For Embryos, Mother Can Only Take You So Far

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Patrick L. Ferree, Stefano Di Talia
Early embryonic development is characterized by rapid cleavage divisions, which impose significant constraints on metabolic pathways. In this issue, Song et al. (2017) show that Drosophila embryos synthesize a large fraction of nucleotides on the go and that negative feedback between dATP and ribonucleotide reductase ensures tight control of dNTP concentration.

Teaser

Early embryonic development is characterized by rapid cleavage divisions, which impose significant constraints on metabolic pathways. In this issue, Song et al. (2017) show that Drosophila embryos synthesize a large fraction of nucleotides on the go and that negative feedback between dATP and ribonucleotide reductase ensures tight control of dNTP concentration.


http://ift.tt/2vzcs1w

Midkine and Melanoma Metastasis: A Malevolent Mix

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Sinem Karaman, Kari Alitalo
Using an in vivo reporter for lymphangiogenesis, a recent study in Nature from Olmeda et al. (2017) describes a new subset of melanomas that induce systemic pre-conditioning of distant organs for formation of tumor metastatic niches, and identifies the responsible factor as the pleiotropic cytokine midkine.

Teaser

Using an in vivo reporter for lymphangiogenesis, a recent study in Nature from Olmeda et al. (2017) describes a new subset of melanomas that induce systemic pre-conditioning of distant organs for formation of tumor metastatic niches and that show that the responsible factor is the pleiotropic cytokine midkine.


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Appetite for Neurogenesis

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Kristen L. Zuloaga, Sally Temple
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) produce diverse olfactory bulb (OB) neurons. In a recent paper in Science, Paul et al. (2017) show that hypothalamic propiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons innervate the anterior ventral V-SVZ and regulate deep granule interneuron production depending on feeding behavior.

Teaser

Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) produce diverse olfactory bulb (OB) neurons. In a recent paper in Science, Paul et al. (2017) show that hypothalamic propiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons innervate the anterior ventral V-SVZ and regulate deep granule interneuron production depending on feeding behavior.


http://ift.tt/2vzDc26

Anchoring Chromatin Loops to Cancer

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Faith Fowler, Jessica K. Tyler
Although some genomic rearrangements are caused by replication or transcription, the etiology of others is unclear. Reporting in Cell, Canela et al. (2017) reveal that type II topoisomerase-mediated release of torsional strain at chromosomal loop anchors generates DNA double-strand breaks that drive multiple oncogenic translocations in a transcription-independent manner.

Teaser

Although some genomic rearrangements are caused by replication or transcription, the etiology of others is unclear. Reporting in Cell, Canela et al. (2017) reveal that type II topoisomerase-mediated release of torsional strain at chromosomal loop anchors generates DNA double-strand breaks that drive multiple oncogenic translocations in a transcription-independent manner.


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GATA Factor-Regulated Samd14 Enhancer Confers Red Blood Cell Regeneration and Survival in Severe Anemia

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Kyle J. Hewitt, Koichi R. Katsumura, Daniel R. Matson, Prithvia Devadas, Nobuyuki Tanimura, Alexander S. Hebert, Joshua J. Coon, Jin-Soo Kim, Colin N. Dewey, Sunduz Keles, Siyang Hao, Robert F. Paulson, Emery H. Bresnick
An enhancer with amalgamated E-box and GATA motifs (+9.5) controls expression of the regulator of hematopoiesis GATA-2. While similar GATA-2-occupied elements are common in the genome, occupancy does not predict function, and GATA-2-dependent genetic networks are incompletely defined. A "+9.5-like" element resides in an intron of Samd14 (Samd14-Enh) encoding a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain protein. Deletion of Samd14-Enh in mice strongly decreased Samd14 expression in bone marrow and spleen. Although steady-state hematopoiesis was normal, Samd14-Enh^−/− mice died in response to severe anemia. Samd14-Enh stimulated stem cell factor/c-Kit signaling, which promotes erythrocyte regeneration. Anemia activated Samd14-Enh by inducing enhancer components and enhancer chromatin accessibility. Thus, a GATA-2/anemia-regulated enhancer controls expression of an SAM domain protein that confers survival in anemia. We propose that Samd14-Enh and an ensemble of anemia-responsive enhancers are essential for erythrocyte regeneration in stress erythropoiesis, a vital process in pathologies, including β-thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and viral infection.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

GATA-2 is a regulator of hematopoiesis. Hewitt et al. find that a GATA-2-regulated enhancer, controlling expression of an SAM domain protein, promotes red blood cell regeneration and hence survival of anemia in mice. This enhancer is part of a family of anemia-responsive elements, which may orchestrate the response to anemia.


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Satellite Transcripts Locally Promote Centromere Formation

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Carlos Perea-Resa, Michael D. Blower
Centromeric transcription is a common eukaryotic centromere feature, yet it is unclear how transcription is linked to underlying repetitive satellite sequences. In this issue of Developmental Cell, McNulty et al. (2017) show for human centromeres that all α-satellite sequences are transcribed into chromatin-bound RNAs and are required for centromere assembly.

Teaser

Centromeric transcription is a common eukaryotic centromere feature, yet it is unclear how transcription is linked to underlying repetitive satellite sequences. In this issue of Developmental Cell, McNulty et al. (2017) show for human centromeres that all α-satellite sequences are transcribed into chromatin-bound RNAs and are required for centromere assembly.


