Patch testing in patients with suspected cosmetic dermatitis: A retrospective study

Summary

Background

Growing use of cosmetics has led to an increase in the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to cosmetics. Patch testing helps to confirm allergy to cosmetics and pinpoint the exact offending allergens.

Aims and Objectives

The study aimed to find the frequency of positive patch test reactions in cases with suspected ACD to cosmetics, and the common allergens responsible for it.

Methods

This is a retrospective record-based study of 58 patients, with suspected ACD to cosmetics, who had undergone patch testing with Indian standard series and Indian cosmetic and fragrance series from January 2013 to December 2015.

Results

The majority of patients (60.34%) belonged to the age group of 20-40 years. The most common site of involvement was face (94.8%) followed by neck (22.4%). The most commonly implicated cosmetics in history were soaps (53.4%), and face creams (24.1%). The most common allergens detected on patch testing were cetrimide (20.7%) and thimerosal (15.5%) followed by paraphenylenediamine (6.9%), and fragrance mix (5.2). Positive allergic reactions were obtained in 2.12% of the patches.

Conclusion

Most common cosmetic products implicated for causing ACD were face creams, soaps, and hair dyes. The principal culprit allergens were cetrimide and thimerosal.

http://ift.tt/2qD7jnz

Transient ischemic attacks on turning the head to one side, with immediate remission of symptoms when the head returned to the neutral position.

http://medicine-greece.blogspot.com/2017/05/transient-ischemic-attacks-on-turning.html

Alexandros Sfakianakis
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182

6948891480

alsfakia@gmail.com

The extended medial plantar artery (EMPA) free flap for plantar foot defects

Abstract

The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap was first introduced by Mir y Mir in 1954 and used to reconstruct a heel defect. The sole of the foot is designed to bear body weight and absorb the shocks of a bipedal gait. The properties of the plantar skin and deeper tissues are therefore highly specialised, and if normal function is to be restored, it is essential to replace "like with like" which is a fundamental principle of reconstructive surgery.

The aim of this article is to introduce the concept of an extended medial plantar artery (EMPA) free flap for plantar foot defects. The advantage of the extended version of the MPA flap in the presented cases is the harvest of a larger bulk of tissue and thus the possibility of covering larger defects in the weight-bearing area of the foot.

Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.

http://ift.tt/2qCPPYy

The neuropeptidome of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Meaghan K. Smith, Tianfang Wang, Saowaros Suwansa-ard, Cherie A. Motti, Abigail Elizur, Min Zhao, Matthew L. Rowe, Michael R. Hall, Maurice R. Elphick, Scott F. Cummins
Outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS; Acanthaster planci) are a major cause of destruction of coral communities on the Australian Great Barrier Reef. While factors relating to population explosions and the social interactions of COTS have been well studied, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying COTS physiology and behaviour. One of the major classes of chemical messengers that regulate physiological and behavioural processes in animals is the neuropeptides. Here, we have analysed COTS genome and transcriptome sequence data to identify neuropeptide precursor proteins in this species. A total of 48 neuropeptide precursors were identified, including homologs of neuropeptides that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the Bilateria, and others that are novel. Proteomic mass spectrometry was employed to confirm the presence of neuropeptides in extracts of radial nerve cords. These transcriptomic and proteomic resources provide a foundation for functional studies that will enable a better understanding of COTS physiology and behaviour, and may facilitate development of novel population biocontrol methods.SignificanceThe Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS) is one of the primary factors leading to coral loss on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Our combined gene and proteomic findings of this study reveal the COTS neuropeptidome, including both echinoderm-like neuropeptides and novel putative neuropeptides. This represents the most comprehensive neuropeptidome for an echinoderm, contributing to the evolving knowledge of the COTS molecular neurobiology that may assist in towards the development of biocontrol methods.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rmQoCQ

8-Nitro-cGMP promotes bone growth through expansion of growth plate cartilage

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 110
Author(s): Marie Hoshino, Kotaro Kaneko, Yoichi Miyamoto, Kentaro Yoshimura, Dai Suzuki, Takaaki Akaike, Tomohiro Sawa, Tomoaki Ida, Shigemoto Fujii, Hideshi Ihara, Junichi Tanaka, Risa Tsukuura, Daichi Chikazu, Kenji Mishima, Kazuyoshi Baba, Ryutaro Kamijo
In endochondral ossification, growth of bones occurs at their growth plate cartilage. While it is known that nitric oxide (NO) synthases are required for proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage and growth of bones, the precise mechanism by which NO facilitates these process has not been clarified yet. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) also positively regulate elongation of bones through expansion of the growth plate cartilage. Both NO and CNP are known to use cGMP as the second messenger. Recently, 8-nitro-cGMP was identified as a signaling molecule produced in the presence of NO in various types of cells. Here, we found that 8-nitro-cGMP is produced in proliferating chondrocytes in the growth plates, which was enhanced by CNP, in bones cultured ex vivo. In addition, 8-nitro-cGMP promoted bone growth with expansion of the proliferating zone as well as increase in the number of proliferating cells in the growth plates. 8-Nitro-cGMP also promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro. On the other hand, 8-bromo-cGMP enhanced the growth of bones with expansion of hypertrophic zone of the growth plates without affecting either the width of proliferating zone or proliferation of chondrocytes. These results indicate that 8-nitro-cGMP formed in growth plate cartilage accelerates chondrocyte proliferation and bone growth as a downstream molecule of NO.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2spX8Po

Synthesis of the DDT metabolite 2,4-dichloro-1-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene ( o -Cl-DDMU) and its detection in abiotic and biotic samples

Abstract

Technical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been used worldwide as a pesticide since the beginning of the 1940s. Due to its persistence, DDT residues are still ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Photochemical UV degradation has been shown to be a potent degradation path for DDT and most of the resulting photoproducts have been identified up to now. Nevertheless, in 2012, a new DDT metabolite, most likely formed photochemically from DDE, was detected in ray liver samples from Brazil, an area which is highly contaminated with DDT. This study includes photochemical generation, chemical synthesis and isolation of this compound which was verified to consist of both cis- and trans-2,4-dichloro-1-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene. Both stereoisomers were resolved by gas chromatography on a polar capillary column and detected in more than 60 biotic (e.g. marine mammals, birds, human milk) and abiotic samples (fat deposits in kitchen hoods) from different areas all over the world. The stereoisomer distribution and concentrations (0.3–3.9% relative to corresponding 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′-DDE) levels) were determined by means of the synthesized analytical standard, indicating the widespread occurrence of this compound as an additional minor metabolite of DDT.

http://ift.tt/2sghQ5i

Editorial board

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Microbes and Infection, Volume 19, Issue 6





http://ift.tt/2rmySyo

Physical and functional interactions between nuclear receptor LXRα and the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2 regulate the response of the human lipoprotein lipase gene to oxysterols in hepatic cells

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Maria Kanaki, Ioanna Tiniakou, Efstathia Thymiakou, Dimitris Kardassis
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL and chylomicrons in the circulation. Mutations in LPL or its activator apolipoprotein C-II cause hypertriglyceridemia in humans and animal models. The levels of LPL in the liver are low but they can be strongly induced by a high cholesterol diet or by synthetic ligands of Liver X Receptors (LXRs). However, the mechanism by which LXRs activate the human LPL gene is unknown. In the present study we show that LXR agonists increased the mRNA and protein levels as well as the promoter activity of human LPL in HepG2 cells. A promoter deletion analysis defined the proximal -109/-28 region, which contains a functional FOXA2 element, as essential for transactivation by ligand-activated LXRα/RXRα heterodimers. Silencing of endogenous FOXA2 in HepG2 cells by siRNAs or by treatment with insulin compromised the induction of the LPL gene by LXR agonists whereas mutations in the FOXA2 site abolished the synergistic transactivation of the LPL promoter by LXRα/RXRα and FOXA2. Physical and functional interactions between LXRα and FOXA2 were established in vitro and ex vivo. In summary, the present study revealed a novel mechanism of human LPL gene induction by oxysterols in the liver with is based on physical and functional interactions between transcription factors LXRα and FOXA2. This mechanism, which may not be restricted to the LPL gene, is critically important for a better understanding of the regulation of cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in the liver under healthy or pathological states.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2spIeZz

Predicting fractures using trabecular patterns on panoramic radiographs

Abstract

Objectives

The observer score of the trabecular pattern on panoramic radiographs is known to be a strong predictor of bone fractures. The aim of this study was to enhance the predictive power of panoramic radiographs by means of texture analysis methods.

Material and methods

The study followed 304 postmenopausal women during 26 years. At the beginning of the study, panoramic radiographs were obtained. One observer assessed the trabecular pattern in the premolar region as dense, sparse, or alternating dense and sparse. In addition, on each radiograph, a region of interest was selected in the molar/premolar region and analyzed with texture analysis procedures. During 26 years of follow-up, 115 women suffered a fracture of the hip, spine, leg, or arm. Logistic regression was applied to test the predictive power of various variables with respect to fractures.

Results

Of all variables, the observer score of the trabecular pattern correlated strongest with the occurrence of fractures. By itself, the score yielded an ROC curve with an area of 0.80 under the curve. Combining the observer score with the texture analysis features increased the area under the ROC curve to 0.85.

Conclusions

The trabecular pattern on panoramic radiographs provides a strong predictor of fractures, at least for postmenopausal women. The assessment by an observer combined with texture analysis procedures yields a predictive power that parallels best known predictions in literature.

