medicine and orthopedics are likely to benefit from case-based teaching in sports injury rehabilitation.
http://ift.tt/2h9cQcw
Molecular Checkpoint Decisions Made by Subverted Vascular Niche Transform Indolent Tumor Cells into Chemoresistant Cancer Stem Cells
Publication date: Available online 15 December 2016
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Zhongwei Cao, Joseph M. Scandura, Giorgio G. Inghirami, Koji Shido, Bi-Sen Ding, Shahin Rafii
Tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) regulate tumor cell aggressiveness. However, the core mechanism by which TECs confer stem cell-like activity to indolent tumors is unknown. Here, we used in vivo murine and human tumor models to identify the tumor-suppressive checkpoint role of TEC-expressed insulin growth factor (IGF) binding protein-7 (IGFBP7/angiomodulin). During tumorigenesis, IGFBP7 blocks IGF1 and inhibits expansion and aggresiveness of tumor stem-like cells (TSCs) expressing IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). However, chemotherapy triggers TECs to suppress IGFBP7, and this stimulates IGF1R+ TSCs to express FGF4, inducing a feedforward FGFR1-ETS2 angiocrine cascade that obviates TEC IGFBP7. Thus, loss of IGFBP7 and upregulation of IGF1 activates the FGF4-FGFR1-ETS2 pathway in TECs and converts naive tumor cells to chemoresistant TSCs, thereby facilitating their invasiveness and progression.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Cao et al. show that IGFBP7 expressed by tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) suppresses IGF1R signaling and the stem cell-like property of tumor cells. Tumor-derived FGF4 activates an FGFR1-ETS2 axis in TECs that upregulates IGF1 and downregulates IGFBP7, facilitating IGF1R+ tumor stem-like cell expansion.http://ift.tt/2hDwr5M
Nerve Growth Factor Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis through Aberrant Cholinergic Signaling
Publication date: Available online 15 December 2016
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Yoku Hayakawa, Kosuke Sakitani, Mitsuru Konishi, Samuel Asfaha, Ryota Niikura, Hiroyuki Tomita, Bernhard W. Renz, Yagnesh Tailor, Marina Macchini, Moritz Middelhoff, Zhengyu Jiang, Takayuki Tanaka, Zinaida A. Dubeykovskaya, Woosook Kim, Xiaowei Chen, Aleksandra M. Urbanska, Karan Nagar, Christoph B. Westphalen, Michael Quante, Chyuan-Sheng Lin, Michael D. Gershon, Akira Hara, Chun-Mei Zhao, Duan Chen, Daniel L. Worthley, Kazuhiko Koike, Timothy C. Wang
Within the gastrointestinal stem cell niche, nerves help to regulate both normal and neoplastic stem cell dynamics. Here, we reveal the mechanisms underlying the cancer-nerve partnership. We find that Dclk1+ tuft cells and nerves are the main sources of acetylcholine (ACh) within the gastric mucosa. Cholinergic stimulation of the gastric epithelium induced nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, and in turn NGF overexpression within gastric epithelium expanded enteric nerves and promoted carcinogenesis. Ablation of Dclk1+ cells or blockade of NGF/Trk signaling inhibited epithelial proliferation and tumorigenesis in an ACh muscarinic receptor-3 (M3R)-dependent manner, in part through suppression of yes-associated protein (YAP) function. This feedforward ACh-NGF axis activates the gastric cancer niche and offers a compelling target for tumor treatment and prevention.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Hayakawa et al. use a series of mouse models to show that acetylcholine from Dclk1+ tuft cells and nerves induces NGF in gastric epithelial cells, which promotes neuron expansion and tumorigenesis. YAP is activated through the cholinergic signaling, and inhibition of this pathway can block NGF-driven tumors.http://ift.tt/2hDxnHi
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