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Human Centromeres Produce Chromosome-Specific and Array-Specific Alpha Satellite Transcripts that Are Complexed with CENP-A and CENP-C

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Shannon M. McNulty, Lori L. Sullivan, Beth A. Sullivan
Human centromeres are defined by alpha satellite DNA arrays that are distinct and chromosome specific. Most human chromosomes contain multiple alpha satellite arrays that are competent for centromere assembly. Here, we show that human centromeres are defined by chromosome-specific RNAs linked to underlying organization of distinct alpha satellite arrays. Active and inactive arrays on the same chromosome produce discrete sets of transcripts in cis. Non-coding RNAs produced from active arrays are complexed with CENP-A and CENP-C, while inactive-array transcripts associate with CENP-B and are generally less stable. Loss of CENP-A does not affect transcript abundance or stability. However, depletion of array-specific RNAs reduces CENP-A and CENP-C at the targeted centromere via faulty CENP-A loading, arresting cells before mitosis. This work shows that each human alpha satellite array produces a unique set of non-coding transcripts, and RNAs present at active centromeres are necessary for kinetochore assembly and cell-cycle progression.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Non-coding RNAs are required for centromere function in model systems, but the identity and function of human centromeric transcripts are less clear. McNulty et al. show that human centromeres produce array-specific, non-coding alpha satellite RNAs that differentially complex with centromere proteins for centromere assembly and cell-cycle progression.


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The Helicase Aquarius/EMB-4 Is Required to Overcome Intronic Barriers to Allow Nuclear RNAi Pathways to Heritably Silence Transcription

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Alper Akay, Tomas Di Domenico, Kin M. Suen, Amena Nabih, Guillermo E. Parada, Mark Larance, Ragini Medhi, Ahmet C. Berkyurek, Xinlian Zhang, Christopher J. Wedeles, Konrad L.M. Rudolph, Jan Engelhardt, Martin Hemberg, Ping Ma, Angus I. Lamond, Julie M. Claycomb, Eric A. Miska
Small RNAs play a crucial role in genome defense against transposable elements and guide Argonaute proteins to nascent RNA transcripts to induce co-transcriptional gene silencing. However, the molecular basis of this process remains unknown. Here, we identify the conserved RNA helicase Aquarius/EMB-4 as a direct and essential link between small RNA pathways and the transcriptional machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aquarius physically interacts with the germline Argonaute HRDE-1. Aquarius is required to initiate small-RNA-induced heritable gene silencing. HRDE-1 and Aquarius silence overlapping sets of genes and transposable elements. Surprisingly, removal of introns from a target gene abolishes the requirement for Aquarius, but not HRDE-1, for small RNA-dependent gene silencing. We conclude that Aquarius allows small RNA pathways to compete for access to nascent transcripts undergoing co-transcriptional splicing in order to detect and silence transposable elements. Thus, Aquarius and HRDE-1 act as gatekeepers coordinating gene expression and genome defense.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Nuclear RNAi is essential for heritable silencing in many organisms. Akay et al. show that RNA helicase EMB-4/AQR physically interacts with nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 and bridges the small RNA pathway to transcriptional silencing. They further show that introns can form a barrier to transcriptional silencing, which EMB-4/AQR can overcome.


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The Conserved Intron Binding Protein EMB-4 Plays Differential Roles in Germline Small RNA Pathways of C. elegans

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Katarzyna M. Tyc, Amena Nabih, Monica Z. Wu, Christopher J. Wedeles, Julia A. Sobotka, Julie M. Claycomb
Proper regulation of the germline transcriptome is essential for fertility. In C. elegans, germline homeostasis hinges on a complex repertoire of both silencing and activating small RNA pathways, along with RNA processing. However, our understanding of how fundamental RNA processing steps intersect with small RNA machineries in the germline remains limited. Here, we link the conserved intron binding protein, EMB-4/AQR/IBP160, to the CSR-1 and HRDE-1 nuclear 22G-RNA pathways in the C. elegans germline. Loss of emb-4 leads to distinct alterations in CSR-1- versus HRDE-1-associated small RNA and mRNA transcriptomes. Our transcriptome-wide analysis shows that EMB-4 is enriched along pre-mRNAs of nearly 8,000 transcripts. While EMB-4 complexes are enriched for both intronic and exonic sequences of HRDE-1 targets, CSR-1 pathway targets are enriched for intronic, but not exonic, sequences. These data suggest that EMB-4 could contribute to a molecular signature that distinguishes the targets of these two germline small RNA pathways.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

The CSR-1 and HRDE-1 nuclear small RNA pathways maintain germline transcriptome homeostasis and fertility in C. elegans. Tyc, Nabih, Wu et al. implicate conserved intron binding protein EMB-4/AQR/IBP160 in these pathways. EMB-4 differentially binds to CSR-1 versus HRDE-1 targets, possibly contributing to a molecular signature that distinguishes transcripts between pathways.


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The Invading Anchor Cell Induces Lateral Membrane Constriction during Vulval Lumen Morphogenesis in C. elegans

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Qiutan Yang, Daniel Roiz, Louisa Mereu, Michael Daube, Alex Hajnal
During epithelial tube morphogenesis, linear arrays of cells are converted into tubular structures through actomyosin-generated intracellular forces that induce tissue invagination and lumen formation. We have investigated lumen morphogenesis in the C. elegans vulva. The first discernible event initiating lumen formation is the apical constriction of the two innermost primary cells (VulF). The VulF cells thereafter constrict their lateral membranes along the apicobasal axis to extend the lumen dorsally. Lateral, but not apical, VulF constriction requires the prior invasion of the anchor cell (AC). The invading AC extends actin-rich protrusions toward VulF, resulting in the formation of a direct AC-VulF interface. The recruitment of the F-BAR-domain protein TOCA-1 to the AC-VulF interface induces the accumulation of force-generating actomyosin, causing a switch from apical to lateral membrane constriction and the dorsal extension of the lumen. Invasive cells may induce shape changes in adjacent cells to penetrate their target tissues.

Teaser

Actomyosin-based forces change cell shapes to sculpt tissues. Using the C. elegans vulva as a model for tube morphogenesis, Yang et al. show that anchor cell invasion of the vulval epithelium reorganizes the actomyosin network and induces lateral membrane constriction through recruitment of F-BAR-domain proteins and activation of CDC-42.