Clinical relevance

This study illustrates that panoramic radiographs are state of the art predictors of postcranial fractures.

http://ift.tt/2rrdIS6

Oral rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses of a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Fethi Atil, Ahmet Culhaoglu, Ismail Doruk Kocyigit, Zahit Adisen, Melda Misirlioglu, Burak Yilmaz
This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses in the maxilla and mandible of a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia. Cone-beam computed tomography and a tilted implant protocol in the mandible helped to establish a conservative approach for bone preservation, prevent surgical complications, enable proper implant positioning to avoid anatomic structures, and support the fixed dental prostheses.



http://ift.tt/2rGPJ2c

Common Modality Effects in Immediate Free Recall and Immediate Serial Recall.

Author: Grenfell-Essam, Rachel; Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000430

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGznGz

Fast or Frugal, but Not Both: Decision Heuristics Under Time Pressure.

Author: Bobadilla-Suarez, Sebastian; Love, Bradley C.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000419

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sfLwPT

Do the Effects of Working Memory Training Depend on Baseline Ability Level?.

Author: Foster, Jeffrey L.; Harrison, Tyler L.; Hicks, Kenny L.; Draheim, Christopher; Redick, Thomas S.; Engle, Randall W.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000426

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGF5Ir

Does the Acquisition of Spatial Skill Involve a Shift From Algorithm to Memory Retrieval?.

Author: Frank, David J.; Macnamara, Brooke N.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000429

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sfWTaq

Interaction Between Social Categories in the Composite Face Paradigm.

Author: Chen, Wenfeng; Ren, Naixin; Young, Andrew W.; Liu, Chang Hong

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000418

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sg3YI0

Support From the Morphological Family When Unembedding the Stem.

Author: Beyersmann, Elisabeth; Grainger, Jonathan

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000435

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGBPNi

Declines in Representational Quality and Strategic Retrieval Processes Contribute to Age-Related Increases in False Recognition.

Author: Trelle, Alexandra N.; Henson, Richard N.; Green, Deborah A. E.; Simons, Jon S.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000412

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 22 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sg1dXp

Combining lead isotopes and cluster analysis to distinguish the Guarani and Serra Geral Aquifer Systems and contaminated waters in a highly industrialized area in Southern Brazil

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 177
Author(s): Isadora Aumond Kuhn, Ari Roisenberg
The Rio dos Sinos Watershed area is located at the Middle-West region of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil, along thirty two municipalities and affecting 1.5 million inhabitants and many important industrial centers. Three main aquifers are recognized in the study area: the unconfined-fractured Serra Geral Aquifer System, the porous Guarani Aquifer System, and the Permian Aquitard. This study aims to understand groundwater, surface water and human activity interactions in the Rio dos Sinos Watershed, evaluating the application of stable lead isotopic ratios analyzed for this propose. Thirty six groundwater samples, 8 surface water samples and 5 liquid effluents of tanneries and landfills samples were measured using a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer Thermo-Finnigan and a Neptune Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Groundwater isotopic ratios have a wider range compared to the surface water, with less radiogenic averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.1837 vs 38.4050 (standard deviation = 0.2921 vs 0.1343) and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.2947 vs 18.4766 (standard deviation = 0.2215 vs 0.1059), respectively. Industrial liquid effluents (tanneries and industrial landfill) have averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.1956 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.3169, distinct from effluent samples of domestic sanitary landfill (averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.2353 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.6607). Hierarchical cluster analysis led to distinguish six groups of groundwater, representing the three aquifers that occur in the area, two clusters suggesting groundwater mixtures and one demonstrating a highly contaminated groundwater. By analyzing the cluster results and wells' stratigraphic profiles it was possible to distinguish the different aquifers in the area. The Serra Geral Aquifer System has ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios between 18.4718 and 18.7089; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb between 15.6692 and 15.6777; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb between 38.6826 and 38.7616; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb between 0.8372 and 0.8623; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb between 2.0671 and 2.0964 and the Guarani Aquifer System has a wider range (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranged from 37.9393 to 38.1279 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranged from 18.0892 to 18.3217). Water mixing of these two aquifer systems is reflected by transitional results. The results confirm that the hierarchical cluster analysis of lead isotopes is a useful tool to discriminate different aquifer conditions, reflecting mostly the influence of the natural lead isotopic composition of the aquifers instead of the anthropogenic activities (urban and industrial), except when the groundwater is highly contaminated by human activity.



http://ift.tt/2rd8OHw

Alginate microbeads are coagulation compatible, while alginate microcapsules activate coagulation secondary to complement or directly through FXII

Publication date: Available online 30 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Caroline Gravastrand, Shamal Hamad, Hilde Fure, Bjørg Steinkjer, Liv Ryan, Josè Oberholzer, John D. Lambris, Igor Lacík, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Terje Espevik, Ole-Lars Brekke, Anne Mari Rokstad
Alginate microspheres are presently under evaluation for future cell-based therapy. Their ability to induce harmful host reactions needs to be identified for developing the most suitable devices and efficient prevention strategies. We used a lepirudin based human whole blood model to investigate the coagulation potentials of alginate-based microspheres: alginate microbeads (Ca/Ba Beads), alginate poly-L-lysine microcapsules (APA and AP microcapsules) and sodium alginate-sodium cellulose sulfate-poly(methylene-co-cyanoguanidine) microcapsules (PMCG microcapsules). Coagulation activation measured by prothrombin fragments 1+2 (PTF1.2) was rapidly and markedly induced by the PMCG microcapsules, delayed and lower induced by the APA and AP microcapsules, and not induced by the Ca/Ba Beads. Monocytes tissue factor (TF) expression was similarly activated by the microcapsules, whereas not by the Ca/Ba Beads. PMCG microcapsules-induced PTF1.2 was abolished by FXII inhibition (corn trypsin inhibitor), thus pointing to activation through the contact pathway. PTF1.2 induced by the AP and APA microcapsules was inhibited by anti-TF antibody, pointing to a TF driven coagulation. The TF induced coagulation was inhibited by the complement inhibitors compstatin (C3 inhibition) and eculizumab (C5 inhibition), revealing a complement-coagulation cross-talk. This is the first study on the coagulation potentials of alginate microspheres, and identifies differences in activation potential, pathways and possible intervention points.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rVVEjs

Thermo-sensitive polypeptide hydrogel for locally sequential delivery of two-pronged antitumor drugs

Publication date: Available online 30 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Lingyu Wei, Jinjin Chen, Shuhua Zhao, Jianxun Ding, Xuesi Chen
In the synergistic treatment with cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent, the order of drug release shows great importance to enhance the antitumor efficacy. When vascular disrupting agent is firstly administrated, the reduced blood supply and overexpressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α greatly limit the efficiency of chemotherapy. In this work, an injectable thermo-sensitive polypeptide hydrogel was firstly developed for the locally sequential delivery of hydrophilic doxorubicin (DOX, a cytotoxic agent) and hydrophobic combretastatin A4 (CA4, a vascular disrupting drug). The aqueous solution of polypeptide at low temperature transformed into hydrogel under the body temperature after subcutaneous injection and completely degraded after four weeks with excellent biocompatibility. DOX and CA4 were co-loaded into the hydrogel, and the release of DOX showed much faster than that of CA4 due to their difference in water solubility. The superior inhibition of tumor volume after treatment with DOX and CA4 co-loaded hydrogel occurred in the treatment of grafted mouse U14 cervical tumor compared with both free drugs and single drug-loaded hydrogels. In addition, the co-loaded hydrogel obtained enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells, significant shutdown of blood vessels, and wholly regional tumor apoptosis, which indicated the eradication of solid tumor. Moreover, treatments with the drug-loaded hydrogels showed negligible damage to normal tissues, suggesting their low systemic toxicity. The locally sequential delivery system had great potential for in situ synergistic chemotherapy.Statement of SignificanceThe release order makes great difference in the synergistic efficacies of cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent. When cytotoxic drug is administrated before vascular disrupting agent, an eradication of tumor might be obtained. On the contrary, the antitumor efficiency will be greatly hindered by limited penetration of later cytotoxic drug and drug resistant induced by vascular disrupting agent. Therefore, the adjustment of the delivery behaviors of such two-pronged agents in one platform was significant for their efficiently synergistic chemotherapy. The present study originally provides a convenient strategy and an advanced sample for sequential administration of cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent in one platform based on their water solubilities to achieve upregulated efficacy and safety.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rWd7bL

Transient Phase Behavior of an Elastomeric Biomaterial Applied to Abdominal Laparotomy Closure

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Omer E. Kaymakcalan, Julia L. Jin, Zhexun Sun, Nicole G. Ricapito, Mary Clare McCorry, Kerry A. Morrison, David Putnam, Jason A. Spector
Secure closure of the fascial layers after entry into the peritoneal cavity is crucial to prevent incisional hernia, yet appropriate purchase of the tissue can be challenging because of the proximity of the underlying protuberant bowel which may become punctured by the surgical needle or strangulated by the suture itself. Whereas currently employed devices, the metal malleable retractor and Glassman Visceral Retainer are unable to provide complete visceral protection during abdominal closure, a puncture resistant, biocompatible, and degradable matrix that can be left in place without need for removal would facilitate rapid and safe abdominal closure. We describe a novel elastomer (CC-DHA) that undergoes a rapid but controlled solid-to-liquid phase transition through the application of a destabilized carbonate cross-linked network. The elastomer is comprised of a polycarbonate cross-linked network of dihydroxyacetone, glycerol ethoxylate, and tri(ethylene glycol). The ketone functionality of the dihydroxyacetone facilitates hydrolytic cleavage of the carbonate linkages resulting in a rapidly degrading barrier that can be left in situ to facilitate abdominal fascial closure. Using a murine laparotomy model we demonstrated rapid dissolution and metabolism of the elastomer without evidence of toxicity or intraabdominal scarring. Furthermore, needle puncture and mechanical properties demonstrated the material to be both compliant and sufficiently puncture resistant. These unique characteristics make the biomaterial extraordinarily useful as a physical barrier to prevent inadvertent bowel injury during fascial closure, with the potential for wider application across a variety of medical and surgical applications.Statement of SignificanceCompletion of abdominal surgery requires fascial closure, which requires a delicate balance between hernia prevention and inadvertent bowel injury. We describe a novel biocompatible elastomer (CC-DHA) of a polycarbonate cross-linked network of dihydroxyacetone, glycerol ethoxylate, and tri(ethylene glycol), for use as a rapidly degrading barrier. Using a murine laparotomy model we demonstrated rapid dissolution and metabolism of the elastomer without evidence of toxicity or intraabdominal scarring. Furthermore, needle puncture and mechanical properties demonstrated the material to be both compliant and sufficiently puncture resistant. These characteristics make this new biomaterial extraordinarily useful as a physical barrier to prevent inadvertent bowel injury during fascial closure, with the potential for wider application across a variety of medical and surgical applications.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rWspNz