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Primary Cilia Signaling Shapes the Development of Interneuronal Connectivity

Publication date: 7 August 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 42, Issue 3
Author(s): Jiami Guo, James M. Otis, Holden Higginbotham, Chase Monckton, JrGang Cheng, Aravind Asokan, Kirk Mykytyn, Tamara Caspary, Garret D. Stuber, E.S. Anton
Appropriate growth and synaptic integration of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are essential for functional neural circuits in the brain. Here, we demonstrate that disruption of primary cilia function following the selective loss of ciliary GTPase Arl13b in interneurons impairs interneuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity, leading to altered excitatory/inhibitory activity balance. The altered morphology and connectivity of cilia mutant interneurons and the functional deficits are rescued by either chemogenetic activation of ciliary G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling or the selective induction of Sstr3, a ciliary GPCR, in Arl13b-deficient cilia. Our results thus define a specific requirement for primary cilia-mediated GPCR signaling in interneuronal connectivity and inhibitory circuit formation.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Growth and connectivity of interneurons are fundamental to the formation of functional neural circuitry. Guo et al. show that primary cilia signaling, via Arl13b-GPCR pathway, promotes interneuronal connectivity and inhibitory circuit formation. Primary cilia signaling is a non-synaptic signaling mechanism through which environmental signals can shape and refine interneuronal networks.


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Laser and Light Treatments for Hair Reduction in Fitzpatrick Skin Types IV–VI: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Abstract

Unwanted facial and body hair presents as a common finding in many patients, such as females with hirsutism. With advances in laser and light technology, a clinically significant reduction in hair can be achieved in patients with light skin. However, in patients with darker skin, Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) IV–VI, the higher melanin content of the skin interferes with the proposed mechanism of laser-induced selective photothermolysis, which is to target the melanin in the hair follicle to cause permanent destruction of hair bulge stem cells. Many prospective and retrospective studies have been conducted with laser and light hair-removal devices, but most exclude patients with darkly pigmented skin, considering them a high-risk group for unwanted side effects, including pigmentation changes, blisters, and crust formation. We reviewed the published literature to obtain studies that focused on hair reduction for darker skin types. The existing literature for this patient population identifies longer wavelengths as a key element of the treatment protocol and indicates neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), diode, alexandrite, and ruby lasers as well as certain intense pulsed light sources for safe hair reduction with minimal side effects in patients with FST IV–VI, so long as energy settings and wavelengths are appropriate. Based on the findings in this review, safe and effective hair reduction for patients with FST IV–VI is achievable under proper treatment protocols and energy settings.

http://ift.tt/2ukPFXG

Toe-to-finger combined with free flap transfer for primary one-stage post-traumatic reconstruction of the complex fingerless hand

Toe-to-finger transplantation is intimately related to the development of microsurgical free tissue transplantation, which is one of the most important advances in the history of reconstructive surgery. It is also generally acknowledged that a mangled hand with massive tissue loss and amputation of multiple digits presents a challenge for plastic and reconstructive surgeons. In this retrospective study we reviewed 11 cases of primary one-stage post-traumatic reconstruction of complex fingerless hands using a combination of toe-to-finger and free tissue transplantation performed in Shanghai Jiao Tong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine affiliated Ninth People's Hospital from January 2001 to November 2014.

http://ift.tt/2veB1Qx

The merits of decision modelling in the earliest stages of the IDEAL framework – an innovative case in DIEP flap breast reconstructions

IDEAL framework aims at improving the evidence base of available surgical innovations. However, the development of such innovations and collection of evidence is costly. Surgical innovation can provide more value for money if innovations are evaluated in an early stage, where evaluations can inform the decision whether to stop or further develop an innovation. We illustrate how decision modelling can be readily adopted at the earliest stages (0-1) of the IDEAL framework, using an innovation in bilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction as an example.

http://ift.tt/2wp5Dx6

Frailty and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Older Persons: The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study

Rejuvenation Research , Vol. 0, No. 0.


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Medical Podcasting and Circulation on the Run: Why, How, and What Now.

Author: Lam, Carolyn S.P. MBBS, PhD; Barry, Karen MS; Khera, Amit MD, MSc

Page: 513-515

http://ift.tt/2vJIAQC

Day-to-Day Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Dementia in a General Japanese Elderly Population: The Hisayama Study.

Author: Oishi, Emi MD; Ohara, Tomoyuki MD, PhD; Sakata, Satoko MD; Fukuhara, Masayo MD, PhD; Hata, Jun MD, PhD; Yoshida, Daigo PhD; Shibata, Mao MD, PhD; Ohtsubo, Toshio MD, PhD; Kitazono, Takanari MD, PhD; Kiyohara, Yutaka MD, PhD; Ninomiya, Toshiharu MD, PhD

Page: 516-525

http://ift.tt/2wCiuew

Rollercoaster Blood Pressure: An Alzheimer Disease Risk Factor?.

Author: Merkler, Alexander E. MD; Iadecola, Costantino MD

Page: 526-528

http://ift.tt/2vJEyrf

Survival and Left Ventricular Function Changes in Fulminant Versus Nonfulminant Acute Myocarditis.

Author: Ammirati, Enrico MD, PhD; Cipriani, Manlio MD; Lilliu, Marzia MD; Sormani, Paola MD; Varrenti, Marisa MD; Raineri, Claudia MD; Petrella, Duccio MD; Garascia, Andrea MD; Pedrotti, Patrizia MD; Roghi, Alberto MD; Bonacina, Edgardo MD; Moreo, Antonella MD; Bottiroli, Maurizio MD; Gagliardone, Maria P. MD; Mondino, Michele MD; Ghio, Stefano MD; Totaro, Rossana MD; Turazza, Fabio M. MD; Russo, Claudio F. MD; Oliva, Fabrizio MD; Camici, Paolo G. MD *; Frigerio, Maria MD *

Page: 529-545

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When Lightning Strikes: Fulminant Myocarditis in the Realm of Inflammatory Cardiomyopathies.

Author: Cooper, Leslie T. Jr MD

Page: 546-548

http://ift.tt/2vJpRVc

Fibroblast-Specific Genetic Manipulation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase In Vivo Reveals Its Central Regulatory Role in Fibrosis.