Simultaneous Delivery of Hydrophobic Small Molecules and siRNA Using Sterosomes to Direct Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation for Bone Repair

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Zhong-Kai Cui, Justin A. Sun, Jessalyn J. Baljon, Jiabing Fan, Soyon Kim, Benjamin M. Wu, Tara Aghaloo, Min Lee
The use of small molecular drugs with gene manipulation offers synergistic therapeutic efficacy by targeting multiple signaling pathways for combined treatment. Stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with osteoinductive small molecule phenamil combined with suppression of noggin is a promising therapeutic strategy that increases bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and bone repair. Our cationic Sterosome formulated with stearylamine (SA) and cholesterol (Chol) is an attractive co-delivery system that not only forms stable complexes with small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules but also solubilizes hydrophobic small molecules in a single vehicle, for directing stem cell differentiation. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of SA/Chol Sterosomes to simultaneously deliver hydrophobic small molecule phenamil and noggin-directed siRNA to enhance osteogenic differentiation of MSCs both in in vitro two- and three-dimensional settings as well as in a mouse calvarial defect model. These results suggest a novel liposomal platform to simultaneously deliver therapeutic genes and small molecules for combined therapy.Statement of SignificanceApplication of phenamil, a small molecular bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulator, combined with suppression of natural BMP antagonists such as noggin is a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance bone regeneration. Here, we present a novel strategy to co-deliver hydrophobic small molecule phenamil and noggin-targeted siRNA via cationic Sterosomes formed with Stearylamine (SA) and high content of Cholesterol (Chol) to enhance osteogenesis and bone repair. SA/Chol Sterosomes demonstrated high phenamil encapsulation efficiency, supported sustained release of encapsulated drugs, and significantly reduced drug dose requirements to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Simultaneous deliver of phenamil and noggin siRNA in a single vehicle synergistically enhanced MSC osteogenesis and calvarial bone repair. This study suggests a new non-phospholipid liposomal formulation to simultaneously deliver small molecules and therapeutic genes for combined treatment.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rWzeyu

An interpenetrating, microstructurable and covalently attached conducting polymer hydrogel for neural interfaces

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Carolin Kleber, Michael Bruns, Karen Lienkamp, Jürgen Rühe, Maria Asplund
This study presents a new conducting polymer hydrogel (CPH) system, consisting of the synthetic hydrogel P(DMAA-co-5%MABP-co-2,5%SSNa) and the conducting polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), intended as coating material for neural interfaces. The composite material can be covalently attached to the surface electrode, can be patterned by a photolithographic process to influence selected electrode sites only and forms an interpenetrating network. The hybrid material was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed a homogeneous distribution of PEDOT throughout all CPH layers. The CPH exhibited a 2,5 times higher charge storage capacity (CSC) and a reduced impedance when compared to the bare hydrogel. Electrochemical stability was proven over at least 1000 redox cycles. Non-toxicity was confirmed using an elution toxicity test together with a neuroblastoma cell-line. The described material shows great promise for surface modification of neural probes making it possible to combine the beneficial properties of the hydrogel with the excellent electronic properties necessary for high quality neural microelectrodes.Statement of SignificanceConductive polymer hydrogels have emerged as a promising new class of materials to functionalize electrode surfaces for enhanced neural interfaces and drug delivery. Common weaknesses of such systems are delamination from the connection surface, and the lack of suitable patterning methods for confining the gel to the selected electrode site. Various studies have reported on conductive polymer hydrogels addressing one of this challenges. In this study we present a new composite material which offers, for the first time, the unique combination of properties: it can be covalently attached to the substrate, forms an interpenetrating network, shows excellent electrical properties and can be patterned via UV-irradiation through a structured mask.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rW4629

Enhanced targeting of invasive Glioblastoma cells by peptide-functionalized gold nanorods in hydrogel-based 3D cultures

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Diana P. N. Gonçalves, Raul D. Rodriguez, Thomas Kurth, Laura J. Bray, Marcus Binner, Christiane Jungnickel, Fatih N. Gür, Steve W. Poser, Thorsten L. Schmidt, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis, Michael Schlierf, Carsten Werner
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis in several cancer types, making their eradication a primary objective in cancer therapy. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) tumors are usually composed of a highly infiltrating CSC subpopulation, which has Nestin as a putative marker. Since the majority of these infiltrating cells are able to elude conventional therapies, we have developed gold nanorods (AuNRs) functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of specific recognition and selective eradication of Nestin positive infiltrating GBM-CSCs. These AuNRs generate heat when irradiated by a near-infrared laser, and cause localized cell damage. Nanoparticle internalization assays performed with GBM-CSCs or Nestin negative cells cultured as two-dimensional (2D) monolayers or embedded in three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable-hydrogels of tunable mechanical properties, revealed that the AuNRs were mainly internalized by GBM-CSCs, and not by Nestin negative cells. The AuNRs were taken up via energy-dependent and caveolae-mediated endocytic mechanisms, and were localized inside endosomes. Photothermal treatments resulted in the selective elimination of GBM-CSCs through cell apoptosis, while Nestin negative cells remained viable. Results also indicated that GBM-CSCs embedded in hydrogels were more resistant to AuNR photothermal treatments than when cultured as 2D monolayers. In summary, the combination of our engineered AuNRs with our tunable hydrogel system has shown the potential to provide an in vitro platform for the evaluation and screening of AuNR-based cancer therapeutics, leading to a substantial advancement in the application of AuNRs for targeted GBM-CSC therapy.Statement of SignificanceThere is an urgent need for reliable and efficient therapies for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which is currently an untreatable brain tumor form with a very poor patient survival rate. GBM tumors are mostly comprised of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for tumor reoccurrence and therapy resistance. We have developed gold nanorods functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of selective recognition and eradication of GBM-CSCs via heat generation by nanorods upon NIR irradiation. An in vitro evaluation of nanorod therapeutic activities was performed in 3D synthetic-biodegradable hydrogel models with distinct biomechanical cues, and compared to 2D cultures. Results indicated that cells cultured in 3D were more resistant to photothermolysis than in 2D systems.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rW53aE

Novel reinforcement learning paradigm based on response patterning under interval schedules of reinforcement

Publication date: 28 July 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 331
Author(s): Christin Schifani, Ilya Sukhanov, Mariia Dorofeikova, Anton Bespalov
There is a need to develop cognitive tasks that address valid neuropsychological constructs implicated in disease mechanisms and can be used in animals and humans to guide novel drug discovery. Present experiments aimed to characterize a novel reinforcement learning task based on a classical operant behavioral phenomenon observed in multiple species – differences in response patterning under variable (VI) vs fixed interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. Wistar rats were trained to press a lever for food under VI30s and later weekly test sessions were introduced with reinforcement schedule switched to FI30s. During the FI30s test session, post-reinforcement pauses (PRPs) gradually grew towards the end of the session reaching 22–43% of the initial values. Animals could be retrained under VI30s conditions, and FI30s test sessions were repeated over a period of several months without appreciable signs of a practice effect. Administration of the non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 ((5S,10R)-(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate) prior to FI30s sessions prevented adjustment of PRPs associated with the change from VI to FI schedule. This effect was most pronounced at the highest tested dose of MK-801 and appeared to be independent of the effects of this dose on response rates. These results provide initial evidence for the possibility to use different response patterning under VI and FI schedules with equivalent reinforcement density for studying effects of drug treatment on reinforcement learning.



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Effects of exercise on depressive behavior and striatal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and their metabolites in sleep-deprived mice

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele, Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin, Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos Rios, Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin
Exercise is a promising adjunctive therapy for depressive behavior, sleep/wake abnormalities, cognition and motor dysfunction. Conversely, sleep deprivation impairs mood, cognition and functional performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise on anxiety and depressive behavior and striatal levels of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin and its metabolites in mice submitted to 6h of total sleep deprivation (6h-TSD) and 72h of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep deprivation (72h-REMSD). Experimental groups were: (1) mice submitted to 6h-TSD by gentle handling; (2) mice submitted to 72h-REMSD by the flower pot method; (3) exercise (treadmill for 8 weeks); (4) exercise followed by 6h-TSD; (5) exercise followed by 72h-REMSD; (6) control (home cage). Behavioral tests included the Elevated Plus Maze and tail-suspension. NE, serotonin and its metabolites were determined in the striatum using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sleep deprivation increased depressive behavior (time of immobilization in the tail-suspension test) and previous exercise hindered it. Sleep deprivation increased striatal NE and previous exercise reduced it. Exercise only was associated with higher levels of serotonin. Furthermore, exercise reduced serotonin turnover associated with sleep deprivation. In brief, previous exercise prevented depressive behavior and reduced striatal high NE levels and serotonin turnover. The present findings confirm the effects of exercise on behavior and neurochemical alterations associated with sleep deprivation. These findings provide new avenues for understanding the mechanisms of exercise.



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Opioid receptors mediate the acquisition, but not the expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Nurul H.M. Yusoff, Sharif M. Mansor, Christian P. Müller, Zurina Hassan
Mitragynine is the main psychoactive ingredient of the herbal drug preparation Kratom (Ketum), derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa. Kratom is a widely abused drug in Southeast Asian and has a psychostimulant profile at low-medium doses, while high doses have opioidergic effects. Mitragynine was shown to possess opiate receptor affinity. However, its role in the behavioural effects of mitragynine is unclear. Here we asked whether the reinforcing effects of mitragynine are mediated by opiate receptors using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in rats. In the first experiment we tested the effects of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) on the acquisition of mitragynine (10mg/kg)-induced CPP. In the second experiment, we tested the involvement of opiate receptors in the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP in rats. We found that naloxone suppresses the acquisition of mitragynine-induced CPP. This effect was already evident at a dose of naloxone (0.1mg/kg) which, by itself, had no conditioned place aversion (CPA) effect. Higher doses of naloxone induced a CPA and blocked mitragynine-induced CPP. In contrast, naloxone had no effect on the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP. These findings suggest that the acquisition, but not the expression of the reinforcing effects of mitragynine is mediated by opiate receptors.



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Characteristic and intermingled neocortical circuits encode different visual object discriminations

Publication date: 28 July 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 331
Author(s): Guo-rong Zhang, Hua Zhao, Nathan Cook, Michael Svestka, Eui M. Choi, Mary Jan, Robert G. Cook, Alfred I. Geller
Synaptic plasticity and neural network theories hypothesize that the essential information for advanced cognitive tasks is encoded in specific circuits and neurons within distributed neocortical networks. However, these circuits are incompletely characterized, and we do not know if a specific discrimination is encoded in characteristic circuits among multiple animals. Here, we determined the spatial distribution of active neurons for a circuit that encodes some of the essential information for a cognitive task. We genetically activated protein kinase C pathways in several hundred spatially-grouped glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in rat postrhinal cortex, a multimodal associative area that is part of a distributed circuit that encodes visual object discriminations. We previously established that this intervention enhances accuracy for specific discriminations. Moreover, the genetically-modified, local circuit in POR cortex encodes some of the essential information, and this local circuit is preferentially activated during performance, as shown by activity-dependent gene imaging. Here, we mapped the positions of the active neurons, which revealed that two image sets are encoded in characteristic and different circuits. While characteristic circuits are known to process sensory information, in sensory areas, this is the first demonstration that characteristic circuits encode specific discriminations, in a multimodal associative area. Further, the circuits encoding the two image sets are intermingled, and likely overlapping, enabling efficient encoding. Consistent with reconsolidation theories, intermingled and overlapping encoding could facilitate formation of associations between related discriminations, including visually similar discriminations or discriminations learned at the same time or place.

Graphical abstract

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve naming ability in post-stroke aphasia: A critical review

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Mohammed F. ALHarbi, Susan Armijo-Olivo, Esther S. Kim
PurposeTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation tool that can be used to influence cortical brain activity to induce measurable behavioral changes. Although there is growing evidence that tDCS combined with behavioural language therapy could boost language recovery in patients with post-stroke aphasia, there is great variability in patient characteristics, treatment protocols, and outcome measures in these studies that poses challenges for analyzing the evidence. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the methodological rigor of the evidence regarding the use of tDCS for post-stroke anomia.MethodThis critical review was conducted by searching four databases (MEDLINE, EMBase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL). Nineteen studies fully met the inclusion criteria. Three critical appraisal tools and Robey and Schultz's (1998) five- phase model for conducting clinical outcome research were adopted to evaluate and analyze the current level of evidence. Methodological issues of the studies were also identified.ResultsThe current level of evidence for using tDCS for anomia is at the pre-efficacy level with emerging evidence at the efficacy level. Lack of proper evaluation of carry-over effects in cross-over studies, lack of or unclear randomization, allocation concealment, and incomplete data handling were the main methodological issues that could threaten the validity of the tDCS for anomia studies.ConclusionsSeveral methodological issues have been identified in pre-efficacy studies that pose challenges in determining whether tDCS is a beneficial adjunct to behavioral aphasia therapy. Future studies need to improve the quality of the methods used to investigate the effect of tDCS for anomia.



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VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos

VideoEndocrinology™
Latest Impact Factor: 3.784
The Official Journal of: American Thyroid Association

FREE ACCESS through June 14, 2017.

Transoral Endoscopic Parathyroid Cyst Removal
Jonathon O. Russell, Mai G. Al Khadem, Ralph P. Tufano

Needle-Assisted Endoscopic Lateral Neck Dissection Through Bilateral Areola Approach for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients
Wen-Xin Zhao, Bo Wang, Shou-Yi Yan, Li-Yong Zhang, Jia Wen

 

The post VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

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Effects of Amplitude and Predictability of Perturbations to the Arm on Anticipatory and Reactionary Muscle Responses to Maintain Balance

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Ali Forghani, Richard Preuss, Theodore Edgar Milner
Disturbances to balance arising from forces applied to the upper limb have received relatively little attention compared to disturbances arising from support surface perturbations. In this study we applied fast ramp perturbations to the hand in anterior, posterior, medial and lateral directions. The effects of perturbation predictability and amplitude on the postural response of upper limb, trunk and lower limb muscles were investigated. Perturbations were applied either in blocks of constant amplitude and direction (predictable) or with direction and amplitude varying randomly (random) from trial to trial. The spatial-temporal patterns of anticipatory muscle activation under the predictable condition and the reactionary responses following the perturbation under both conditions were similarly organized. The size of the response increased systematically with the perturbation magnitude for both anticipatory and reactionary changes in muscle activation. However, the slope of the relation between perturbation amplitude and the magnitude of the change in muscle activation was greater when perturbations were predictable than when they were randomly selected. The timing of both the anticipatory and reactionary increases in muscle activation was invariant across perturbation amplitudes. The characteristics of the reactionary responses have a similar organization to the long latency muscle responses to support surface perturbations.



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Multifidus muscle size in adolescents with and without back pain using ultrasonography

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Nahid Rahmani, Ali Kiani, Mohammad Ali Mohseni-Bandpei, Iraj Abdollahi
ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were; a) to compare multifidus muscle cross sectional area (CSA) in male adolescents suffering from low back pain (LBP) with healthy male adolescents using ultrasonography (US), and b) to assess the correlation between multifidus muscle size and demographic variables.MethodsA random sample of 40 healthy boys (as a control group) and 40 boys with LBP (as an experimental) at the age range of 15-18 years was recruited in the present cohort study. Multifidus muscle dimensions including CSA, antero-posterior and medio-lateral dimensions were measured at level of L5 in both groups using US.ResultsThe results of an independent t-test to compare multifidus muscle size between experimental and control groups showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of CSA, antro-posterior and medio-lateral dimensions so that the experimental group had smaller muscle size than the control group. A significant correlation was found between height, weight and body mass index (BMI) and multifidus muscle size, but no significant correlation was observed between age and muscle size. Pain intensity and functional disability index was significantly correlated with muscle size in the experimental group.ConclusionsAccording to the results, multifidus muscle size was decreased in 15 to 18 years old male adolescents suffering from LBP compared with their healthy counterparts. Further studies are needed to support the findings of the present study.



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Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Melissa Mazzarino, Debra Kerr, Meg E. Morris
BackgroundLittle is known about recommendations for safe and appropriate instruction of Pilates exercises to women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine Pilates practitioners' perspectives regarding Pilates program design for pregnant women. We also sought to elucidate their views on the potential benefits, restrictions and contraindications on Pilates in pregnancy.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was performed. Pilates practitioners were invited to participate via email. Participants were surveyed about their experience and views on: screening processes in alignment with The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines; (ii) optimal exercise program features and (iii) physical and mental health benefits of Pilates for pregnant women.ResultsThe survey was completed by 192 Pilates practitioners from a range of settings. Practitioners reported conducting formal screening (84%) for safety in pregnant women prior to commencing Pilates classes. Most did not routinely seek medical approval from the woman's general practitioner. Divergent views emerged regarding the safety and benefits of Pilates exercises in the supine position. Mixed opinions were also generated regarding the effects of spinal flexion exercises, single-leg stance exercises and breathing manoeuvres. There was little agreement on the optimal frequency or dosage of exercises. Views regarding absolute contraindications to exercise differed from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines which cautioned about the dangers of persistent bleeding, premature labour, pre-eclampsia, placental praevia and incompetent cervix. The most frequent reported physical and psychological benefit of Pilates was improving pelvic floor strength (12%) and improved social wellbeing (23%).ConclusionsThe study highlighted wide variations in practice for Pilates exercises with pregnant woman as well as low adherence to clinical practice guidelines. Further evidence is required to advise on appropriate screening and individualised Pilates programming, particularly for women with medical conditions during pregnancy.