Author: Molkentin, Jeffery D. PhD; Bugg, Darrian BS; Ghearing, Natasha BS; Dorn, Lisa E. BS; Kim, Peter BS; Sargent, Michelle A. BS; Gunaje, Jagadambika BS; Otsu, Kinya MD, PhD; Davis, Jennifer PhD

Page: 549-561

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p38[alpha]: A Profibrotic Signaling Nexus.

Author: Stratton, Matthew S. PhD; Koch, Keith A. PhD; McKinsey, Timothy A. PhD

Page: 562-565

http://ift.tt/2vJkvt7

EphA2 Expression Regulates Inflammation and Fibroproliferative Remodeling in Atherosclerosis.

Author: Finney, Alexandra C. BS; Funk, Steven D. PhD; Green, Jonette M. BS; Yurdagul, Arif Jr PhD; Rana, Mohammad Atif MD; Pistorius, Rebecca MD; Henry, Miriam BS; Yurochko, Andrew PhD; Pattillo, Christopher B. PhD; Traylor, James G. MD; Chen, Jin MD, PhD; Woolard, Matthew D. PhD; Kevil, Christopher G. PhD; Orr, A. Wayne PhD

Page: 566-582

http://ift.tt/2wC3SvU

Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation.

Author: Lau, Dennis H. MBBS, PhD; Nattel, Stanley MD, PhD; Kalman, Jonathan M MBBS, PhD; Sanders, Prashanthan MBBS, PhD

Page: 583-596

http://ift.tt/2vJJc8T

How Low Is Too Low With Salt in Heart Failure? Randomized Studies Needed to Resolve Concern.

Author: Kuehn, Bridget M.

Page: 597-598

http://ift.tt/2wCosMP

Worsening Conduction Delay in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: What Drug Is Responsible?.

Author: Garcia-Granja, Pablo Elpidio MD; Sandin-Fuentes, Maria MD; Garcia-Moran, Emilio MD, PhD; Sevilla, Teresa MD, PhD; Rubio, Jeronimo MD, PhD

Page: 599-601

http://ift.tt/2vJNn4H

Prasugrel or Ticagrelor in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.

Author: Sardella, Gennaro MD *; Mancone, Massimo MD, PhD; Stio, Rocco Edoardo MD, PhD; Cavallo, Erika MD; Di Roma, Angelo MD; Colantonio, Riccardo MD; Calcagno, Simone MD *

Page: 602-604

http://ift.tt/2wCerPp

Letter by Iellamo and Volterrani Regarding Article, "High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction".

Author: Iellamo, Ferdinando MD; Volterrani, Maurizio MD, PhD

Page: 605-606

http://ift.tt/2vJDYKm

Letter by Wisloff et al Regarding Article, "High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction".

Author: Wisloff, Ulrik PhD; Lavie, Carl J. PhD, MD; Rognmo, Oivind PhD

Page: 607-608

http://ift.tt/2wCBSrM

Letter by Bianchi Regarding Article, "High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction".

Author: Bianchi, Vittorio Emanuele MD

Page: 609-610

http://ift.tt/2vJFuvS

Response by Ellingsen et al to Letters Regarding Article, "High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction".

Author: Ellingsen, Oyvind MD, PhD; Halle, Martin MD; Prescott, Eva MD, DMSc; Linke, Axel MD

Page: 611-612

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2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America.

Author: Yancy, Clyde W. MD, MSc, MACC, FAHA, FHFSA, Chair; Jessup, Mariell MD, FACC, FAHA, Vice Chair; Bozkurt, Biykem MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA *+; Butler, Javed MD, MBA, MPH, FACC, FAHA *++; Casey, Donald E. Jr MD, MPH, MBA, FACC [S]; Colvin, Monica M. MD, FAHA %7c%7c; Drazner, Mark H. MD, MSc, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA ++; Filippatos, Gerasimos S. MD *; Fonarow, Gregg C. MD, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA *++; Givertz, Michael M. MD, FACC, FHFSA *[P]; Hollenberg, Steven M. MD, FACC #; Lindenfeld, JoAnn MD, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA *[P]; Masoudi, Frederick A. MD, MSPH, FACC **; McBride, Patrick E. MD, MPH, FACC ++; Peterson, Pamela N. MD, FACC, FAHA ++; Stevenson, Lynne Warner MD, FACC *++; Westlake, Cheryl PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAHA, FHFSA [P]

Page: e137-e161

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Clarifying a Hierarchical Model of Risk Factors for Social Anxiety and Depression

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Author(s): Nicholas P. Allan, Danielle Cooper, Mary E. Oglesby, Nicole Short, Kevin G. Saulnier, Norman B. Schmidt
Within a hierarchical framework for depressive and anxiety disorders, negative affect (NA) is posited to be indirectly related to social anxiety and depression through cognitive vulnerabilities, including intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety sensitivity (AS). However, few prior studies have considered whether the lower-order dimensions of IU (i.e., prospective and inhibitory IU) and AS (i.e., physical, cognitive, and social concerns) better explain the indirect relation between NA and social anxiety and depression. The indirect relations between NA and social anxiety and depression through these cognitive vulnerabilities were examined using structural equation modeling in a clinical sample (N=298). NA and social anxiety symptoms were indirectly related through AS social concerns and inhibitory IU, although a direct effect of NA was also found. Only AS social concerns explained the relation between NA and a social anxiety disorder diagnosis. AS cognitive concerns was the only cognitive vulnerability factor to indirectly explain the relation between NA and depressive symptoms, although a direct effect of NA was also found. These findings suggest that the lower-order dimensions of AS and IU demonstrate more specific and less transdiagnostic associations with social anxiety and depression.