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A patellar bandage improves mobility but not static balance in elderly female fallers

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Marcos Eduardo Scheicher, Ligia Cristiane Santos Fonseca, Tiago Buso Bortolloto, Isabela Feitosa de Carvalho
BackgroundThe deterioration in the somatosensory and motor systems observed with increasing age can cause balance problems. Studies have shown that the use of infrapatellar bandages can enhance proprioception and improve postural balance.AimsTo evaluate the effect of an infrapatellar bandage on static balance and mobility in elderly female fallers and non-fallers.MethodsForty older women (20 fallers and 20 non-fallers) were evaluated. Mobility (Timed Up and Go test) and balance (force platform) were measured in the presence and absence of additional sensory information (elastic infrapatellar bandage).ResultsMobility differed in fallers (p=0.0001), but not in non-fallers (p=0.27), when the patellar bandage was applied. Additional sensory information did not improve static balance in either group (p>0.05), but a trend towards improvement was observed in fallers.ConclusionAdditional sensory input from an infrapatellar bandage improves mobility but not bipedal stance in elderly fallers.



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An Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Asana in Experienced Yogic Practitioners

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Kathleen Kelley, Katherine Slattery, Kaitlyn Apollo
The purpose of this study was to assess electromyographic (EMG) output of the anterior tibialis (TA), medial head of the gastrocnemius (GA), rectus femoris (RF), bicep femoris (BF), and gluteus medius (GM) in experienced yogic practitioners during selected yoga asana. A secondary purpose was to examine the differences in EMG output in unilateral V. bilateral standing yoga asana. The study was a single occasion descriptive design. Thirteen healthy yoga practitioners (1 male, 12 females, average age of 37.5) with more than five years of experience were recruited. EMG activity was recorded during maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the TA, GA, RF, and BF using the Biodex Multijoint System®, and GM using manual muscle testing position. Subjects then performed the following yoga asana while EMG activity was recorded: downward facing dog, half-moon, tree, chair, and warrior three pose. Each asana was held for fifteen seconds and performed three times. EMG data were band pass filtered and the root mean square was obtained. Asana data were then amplitude normalized with the subjects' MVIC data. Integrated EMG was calculated for TA, GA, RF, BF and GM, in each asana. A multilevel regression analysis was performed, and peak EMG data was compared. Analysis between muscles showed that during CH and DD EMG activity was greatest in the TA muscle compared to the other muscles, while during HM and WR the GA muscle showed the greatest activity. Analysis within muscles showed low GA, BF, and GM activity during chair pose and downward facing dog compared to half moon, tree, and warrior three, and high RF activity during chair compared to the other poses. In conclusion, there were differences in frontal and sagittal plane muscle activation between single limb and double limb poses in experienced yogic practitioners.



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Pathoanatomical characteristics of temporomandibular dysfunction: Where do we stand?

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Raymond Butts, James Dunning, Thomas Perreault, Jersey Mettille, James Escaloni
Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a complicated and multifactorial condition that affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication, resulting in pain and disability in 5-12% of the population. The condition involves genetic, anatomic and hormonal factors and is propagated, in part, by trauma, habitual activity, psychosocial components and occlusal variation. Yet, the exact etiology of TMD is still unknown and the most strategic conservative management of the condition is still a topic of debate. The purpose of this paper, the first of a two part series, is to provide greater insight into the pathoanatomical factors associated with TMD. Consistent with Scully (2008, 2013), degenerative changes seem to disrupt the relationship between the TMJ capsule, articular disc and muscles of mastication. The resulting position of the articular disc coincides with three primary classifications of TMD: Type 1 (muscle disorders), Type 2a/b (disc displacement with and without reduction), and Type 3 (any joint pain). Given the association of the lateral pterygoid with both the joint capsule and articular disc, the superior and inferior head seem to play a key role in TMD. Both heads undergo biological changes associated with the vicious cycle, pain adaptation and integrated pain adaptation, making the muscle a key pain generator associated with TMD. Clinicians must understand the pathoanatomic features associated with TMD so as to choose appropriate treatment strategies leading to optimal short and long-term outcomes. While the former is discussed in part 1 of this narrative review, the latter will be considered in part 2.



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Angle of gaze and optic flow direction modulate body sway

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Milena Raffi, Alessandro Piras, Michela Persiani, Monica Perazzolo, Salvatore Squatrito
Optic flow is a crucial signal in maintaining postural stability. We sought to investigate whether the activity of postural muscles and body sway was modulated by eye position during the view of radial optic flow stimuli. We manipulated the spatial distribution of dot speed and the fixation point position to simulate specific heading directions combined with different gaze positions. The experiments were performed using stabilometry and surface electromyography (EMG) on 24 right-handed young, healthy volunteers. Center of pressure (COP) signals were analyzed considering antero-posterior and medio-lateral oscillation, COP speed, COP area, and the prevalent direction of oscillation of body sway. We found a significant main effect of body side in all COP parameters, with the right body side showing greater oscillations. The different combinations of optic flow and eye position evoked a non-uniform direction of oscillations in females. The EMG analysis showed a significant main effect for muscle and body side. The results showed that the eye position modulated body sway without changing the activity of principal leg postural muscles, suggesting that the extraretinal input regarding the eye position is a crucial signal that needs to be integrated with perceptual optic flow processing in order to control body sway.



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Children, apprenticeship and pedagogy: Domestic crafting and obsidian core production at the Zaragoza-Oyameles source area in Puebla, Mexico

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 47
Author(s): Charles L.F. Knight
The role of novices, which often are children, in domestic craft production and the replication of crafting knowledge is a topic that is often ignored in archaeological discussions of domestic economies. However, ethnographic and ethnohistoric examples repeatedly indicate that children played a number of roles in household economies. The presence of novice obsidian core production was identified in a domestic habitation context at the Zaragoza-Oyameles obsidian source area in eastern Puebla, Mexico. Miniaturized polyhedral cores were found along side standard-sized macrocores and polyhedral cores, and all stages of core reduction debitage at a large, domestic core manufacturing site. This, coupled with evidence from experimental core replication and ethnographic examples, suggests that these miniature cores represent the detritus of craft learning. The presence of domestic core production and the role of craft learning are then contextualized within the regional economy centered on the nearby city of Cantona.



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Combined Effects of Form- and Meaning-Based Predictability on Perceived Clarity of Speech.

Author: Signoret, Carine; Johnsrude, Ingrid; Classon, Elisabet; Rudner, Mary

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000442

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

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You Said You Would! The Predictability of Other's Behavior From Their Intentions Determines Predictive Biases in Action Perception.

Author: Hudson, Matthew; Bach, Patric; Nicholson, Toby

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000451

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

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Are Goal States Represented During Kinematic Imitation?.

Author: Cole, Geoff G.; Atkinson, Mark A.; D'Souza, Antonia D. C.; Welsh, Timothy N.; Skarratt, Paul A.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000429

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

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Beyond Opponent Coding of Facial Identity: Evidence for an Additional Channel Tuned to the Average Face.

Author: Jeffery, Linda; Burton, Nichola; Pond, Stephen; Clifford, Colin W. G.; Rhodes, Gillian

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000427

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qHKRom

Identifying the Locus of Compatibility-Based Backward Crosstalk: Evidence From an Extended PRP Paradigm.

Author: Janczyk, Markus; Renas, Sandra; Durst, Moritz

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000445

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rcUTBf

Working Memory Load and the Retro-Cue Effect: A Diffusion Model Account.

Author: Shepherdson, Peter; Oberauer, Klaus; Souza, Alessandra S.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000448

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rdd9KX

The Average Facial Expression of a Crowd Influences Impressions of Individual Expressions.

Author: Griffiths, Sarah; Rhodes, Gillian; Jeffery, Linda; Palermo, Romina; Neumann, Markus F.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000446

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

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Decision-Making Training Reduces the Attentional Blink.

Author: Verghese, Ashika; Mattingley, Jason B.; Garner, K. G.; Dux, Paul E.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000454

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qHUt2B

Perceptual Surprise Aides Inhibitory Motor Control.

Author: Wessel, Jan R.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000452

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rd7nZV

Factor analysis of the adolescent version of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): results from Swedish general population and clinical samples

Abstract

Background

Although the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is perhaps the single most widely used self-report measure of eating disorder (ED) symptoms, important questions remain about its validity and applicability in relation to particular groups of individuals, especially adolescents of both genders.

Methods

The present study investigated the factor structure of the adolescent version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in samples of Swedish girls and boys from the general population and girls with a diagnosed eating disorder. Girls (N = 239) and boys (N = 248) aged between 13 and 15 years who were attending school, and girls (N = 570) aged between 12 and 14 years who were in treatment for an eating disorder at a specialist eating disorder clinic were assessed on the adolescent version of the EDE-Q.

Results

The adolescent version of the EDE-Q demonstrated satisfactory levels of internal consistency. However, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) failed to support the four-factor model of the EDE-Q. Parallel analysis (PA) and subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested that the adolescent version of the EDE-Q comprises one underlying factor in young adolescent girls (both clinical and general population), centred on Dissatisfaction with Shape and Weight. In boys three factors were found: Weight-related Concerns, Body Discomfort and Restraint.

Conclusions

The EDE-Q appears to measure different underlying aspects of eating disorder psychopathology in young teenagers compared to adults. The dimensions underlying disordered eating in young girls may become increasingly differentiated with time. There appear to be important gender-based differences in the dimensions underlying the EDE-Q in young teenagers. Therapists should be alert to beliefs that girls have about the importance of shape and weight, while in boys it may be more important to be attentive to how they feel about their bodies in relation to weight.