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Issue Information

http://ift.tt/2ujA2LH

Salinity stress, enhancing basal and induced immune responses in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage)

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Mélodie Schmitz, Tamar Ziv, Arie Admon, Sébastien Baekelandt, Syaghalirwa N.M. Mandiki, Maëlenn L'Hoir, Patrick Kestemont
In the Mekong Delta, striped catfish are faced with chronic salinity stress related to saltwater intrusion induced by global climatic changes. In this study, striped catfish juveniles were submitted to a prolonged salinity stress (up to 10ppt) over three weeks followed by infection with a virulent bacterial strain, Edwardsiella ictaluri. Osmoregulatory parameters were investigated. In addition, a label free quantitative proteomics workflow was performed on kidneys. The workflow consisted of an initial global profiling of relative peptide abundances (by LC/MS, peak area quantification based on extracted ion currents), followed by identification (by MS/MS). The aim of the study was to highlight specific functional pathways modified during realistic salinity stress, particularly those involved in immunity. In kidney proteome, 2483 proteins were identified, of which 400 proteins were differentially expressed between the freshwater and the saline water conditions. Several pathways and functional categories were highlighted, mostly related to energy metabolism, protein metabolism, actin cytoskeleton, signaling, immunity, and detoxification. In particular, the responsiveness of proteins involved in small GTPases and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase p38 signaling, phagolysosome maturation, and T-cells regulation is discussed.Statement of significanceIn the Mekong River Delta (Vietnam), striped catfish production is threatened by extensive sea water intrusion exacerbated by sea level rise. In fish, the effect of chronic exposure to salinity stress on immune capacities and response to disease has been poorly investigated. This study aims to highlight the main molecular changes occurring in the kidney during acclimation to salinity stress, particularly those involved in the immune defences of fish.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2hEtci0

Hyoscine butylbromide for colorectal polyp detection: prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: The removal of pre-malignant colorectal lesions prevents cancer. Hyoscine has been proposed as a means of improving diagnosis by reducing colonic movements. The aim of this study was to analyze whether this anti-spasmodic enhances the detection of pre-malignant colorectal lesions. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blinded fashion patients received hyoscine or a saline solution in all consecutive colonoscopies in which the cecum was reached. Lesions were analysed with respect to number, size, location, histology and capillary pattern. RESULTS: A total of 440 colonoscopies were randomized. The overall polyp detection rate (PDR) and the adenoma detection rate (ADR) were 65.2% and 49.3%, respectively. In the hyoscine group, non-polypoid lesions were detected significantly more often (p=0.01). In the placebo group 281 lesions were diagnosed (202 adenomas) and in the hyoscine group 282 lesions were detected (189 adenomas) (p=0.23). The PDR and ADR were similar between the placebo and hyoscine groups (64% vs 66% and 50% vs 47%, respectively). No differences were observed between the two groups in the advanced-ADR or advanced neoplasia detection rate, as well the mean numbers of polyps, adenomas, advanced adenomas and advanced neoplasias detected per patient. The administration of hyoscine also did not improve the diagnostic accuracy of digital chromoendoscopy. The presence of adenomatous polyps in the right colon was detected significantly more frequently in the hyoscine group (OR 5.41 95% CI 2.7 - 11; p<0.01 vs OR 2.3 95% CI 1.1 - 4.6; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: The use of hyoscine before beginning the withdrawal of the colonoscope does not seem to enhance the PDR and the ADR.

http://ift.tt/2vJpb1Z

Validation of QF-PCR for prenatal diagnoses in a Brazilian population

OBJECTIVES: Quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) is a rapid and reliable method for screening aneuploidies, but in Brazil, it is not used in public services. We investigated the accuracy of QF-PCR for the prenatal recognition of common aneuploidies and compared these results with cytogenetic results in our laboratory. METHOD: A ChromoQuant QF-PCR kit containing 24 primer pairs targeting loci on chromosomes 21, 13, 18, X and Y was employed to identify aneuploidies of the referred chromosomes. RESULTS: A total of 162 amniotic fluid samples analyzed using multiplex QF-PCR were compared with karyotyping analysis. The QF-PCR results were consistent with the results of cytogenetic analysis in 95.4% of all samples. CONCLUSION: QF-PCR was demonstrated to be efficient and reliable for prenatal aneuploidy screening. This study suggests that QF-PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method. However, rearrangements and some mosaic samples cannot be detected with this test; thus, those exceptions must undergo cytogenetic analysis.

http://ift.tt/2wCoEvs

Clinical Features of Refractory Ascites in Outpatients

OBJECTIVES: To present the clinical features and outcomes of outpatients who suffer from refractory ascites. METHODS: This prospective observational study consecutively enrolled patients with cirrhotic ascites who submitted to a clinical evaluation, a sodium restriction diet, biochemical blood tests, 24 hour urine tests and an ascitic fluid analysis. All patients received a multidisciplinary evaluation and diuretic treatment. Patients who did not respond to the diuretic treatment were controlled by therapeutic serial paracentesis, and a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was indicated for patients who required therapeutic serial paracentesis up to twice a month. RESULTS: The most common etiology of cirrhosis in both groups was alcoholism [49 refractory (R) and 11 non-refractory ascites (NR)]. The majority of patients in the refractory group had Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis (p=0.034). The nutritional assessment showed protein-energy malnutrition in 81.6% of the patients in the R group and 35.5% of the patients in the NR group, while hepatic encephalopathy, hernia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, upper digestive hemorrhage and type 2 hepatorenal syndrome were present in 51%, 44.9%, 38.8%, 38.8% and 26.5% of the patients in the R group and 9.1%, 18.2%, 0%, 0% and 0% of the patients in the NR group, respectively (p=0.016, p=0.173, p=0.012, p=0.012, and p=0.100, respectively). Mortality occurred in 28.6% of the patients in the R group and in 9.1% of the patients in the NR group (p=0.262). CONCLUSION: Patients with refractory ascites were malnourished, suffered from hernias, had a high prevalence of complications and had a high postoperative death frequency, which was mostly due to infectious processes.

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Intermittent claudication and severe renal artery stenosis are independently associated in hypertensive patients referred for renal arteriography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the presence of clinical symptoms of peripheral artery disease and severe renal artery stenosis in patients referred for renal angiography. METHOD: We included 82 patients with clinical suspicion of renovascular hypertension and performed an imaging investigation (renal Doppler ultrasound and/or renal scintigraphy) for possible renal artery stenosis. All patients underwent renal arteriography and were examined for peripheral artery disease based on the presence of intermittent claudication and ankle-brachial index test results. Severe renal artery stenosis was defined as a lesion causing 70% obstruction. RESULTS: Severe renal artery stenosis was present in 32 of 82 (39%) patients. Patients with severe renal artery stenosis were older (63±12 vs 56±12 years, p=0.006), had more intermittent claudication (55 vs 45%, p=0.027), and had a greater prevalence of an ankle-brachial index <0.9 (44% vs 20%, p=0.021) than patients without severe renal artery stenosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of intermittent claudication was independently associated with renal artery stenosis ≥70% (OR: 3.33; 95% CI 1.03-10.82, p=0.04), unlike the ankle-brachial index, which showed no association (OR: 1.44; 95% CI 0.37-5.66, p=0.60). CONCLUSION: Intermittent claudication is independently associated with severe renal artery stenosis (≥70%) in patients clinically suspected of having renovascular hypertension.

http://ift.tt/2wC3mhd

Hypovitaminosis D in patients undergoing kidney transplant: the importance of sunlight exposure

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have shown a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level less than 30 ng/ml, in both healthy populations and patients with chronic kidney disease. Patients undergoing kidney transplant are at an increased risk of skin cancer and are advised to avoid sunlight exposure. Therefore, these patients might share two major risk factors for hypovitaminosis D: chronic kidney disease and low sunlight exposure. This paper describes the prevalence and clinical characteristics of hypovitaminosis D among patients undergoing kidney transplant. METHODS: We evaluated 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in a representative sample of patients undergoing kidney transplant. We sought to determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, compare these patients with a control group, and identify factors associated with hypovitaminosis D (e.g., sunlight exposure and dietary habits). RESULTS: Hypovitaminosis D was found in 79% of patients undergoing kidney transplant, and the major associated factor was low sunlight exposure. These patients had higher creatinine and intact parathyroid hormone serum levels, with 25-hydroxyvitamin D being inversely correlated with intact parathyroid hormone serum levels. Compared with the control group, patients undergoing kidney transplant presented a higher prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and lower serum calcium, phosphate and albumin but higher creatinine and intact parathyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients undergoing kidney transplant. Therapeutic strategies such as moderate sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation should be seriously considered for this population.

http://ift.tt/2vJkgyc

Laryngeal tube suction for airway management during in-hospital emergencies

OBJECTIVE: The role of supraglottic airway devices in emergency airway management is highlighted in international airway management guidelines. We evaluated the application of the new generation laryngeal tube suction (LTS-II/LTS-D) in the management of in-hospital unexpected difficult airway and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: During a seven-year period, patients treated with a laryngeal tube who received routine anesthesia and had an unexpected difficult airway (Cormack Lehane Grade 3-4), who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside the operating room and had a difficult airway were evaluated. Successful placement of the LTS II/LTS-D, sufficient ventilation, time to placement, number of placement attempts, stomach content, peripheral oxygen saturation/end-tidal carbon dioxide development (SpO2/etCO2) over 5 minutes, subjective overall assessment and complications were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 106 adult patients were treated using an LTS-II/LTS-D. The main indication for placement was a difficult airway (75%, n=80), followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (25%, n=26) or an overlap between both (18%, n=19). In 94% of patients (n=100), users placed the laryngeal tube during the first attempt. In 93% of patients (n=98), the tube was placed within 30 seconds. A significant increase in SpO2 from 97% (0-100) to 99% (5-100) was observed in the whole population and in cardiopulmonary resuscitation patients. The average initial etCO2 of 39.5 mmHg (0-100 mmHg) decreased significantly to an average of 38.4 mmHg (10-62 mmHg) after 5 minutes. A comparison of cardiopulmonary resuscitation patients with non-cardiopulmonary resuscitation patients regarding gastric contents showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: LTS-D/LTS-II use for in-hospital unexpected difficult airway management provides a secure method for primary airway management until other options such as video laryngoscopy or fiber optic intubation become available.

http://ift.tt/2wBIozg

Complete axillary dissection without drainage for the surgical treatment of breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: This randomized clinical trial evaluated the possibility of not draining the axilla following axillary dissection. METHODS: The study included 240 breast cancer patients who underwent axillary dissection as part of conservative treatment. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether or not they were subjected to axillary drainage. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01267552. RESULTS: The median volume of fluid aspirated was significantly lower in the axillary drainage group (0.00 ml; 0.00 - 270.00) compared to the no drain group (522.50 ml; 130.00 - 1148.75). The median number of aspirations performed during conservative breast cancer treatment was significantly lower in the drainage group (0.5; 0.0 - 4.0) compared to the no drain group (5.0; 3.0 - 7.0). The total volume of serous fluid produced (the volume of fluid obtained from drainage added to the volume of aspirated fluid) was similar in the two groups. Regarding complications, two cases (2.4%) of wound dehiscence occurred in the drainage group compared to 13 cases (13.5%) in the group in which drainage was not performed, with this difference being statistically significant. Rates of infection, necrosis and hematoma were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Safety rates were similar in both study groups; hence, axillary dissection can feasibly be performed without drainage. However, more needle aspirations could be required, and there could be more cases of wound dehiscence in patients who do not undergo auxiliary drainage.