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REPRINT: Causes

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REPRINT: Society for Epidemiologic Research

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HA REPRINT: Poverty and Health: Prospective Evidence From the Alameda County Study

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REPRINT: The Contribution of the Social Environment to Host Resistence: The Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture

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REPRINT: The Diet and 15-Year Death Rate in the Seven Countries Study

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REPRINT: Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis

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REPRINT: Response and Follow-up Bias in Cohort Studies

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REPRINT: Reproduciblity and Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

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REPRINT: Physical Activity as an Index of Heart Attack Risk in College Alumni

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REPRINT: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: Rationale, Organization, and Selected Characteristics of the Particpants

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Invited Commentary: The Contribution to the Field of Nutritional Epidemiology of the Landmark 1985 Publication by Willett et al.

Abstract

The semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been the primary source of dietary exposure data in epidemiology for decades. Although frequency instruments had been evaluated before the 1985 publication "Reproducibility and Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire" by Willett et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122(1):51–65), that paper was the prototype for the development and validation of what was then a highly innovative method for collecting dietary data. This approach was adopted in nearly all subsequent cohort studies of diet and disease. The paper also catalyzed an extended scientific discourse regarding methods for validation, energy adjustment, and measurement error. It is now well established that data from FFQs and other self-reported dietary assessment instruments have both value and error and that this error should be considered in the analysis and interpretation of findings, including sensitivity analyses in which adjustment for measurement error is explored. Advances in technology make it feasible to consider collecting multiple granular short-term instruments such as recalls or records over time in addition to FFQs among all participants in large cohort studies; both provide valuable information. Without a doubt, the 1985 publication by Willett et al. provided the foundation that propelled the field of nutritional epidemiology forward, and it continues to be relevant today.

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REPRINT: Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: A Nine-Year Follow-up Study of Alameda County Residents

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REPRINT: The Case-Crossover Design: A Method for Studying Transient Effects on the Risk of Acute Events

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REPRINT: An Investigation of Coronary Heart Disease in Families: The Framingham Offspring Study

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REPRINT: Prisoners of the Proximate: Loosening the Constraints on Epidemiology in an Age of Change

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REPRINT: An Explanation for Variations in Distribution of Stroke and Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease Among Populations and Racial Groups

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REPRINT: Estimability and Estimation in Case-Referent Studies

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Invited Commentary: The Enduring Role of “Place” in Health—A Historic Perspective

Abstract

In public health, it has long been observed that "place"—specifically, where one lives—affects individual health, with the main research question distinguishing between the effects of "context" (defined as area characteristics) and "composition" (the characteristics of inhabitants) on health outcomes. There have been many studies in which the spatial patterning of disease has been explored, but they were often ecological in design, used broad census geographic levels, lacked individual-level data, or when available, did not simultaneously analyze community- and individual-level risk factors using appropriate modeling techniques. The paper by Diez-Roux et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(1):48–63) represents an important expansion of the literature in terms of analytic methods used and level of geography studied. The authors demonstrated that both neighborhood- and individual-level measures of socioeconomic status work together to play an important role in shaping disease risk. Analyses incorporating both levels of data have the potential to provide epidemiologists with a deeper understanding of the divergent pathways via which neighborhood affects health.

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Invited Commentary: Evolution of Social Networks, Health, and the Role of Epidemiology

Abstract

Almost 40 years ago, Berkman and Syme demonstrated that social networks were related to the risk of early mortality (Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109(2):186–204). Their study was highly innovative because they directly measured and quantified social networks in a large prospective population-based survey with mortality follow-up. The results of the study showed robust network gradients, whereby those with fewer networks and weaker social ties had significantly higher mortality rates. The important influence of social networks that Berkman and Syme noted many years ago is likely to heighten in the future, as demographic characteristics shift and individuals become more inclined to socialize through online platforms instead of real-world interactions. Berkman and Syme's research in 1979 continues to play a key role in shaping recent efforts to uncover the influence of social networks on health. Looking back on their findings may help epidemiologists better understand the importance of both online and offline networks for population health today.

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Invited Commentary: Heterogeneity of Cardiovascular Diseases Among Populations—Recognition and Seminal Explanations

Abstract

Kuller and Reisler's 1971 publication (Am J Epidemiol. 1971;93(1):1–9) was an important contribution to the understanding of the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases, particularly stroke. The authors synthesized pathological and risk-factor evidence to theorize why rates of various subtypes of arterial disease might vary across populations. Specifically, they suggested that different population levels of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose led to population differences in the location and extent of arterial disease. The publication is an excellent model of how to integrate data on person, place, and time of a major public health problem, together with information on pathology and factors that determine individual risk, to derive a coherent explanation for population patterns in cardiovascular disease. The authors' basic theory has proven solid for the past 5 decades.

http://ift.tt/2rm7mRJ

Genotoxicity in adult residents in mineral coal region—a cross-sectional study

Abstract

The present study assessed the DNA damage in environmentally exposed volunteers living in seven municipalities in an industrial coal region, through the use of the comet assay with blood cells and the micronucleus test with buccal cells. Blood and buccal smears were collected from 320 male volunteers living in seven cities inserted in a coal region. They were ages of 18 and 50 years and also completed a questionnaire intended to identify factors associated with DNA damage through a Poisson regression analysis. The comet assay detected significant differences in DNA damage in volunteers from different municipalities, and neighboring cities (Pedras Altas, Aceguá, and Hulha Negra) had a higher level of DNA damage in relation to control city. Some of the risk factors associated with identified DNA lesions included residence time and life habits. On the other hand, the micronucleus test did not identify differences between the cities studied, but the regression analysis identified risk factors such as age and life habits (consumption of mate tea and low carbohydrates diet). We conclude that there are differences in the DNA damage of volunteers from different cities of the carboniferous region, but the presence of micronuclei in the oral mucosa does not differ between the same cities. Furthermore, we alert that some related factors may increase the risk of genotoxicity, such as residence location and time, and living and food habits. Finally, we suggest the need for continuous biomonitoring of the population, as well as for investing in health promotion in these vulnerable populations.

http://ift.tt/2sfh607

Specific needs of families of young adults with profound intellectual disability during and after transition to adulthood: What are we missing?

Publication date: July 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 66
Author(s): Camille Gauthier-Boudreault, Frances Gallagher, Mélanie Couture
IntroductionAt the age of 21, the trajectory of services offered to youth with profound intellectual disability (ID) change significantly since access to specialised services is more limited. Despite the desire of parents to avoid any impact on their child, several factors can influence the course of this transition. However, there is little research on facilitators and obstacles to the transition to adulthood, and impacts on people with a profound ID. It is therefore difficult to provide solutions that meet their specific needs.ObjectiveThe study aimed to document the needs of parents and young adults with profound ID during and after the transition to adulthood by exploring their transitioning experience and factors that influenced it.MethodUsing a descriptive qualitative design, two individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen (14) parents of young adults aged between 18 and 26 with a profound ID.ResultsAt this point, many material, informative, cognitive and emotional needs of young adults and their parents are not met. Obstacles, mainly organisational, persist and result in a particularly difficult transition to adulthood experience.ConclusionBy knowing the specific needs of these families, it is possible to develop and implement solutions tailored to their reality.What the papers adds?The transition to adulthood is a critical period for families with young adults with an intellectual disability (ID), a reality observed internationally. Current literature on all levels of ID suggests some barriers to transition that lead to negative impacts on both parents and young adults with ID. However, presently, very little research exists on the reality of families of young adults with profound ID and factors influencing transition to adult life. Most of studies target people with mild to moderate ID. Considering the significant disabilities of people with profound ID, it is possible to imagine that their experience of transition will be even more difficult and they will present specific needs. The lack of understanding of these needs makes it difficult to introduce solutions tailored to their reality. The results of this current study suggest that many needs of young adults with profound ID and their parents are not met despite existent transition planning services. Transition to adulthood seems particularly difficult for these families who face many challenges. Parents in this study proposed different obstacles during transition to adulthood that could be improved for creation of future solutions adapted to their reality.



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Tau pathology and cognitive reserve in Alzheimer's disease

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 57
Author(s): Merle Christine Hoenig, Gérard Nisal Bischof, Jochen Hammes, Jennifer Faber, Klaus Fliessbach, Thilo van Eimeren, Alexander Drzezga
Cognitive reserve (CR) is defined as the ability to maintain functionality despite accumulating pathology. Education has been used as a proxy for CR. For example, by using positron emission tomography imaging, higher educated Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients presented increased amyloid β pathology than lower educated patients despite equal symptomatology. Whether similar associations exist for in vivo tau pathology remains elusive. We utilized [¹⁸F]AV-1451 positron emission tomography imaging to examine whether high-educated AD patients (n = 12) present more severe tau pathology compared with low-educated patients (n = 12) despite equal clinical severity in regions of interest corresponding to the pathologic disease stages defined by Braak & Braak. We report tau pathology in advanced Braak stages associated with parietal and frontal regions in high-educated AD patients, whereas in low-educated AD patients tau accumulation is still confined to lower Braak stages associated with temporal and cingulate regions. Highly educated AD patients seem to be able to tolerate more tau tangle pathology than lower educated patients with comparable cognitive impairment supporting the cognitive reserve hypothesis.