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Abnormal diastolic function underlies the different beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between diastolic function and the different beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure due to different causes. METHODS: The 104 enrolled patients were divided into an ischemic cardiomyopathy group (n=27) and a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group (n=77) according to the cause of heart failure. Before implantation, left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated in all patients using echocardiography. After six months of follow-up, the beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy were evaluated using a combination of clinical symptoms and echocardiography parameters. RESULTS: The ischemic cardiomyopathy group included significantly more patients with restrictive filling than the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group. The response rate after the implantation procedure was significantly higher in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group than in the ischemic cardiomyopathy group. Degrees of improvement in echocardiography parameters were significantly greater in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group than in the ischemic cardiomyopathy group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a restrictive filling pattern was an independent factor that influenced responses to cardiac resynchronization therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study again confirmed that the etiology of heart failure affects the beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy and a lower degree of improvement in ventricular systolic function and remodelling was observed in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients than in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients. In addition, systolic heart failure patients with severe diastolic dysfunction had poor responses to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Ischemic cardiomyopathy patients exhibited more severe diastolic dysfunction than non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, which may be a reason for the reduced beneficial effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy.

http://ift.tt/2wC7Lkh

The diagnostic value of narrow-band imaging for early and invasive lung cancer: a meta-analysis

This study aimed to compare the ability of narrow-band imaging to detect early and invasive lung cancer with that of conventional pathological analysis and white-light bronchoscopy. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Sinomed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for relevant studies. Meta-disc software was used to perform data analysis, meta-regression analysis, sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity testing, and STATA software was used to determine if publication bias was present, as well as to calculate the relative risks for the sensitivity and specificity of narrow-band imaging vs those of white-light bronchoscopy for the detection of early and invasive lung cancer. A random-effects model was used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the above modalities in cases in which a high degree of between-study heterogeneity was noted with respect to their diagnostic efficacies. The database search identified six studies including 578 patients. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of narrow-band imaging were 86% (95% confidence interval: 83-88%) and 81% (95% confidence interval: 77-84%), respectively, and the pooled sensitivity and specificity of white-light bronchoscopy were 70% (95% confidence interval: 66-74%) and 66% (95% confidence interval: 62-70%), respectively. The pooled relative risks for the sensitivity and specificity of narrow-band imaging vs the sensitivity and specificity of white-light bronchoscopy for the detection of early and invasive lung cancer were 1.33 (95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.67) and 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 0.84-1.42), respectively, and sensitivity analysis showed that narrow-band imaging exhibited good diagnostic efficacy with respect to detecting early and invasive lung cancer and that the results of the study were stable. Narrow-band imaging was superior to white light bronchoscopy with respect to detecting early and invasive lung cancer; however, the specificities of the two modalities did not differ significantly.

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Osteointegration of porous absorbable bone substitutes: A systematic review of the literature

Biomaterials' structural characteristics and the addition of osteoinductors influence the osteointegration capacity of bone substitutes. This study aims to identify the characteristics of porous and resorbable bone substitutes that influence new bone formation. An Internet search for studies reporting new bone formation rates in bone defects filled with porous and resorbable substitutes was performed in duplicate using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and University of São Paulo Digital Library databases. Metaphyseal or calvarial bone defects 4 to 10 mm in diameter from various animal models were selected. New bone formation rates were collected from the histomorphometry or micro-CT data. The following variables were analyzed: animal model, bone region, defect diameter, follow-up time after implantation, basic substitute material, osteoinductor addition, pore size and porosity. Of 3,266 initially identified articles, 15 articles describing 32 experimental groups met the inclusion criteria. There were no differences between the groups in the experimental model characteristics, except for the follow-up time, which showed a very weak to moderate correlation with the rate of new bone formation. In terms of the biomaterial and structural characteristics, only porosity showed a significant influence on the rate of new bone formation. Higher porosity is related to higher new bone formation rates. The influence of other characteristics could not be identified, possibly due to the large variety of experimental models and methodologies used to estimate new bone formation rates. We suggest the inclusion of standard control groups in future experimental studies to compare biomaterials.

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Growth and magnetic properties of Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.7Mn0.3O4 thin films on silicon

Publication date: 15 December 2017
Source:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 444
Author(s): Arti Gupta, Shankar Dutta, R.P. Tandon
Integration of ferrite thin films of CoFe2O4 with silicon was an essential step for the development of magnetic and microwave micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) devices. This paper reports about the integration of Zn and Mn co-doped CoFe2O4 (Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.7Mn0.3O4) thin films on silicon wafer surface. The films were deposited by spin coating technique and subsequently annealed at 600°C (thickness ∼200nm) and 700°C (thickness ∼150nm). Higher values of in plane remanance ratio (33–35%) compared to out of planes (5–13.5%) ones indicate the in plane orientation of the easy axis of magnetization driven by the shape anisotropy of the thin film structure. Upon rise in annealing temperature, coercivity for longitudinal Kerr hysteresis loop increases from 164Oe to 227Oe and that for the transverse hysteresis Kerr loop increases from 244Oe to 586Oe.



http://ift.tt/2ujctCJ

A cathodic “signal-on” photoelectrochemical sensor for Hg2+ detection based on ion-exchange with ZnS quantum dots

Publication date: January 2018
Source:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 254
Author(s): Yan Wang, Panpan Wang, Ying Wu, Junwei Di
A cathodic "signal-on" method was developed for the photoelectrochemical detection of Hg²⁺ ions. Here, ZnS quantum dots (QDs) capped with mercaptoacetic acid was assembled on the surface of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode through electrostatic interaction between poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) and the ZnS QDs. HgS was formed on the ZnS surface by ion-exchange in the presence of Hg²⁺ ions in solution. The cathodic photocurrent increased under visible light irradiation with a light-emitting diode lamp. This novel strategy exhibits high sensitivity and good selectivity owing to the low background signal and the benefits of ion-exchange technology. The cathodic photocurrent increases linearly with Hg²⁺ concentration in the range 1×10⁻¹¹–1×10⁻⁶M, providing a detection limit of 2 pM (S/N=3). This sensor provides a promising new strategy for the detection of trace heavy metal ions.

Graphical abstract

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Literature Commentary.