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Possible maternal offloading of metals in the plasma, uterine and capsule fluid of pregnant ragged-tooth sharks ( Carcharias taurus ) on the east coast of South Africa

Abstract

We studied the possible metal offloading onto the progeny of three pregnant female ragged-tooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) (C. taurus). The presences of five metals, i.e. aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and selenium (Se) were validated by mass spectrometry in the maternal plasma as well as the intracapsular and uterine fluids (UF) in which embryos develop. Metals were ranked in a decreasing concentration as follows: Plasma: As > Al > Se > Pb > Cd; ICF: As > Se > Al > Cd > Pb and UF: As > Se > Al > Cd > Pb. As was present in the highest concentration in all three sharks. Al, Pb and Cd were found to be the highest within the plasma, while concentrations of Se were similar in all three fluids. These results indicate that C. taurus embryos are exposed to metals during early development, but the impact of this exposure remains unknown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to confirm the presence of metals in the fluids that surround the developing C. taurus embryos, a species that is already listed as vulnerable.

http://ift.tt/2rqsvfM

The biological response chain to pollution: a case study from the “Italian Triangle of Death” assessed with the liverwort Lunularia cruciata

Abstract

The liverwort Lunularia cruciata, known for being a species tolerant to pollution able to colonize urban areas, was collected in the town of Acerra (South Italy) to investigate the biological effects of air pollution in one of the three vertices of the so-called Italian Triangle of Death. The ultrastructural damages observed by transmission electron microscopy in specimens collected in Acerra were compared with samples collected in the city center of Naples and in a small rural site far from sources of air pollution (Riccia, Molise, Southern Italy). The biological response chain to air pollution was investigated considering vitality, photosynthetic efficiency, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) induction and gene expression levels, and chlorophyll degradation and related ultrastructural alterations. Particularly, a significant increment in Hsp70 expression and occurrence, and modifications in the chloroplasts' ultrastructure can be strictly related to the environmental pollution conditions in the three sites. The results could be interpreted in relation to the use of these parameters as biomarkers for environmental pollution.

http://ift.tt/2sotw5f

Organic free decavanadate based materials: Inorganic linkers to obtain extended structures

Publication date: 15 October 2017
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1146
Author(s): Sridevi Yerra, Samar K. Das
Decavanadate based extended structures containing compounds [{Na3(H2O)8(μ2-H2O)6Ag2}HV10O28]n·6nH2O (1), [Co(H2O)6]n[{Na2(H2O)6(μ2-H2O)4Co(H2O)2}V10O28]n·4nH2O (2) and [Zn(H2O)6]n[{Na2(H2O)6(μ2-H2O)4Zn(H2O)2}V10O28]n·4nH2O (3) have been synthesized from respective aqueous solutions of sodium metavanadate. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 crystallize in a triclinic space group P-1. Compound 1 is a three-dimensional inorganic solid, whereas compounds 2 and 3 are isomorphous one-dimensional inorganic polymers. In the crystal structure of compound 1, the silver (I) cation is coordinated to the terminal oxygen as well as bridging oxygen atoms of decavanadate anion and it is also connected to bridging oxygen atom of trimeric sodium aqua cluster cation. In the crystals of compound 2, one hexa-hydrated cobalt cation is present as a counter cation and one "di-sodium cobalt aqua-complex" cation is supported on the [V10O28]^6– cluster anion by coordinate covalent bond. Compound 3 is isomorphous with compound 2, with Zn²⁺ present (in compound 3) in the place of Co²⁺ (in compound 2). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are characterized by routine elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy and unambiguously by single crystal X-ray crystallography. In the crystal structure of compound 1, an unusual silver dimer is observed.

Graphical abstract

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Cathodic electrosynthesis of ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite nanostructures for high performance supercapacitor applications

Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 720
Author(s): Bahareh Ameri, Saied Saeed Hosseiny Davarani, Hamid Reza Moazami, Hamideh Darjazi
ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite nanostructures were prepared by cathodic electrodeposition followed by heat treatment. A mixed hydroxide precursor was galvanostatically electrodeposited from aqueous solution containing Mn and Zn (as nitrates) and the obtained precursor was annealed to prepare the composite. This composite exhibited much better electrochemical behaviors than bare Mn3O4. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the product was composed of Mn3O4, ZnMn2O4 and minor amounts of λ-MnO2. Furthermore, the obtained composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) revealed co-existence of nanoparticles and high aspect ratio nanorods. Electrochemical performance and ion transport of ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite were studied via galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements showed a maximum specific capacitance of 321.34 F/g at the scan rate of 1 mV/s. 93% of this specific capacitance was retained after 2000 cycles.

Graphical abstract

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A facile synthetic protocol to construct 1D Zn-Mn-Oxide nanostructures with tunable compositions for high-performance lithium storage

Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 720
Author(s): Yuan Tian, Zhangxian Chen, Weijian Tang, Zeheng Yang, Weixin Zhang, Sheng Li, Kai Wang, Yonghui Sun, Qing Xia, Bing Guo
The synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) Zn-Mn-Oxide (ZMO) for lithium storage is an important research topic, since ZMO can potentially satisfy the ever-increasing demand on the high energy density, natural abundance and long lifespan of lithium ion batteries. Generally, the synthesis of 1D ZMO nanostructures relies on various templates. A facile construction of 1D ZMO nanostructures with tunable compositions via the same synthetic protocol remains a great challenge. Herein, two different Zn-Mn-Oxides of ZnMn2O4 and ZnMnO3 both with 1D rod morphology were successfully prepared via a simple co-precipitation reaction coupled with subsequent heat treatment. As the anode materials for lithium ion battery, both ZMO nanorods exhibit good lithium storage performances. Especially, ZnMn2O4 nanorods display superior electrochemical performances to ZnMnO3 nanorods, including higher discharge capacities of 1119.3 and 572.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C and 0.5 C, respectively and better cyclability with capacity retention of 80% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. The improved electrochemical properties should be attributed to the porous and interparticle-bridging microstructures in ZnMn2O4 nanorods, which can offer better contact between electrolyte and anode and tolerate larger volume changes during discharge/charge process.



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Determination of a new index of sexual maturity (ISM) in zebra mussel using flow cytometry: interest in ecotoxicology

Abstract

The global dynamic spread of chemical contamination through the aquatic environment calls for the development of biomarkers of interest. Reproduction is a key element to be considered because it is related to the sustainability of species. Spermatogenesis is a complex process that leads to the formation of mature germ cells, whose steps and impairments need to be finely described in ecotoxicological analyses. The physiological process has been commonly described by histological analyses of gonads in different taxa. In the present paper, we describe the development of a novel technique to characterize spermatogenesis based on the analysis of the DNA content of germ cells by flow cytometry, using a DNA-intercalating agent. This new biomarker, referred to as an index of sexual maturity, proved relevant to describe the seasonal reproductive cycle of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), used as a sentinel species in the biomonitoring of continental waters and sensitive to highlight the reprotoxicity of carbamazepine (an anti-epileptic pharmaceutical) tested under ecosystemic conditions (mesocosms).

http://ift.tt/2so1oPN

Genomic Profiling of Nodular Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Cancer

Conditions:   Thyroid Nodule;   Thyroid Cancer;   Thyroid Diseases;   Thymic Carcinoma
Intervention:  
Sponsor:   Aventura Hospital and Medical Center
Recruiting - verified May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qBItVd

Study on the removal of hormones from domestic wastewaters with lab-scale constructed wetlands with different substrates and flow directions

Abstract

Eight wastewater samples from a university campus were analysed between May and July of 2014 to determine the concentration of 14 natural and synthetic steroid hormones. An on-line solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was used as extraction, pre-concentration and detection method. In the samples studied, three oestrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and estriol), two androgens (boldenone and testosterone), three progestogens (norgestrel, progesterone and norethisterone) and one glucocorticoid (prednisone) were detected. The removal of hormones was studied in primary and secondary constructed wetland mesocosms. The porous media of the primary constructed wetlands were palm tree mulch. These reactors were used to study the effect of water flow, i.e. horizontal (HF1) vs vertical (VF1). The latter was more efficient in the removal of 17β-estradiol (HF1: 30%, VF1: 50%), estrone (HF1: 63%, VF1: 85%), estriol (100% both), testosterone (HF1: 45%, VF1: 73%), boldenone (HF1:-77%, VF1: 100%) and progesterone (HF1: 84%, VF1: 99%). The effluent of HF1 was used as influent of three secondary constructed wetland mesocosms: two double-stage vertical flow constructed wetlands, one with gravel (VF2gravel) and one with palm mulch (VF2mulch), and a mineral-based, horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFmineral). VF2mulch was the most efficient of the secondary reactors, since it achieved the complete removal of the hormones studied with the exception of 17ß-estradiol. The significantly better removal of BOD and ammonia attained by VF2mulch suggests that the better aeration of mulch favoured the more efficient removal of hormones.

http://ift.tt/2rq1Uz9

Androgens, oestrogens, and progesterone concentrations in wastewater purification processes measured with capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

A novel analytical-scale concept to improve reliability of detection and analysis of natural and processed wastewater samples from a purification plant was developed. A sequential sample clean-up system of polymer-based octadecyl and silane-based quaternary amine sorbents were used for concentrating human based steroid hormones and their metabolites and detecting them by UV absorption with capillary electrophoresis (CE). The water samples were collected from influent and effluent processes of the water purification plant in Helsinki, Finland.

The CE methods were partial-filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. The analysis times and method concentration levels were optimized with eight steroids at the range of 0.5–10 mg/L. Since in CE the detectable quantities were higher than the existing amounts in the process waters, the real samples needed matrix removal combined with steroid enrichment. After 20,000-fold concentration testosterone-glucoside, androstenedione, progesterone, and estradiol-glucoside could be determined in the process water samples. The amounts of individual steroids in influent and effluent waters were 0–429 and 0–207 ng/L, respectively. Correspondently, their total amounts were 735 and 212 ng/L with excellent in day and inter-day repeatability. The RSD values were less than 1, 9.7, and 19% in repeated analyses, calculated from 60 analyses during 24 h, and from 130 analyses during 15 months, respectively. The steroid removal in purification process was 65% on average. The solid particles separated in three steps during the water clean-up concept contained 9.8–45 ng/g steroids in combined dry precipitates.

http://ift.tt/2so3JtI

Nitrate removal from drinking water with a focus on biological methods: a review

Abstract

This article summarizes several developed and industrial technologies for nitrate removal from drinking water, including physicochemical and biological techniques, with a focus on autotrophic nitrate removal. Approaches are primarily classified into separation-based and elimination-based methods according to the fate of the nitrate in water treatment. Biological denitrification as a cost-effective and promising method of biological nitrate elimination is reviewed in terms of its removal process, applicability, efficiency, and associated disadvantages. The various pathways during biological nitrate removal, including assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, are also explained. A comparative study was carried out to provide a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification. Sulfur-based and hydrogen-based denitrifications, which are the most common autotrophic processes of nitrate removal, are reviewed with the aim of presenting the salient features of hydrogenotrophic denitrification along with some drawbacks of the technology and research areas in which it could be used but currently is not. The application of algae-based water treatment is also introduced as a nature-inspired approach that may broaden future horizons of nitrate removal technology.

http://ift.tt/2rpWBjp

Removal of hexavalent chromium upon interaction with biochar under acidic conditions: mechanistic insights and application

Abstract

Chromium pollution of soil and water is a serious environmental concern due to potential carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] when ingested. Eucalyptus bark biochar (EBB), a carbonaceous black porous material obtained by pyrolysis of biomass at 500 °C under oxygen-free atmosphere, was used to investigate the removal of aqueous Cr(VI) upon interaction with the EBB, the dominant Cr(VI) removal mechanism(s), and the applicability to treat Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater. Batch experiments showed complete removal of aqueous Cr(VI) at pH 1–2; sorption was negligible at pH 1, but ~55% of total Cr was sorbed onto the EBB surface at pH 2. Detailed investigations on unreacted and reacted EBB through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) indicate that the carboxylic groups in biochar played a dominant role in Cr(VI) sorption, whereas the phenolic groups were responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. The predominance of sorption–reduction mechanism was confirmed by XPS studies that indicated ~82% as Cr(III) and ~18% as Cr(VI) sorbed on the EBB surface. Significantly, Cr(VI) reduction was also facilitated by dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from biochar. This reduction was enhanced by the presence of biochar. Overall, the removal of Cr(VI) in the presence of biochar was affected by sorption due to electrostatic attraction, sorption–reduction mediated by surface organic complexes, and aqueous reduction by DOM. Relative dominance of the aqueous reduction mechanism depended on a critical biochar dosage for a given electrolyte pH and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The low-cost EBB developed here successfully removed all Cr(VI) in chrome tanning acidic wastewater and Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater after pH adjustment, highlighting its potential applicability in effective Cr(VI) remediation.

http://ift.tt/2so5Iyj

Apatinib Treatment for Advanced Esophagus Cancer

Condition:   Advanced Esophagus Cancer
Intervention:   Drug: Apatinib
Sponsors:   Henan Cancer Hospital;   Jiangsu HengRui Medicine Co., Ltd.
Recruiting - verified May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rljCSF

Gastric Pull up Versus Free Flap Reconstruction for Laryngo-pharyngeal Defects

Conditions:   Head and Neck Neoplasms;   Pharyngectomy;   Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
Interventions:   Procedure: Gastric Pull Up;   Procedure: Free Flap Surgery
Sponsor:   University of British Columbia
Recruiting - verified May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rlA2KA

When a Surgical Trainee Needs Surgery: Autonomy, Privacy, and Maintaining the Standard of Care

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): Maija Cheung, Michael DeWane, Walter Longo, Peter Yoo




http://ift.tt/2rcnirr

Reimagining the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Career Ladder as Requirements Change for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Jennifer L. Hernandez, Laura A. Weber, Sara Horner




http://ift.tt/2rV1IZA

From evidence-based to hope-based medicine? Ethical aspects on conditional market authorization of and early access to new cancer drugs

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Seminars in Cancer Biology
Author(s): Lars Sandman, Jan Liliemark
There is a strong patient demand for early access to potentially beneficial cancer drugs. In line with this authorization agencies like the European Medicines Agency are providing drugs with conditional market authorisation based on positive interim analyses. This implies that drugs are used with insecure evidence of efficacy and adverse side-effects. Several authors have pointed to ethical problems with such a system but up to date no indepth ethical analysis of this system is found which is the aim of this article. Drawing of the four generally accepted principles of medical ethics: beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy and justice the ethical pros and cons of conditional market authorisation are analysed. From the perspective of beneficence and non-maleficence it is found that the main problem is not risk of adverse side-effects to patients, but rather risk of less beneficial outcomes than what can be expected which could change incentives for patients' choice of treatment. This is also related to the extent to which patients might make an autonomous choice, especially taking into account problematic psychological attitudes and biases in medical decision-making. However, the main problem is related to justice and an equitable distribution of scarce health-care resources given the opportunity cost of drugs treatment. When using resources on cancer treatments which later might be found to be less efficacious than was first expected, other patients (in and outside the cancer field) are deprived of potentially more beneficial treatments even though their needs might be equally or more severe. At the same time, demanding more evidence has an ethical cost to patients in terms of depriving them of potential benefits in terms of reduced mortality and morbidity. In order to handle these ethical conflicts further research and analyses are required and it is suggested that pricing strategies and information requirements are alternatives to be further explored.



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Quassia “biopiracy” case and the Nagoya Protocol: a researcher's perspective

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Bourdy Geneviève, Aubertin Catherine, Jullian Valérie, Deharo Eric
Biopiracy accusations are common in the world of biodiversity research. At the end of 2015, a French NGO accused researchers from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) of biopiracy. These researchers had applied for a patent for a natural bioactive molecule against malaria, the Simalikalactone E, isolated from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) leaves. This biopiracy allegation triggered a huge wave of attacks from the media and social networks, and vehement recrimination from political officials in French Guiana against researchers who have been accused of ethical misconduct, by stealing the traditional knowledge of indigenous people. These accusations were made in the contentious context of the ratification of the Nagoya Protocol in the frame of implementing the French law on biodiversity, nature and landscapes. So, in an atmosphere of heightened emotions it is crucial to understand the issues behind these accusations. We describe herein the genesis of our discovery, present the detractors' arguments, and discuss the consequences of such biopiracy denunciations for scientific research. We also address our concerns about the gap between rhetoric and reality and the real impact of the Nagoya Protocol on biodiversity conservation.

Graphical abstract

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Suppression of Baeckea frutescens L. and its components on MyD88-dependent NF-κB pathway in MALP-2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Qin-Wei Yu, Hao Wang, Jing-Ting Huo, Xiao-Fei An, Peng Gao, Zhen-Zhou Jiang, Lu-Yong Zhang, Ming Yan
Ethnopharmacological relevanceBaeckea frutescens L. is commonly used as a folk medicinal material. There are nineteen components in its volatile oil, including Pcymol which has effects of eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and antiviral. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-infectious inflammatory activities of Baeckea frutescens L. and its conponents and analyzing the mechanisms.Materials and methodsThe anti-infectious inflammation of Baeckea frutescens L. were studied by using macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model in vitro. Secretion of nitric oxide (NO), expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were detected as classic inflammatory index. Expression of Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), degradation of inhibitory κBα (IκBα) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were further investigated.ResultsThe results suggested that Baeckea frutescens L. has effect on suppression of MALP-2-mediated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. The secretion of NO and the expression of iNOS could be inhibited. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also declined. Baeckea frutescens L. significantly decreased the expression of MyD88, therefore, inhibited the degradation of IκBα, reduced the level of nuclear translocation of p65.ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that Baeckea frutescens L. and its components could inhibit the anti-infectious inflammatory events and iNOS expression in MALP-2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, BF-2 might play a role through the inhibition of the MyD88 and NF-κB pathway. Our study might provide a new strategy to design and develop this kind of drug towards mycoplasma-infected inflammation.



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Tips and tricks to optimize MRI protocols for cutaneous vascular anomalies

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Clinical Imaging
Author(s): Mark D. Mamlouk, Andrew D. Nicholson, Daniel L. Cooke, Christopher P. Hess
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as the principal imaging modality to diagnose and plan treatment for children with cutaneous vascular anomalies. While routine MRI protocols can lead to the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases, the imaging appearances can sometimes be nonspecific or confusing, yielding more than one possible diagnosis. This review highlights specific MRI sequence recommendations and scanning tips that can optimize the imaging protocol to increase diagnostic confidence.



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Ultrasound shear wave elastography in the assessment of passive biceps brachii muscle stiffness: influences of sex and elbow position

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Clinical Imaging
Author(s): Johnson Chen, Michael O'Dell, Wen He, Li-Juan Du, Pai-Chi Li, Jing Gao
ObjectiveTo assess differences in biceps brachii muscle (BBM) stiffness as evaluated by ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE).MethodsThe passive stiffness of the BBM was quantified with shear wave velocity (SWV) measurements obtained from 10 healthy volunteers (5 men and 5 women, mean age 50years, age range 42–63 years) with the elbow at full extension and 30° flexion in this IRB-approved study. Potential differences between two depths within the muscle, two elbow positions, the two arms, and sexes were assessed by using two-tailed t-test. The reproducibility of SWV measurements was tested by using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsSignificantly higher passive BBM stiffness was found at full elbow extension compared to 30° of flexion (p≤0.00006 for both arms). Significantly higher passive stiffness in women was seen for the right arm (p=0.04 for both elbow positions). Good correlation of shear wave velocity measured at the different depths. The ICC for interobserver and intraobserver variation was high.ConclusionsSWE is a reliable quantitative tool for assessing BBM stiffness, with differences in stiffness based on elbow position demonstrated and based on sex suggested.



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