In this issue of Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, M. Tariq Bhatti, MD and Mark L. Moster, MD will discuss the following 6 articles: 1. Novitskaya ES, Cates CA, Bowes OM, Vivian AJ. Triptans and third nerve paresis: a case series of three patients. Eye (Lond). 2017; 31:503-505. 2. Moradi A, Kanagalingam S, Diener-West M, Miller NR. Post-Cataract Surgery Optic Neuropathy: Prevalence, Incidence, Temporal Relationship, and Fellow Eye Involvement. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;175:183-193. 3. Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG, Fleming JC, Dailey RA, Tang RA, Harris GJ, Antonelli A, Salvi M, Goldberg RA, Gigantelli JW, Couch SM, Shriver EM, Hayek BR, Hink EM, Woodward RM, Gabriel K, Magni G, Douglas RS. Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1748-1761. 4. Steinberg JA, Carter BS, Lee MB, Steinberg GK. Ipsilateral pupillary dilation following carotid endarterectomy: A temporary and benign phenomenon. Neurosurgery. 2017;80:E239-E244. 5. Kuriyan AE, Albini TA, Townsend JH, Rodriguez M, Pandya HK, Leonard RE second, Parrott MB, Rosenfeld PJ, Flynn HW Jr, Goldberg JL. Vision loss after intravitreal injection of autologous "Stem Cells" for AMD. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1047-1053. 6. Swanson JW; Aleman TS; Xu W; Ying GS; Pan W; Liu GT; Lang SS; Heuer GG; Storm PB; Bartlett SP; Katowitz WR; Taylor JA. Evaluation of optical coherence tomography to detect elevated intracranial pressure in children. JAMA Ophthalmology 2017;135:320-328. (C) 2017 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

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Treatment Response in Pediatric Patients With Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome.

Background: Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) is a disorder defined by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of an intracranial space-occupying lesion. This retrospective study aimed to examine the outcomes in children with PTCS. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from the charts of consecutive pediatric patients treated for PTCS at our hospital between 2000 and 2007 (60 patients; 36 females, 24 males). Results: Forty-six patients (76.6%) responded well to acetazolamide therapy, with full resolution of symptoms, including papilledema (average treatment duration 1 year; range: 1 month-5 years). Of the 14 patients with no response to treatment, 9 (23.4%) required surgical intervention. Nonresponders tended to be younger at presentation (8.7 vs 11.5 years, P = 0.04). Twelve patients (26%) experienced relapse after acetazolamide was discontinued. The group that experienced relapse was significantly younger than the nonrelapsers (8.9 vs 12.1 years, P

http://ift.tt/2vHpSIv

Investigating membrane fouling associated with GAC fluidization on membrane with effluent from anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment

Abstract

Effect of mechanical scouring driven by granular activated carbon (GAC) fluidization on membrane fouling was investigated using a laboratory-scaled, fluidized membrane reactor filtering the effluent from anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor (AFBR) in domestic wastewater treatment. The GAC particles were fluidized by recirculating a bulk solution only through the membrane reactor to control membrane fouling. The membrane fouling was compared with two different feed solutions, effluent taken from a pilot-scaled, AFBR treating domestic wastewater and its filtrate through 0.1-μm membrane pore size. The GAC fluidization driven by bulk recirculation through the membrane reactor was very effective to reduce membrane fouling. Membrane scouring under GAC fluidization decreased reversible fouling resistance effectively. Fouling mitigation was more pronounced with bigger GAC particles than smaller ones as fluidized media. Regardless of the fluidized GAC sizes, however, there was limited effect on controlling irreversible fouling caused by colloidal materials which is smaller than 0.1 μm. In addition, the deposit of GAC particles that ranged from 180 to 500 μm in size on membrane surface was very significant and accelerated fouling rate. Biopolymers rejected by the membranes were thought to play a role as binding these small GAC particles on membrane surface strongly.

http://ift.tt/2ujTFYi

Trace elements: water-sediment interactions in tropical rivers

Abstract

This research aimed to determine the water-sediment interaction (partition coefficient K_d) of trace element (Cd, Cu, total Cr, Pb, and Zn) in tropical rivers of the Upper Paraná River basin, Central Brazil. Three trace elements (Cu, total Cr, and Zn) presented quantifiable concentration values in the water and sediment. Neither the element trace considered nor the rivers displayed a similar water-sediment interaction. The evaluation of K_d values indicates the tendency of total Cr to be adsorbed into the sediment (min K_d = 6.244, max K_d = 131.389), mainly in one sampling station (São Francisco River, K_d = 131.389) and the availability of Zn in the water column in all sampling stations (min K_d = 0.234, max K_d = 1.289). The sediment concentrations of Cr in the São Francisco sampling station (0.118 mg L⁻¹) are above international reference values suggesting a risk of contamination for the biota, whereas in four rivers, Cr concentrations represent a risk. The water-sediment interaction of Cu is influenced by water temperature, whereas the pH influenced the Zn interaction.

http://ift.tt/2uASGy8

Toxicity evaluation of vinasse and biosolid samples in diplopod midgut: heat shock protein in situ localization

Abstract

Large amounts of residues generated by agricultural, urban and industrial activities are dumped daily on the soil. This practice deserves special attention because it causes serious environmental problems. This study evaluated the toxic potential of the sugarcane vinasse, a by-product of the sugar-alcohol industry, and the biosolid, a residue produced by wastewater treatment plants, both widely used as fertilizers. The evaluation was performed through bioassays using a typical soil bioindicator, the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi. The specimens were exposed to soils containing these residues in concentrations that are compatible with the Brazilian regulation for agricultural use. Semi-quantitative immunolabelling analyses of the stress protein HSP70 were performed on the midgut of the studied diplopods. There was a significant increase in the immunolabelling of HSP70 proteins as a response to xenobiotics from both residues, particularly in regions where the function of the cells is the detoxification of the organ (e.g. the hepatic cell layer and specific regions of the epithelium). Higher immunolabelling was observed in the specimens exposed to vinasse in comparison with the biosolid exposure. This demonstrates that the substances in the tested residues had proteotoxic action in the exposed animals and induced a cytoprotective response, which led to higher stress protein immunolabelling. Therefore, caution is needed for the use of such residues in agriculture.

http://ift.tt/2ujjoA2

Oviposition deterrent activity of basil plants and their essentials oils against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Abstract

The leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important pests of tomato, reducing crop yields by up to 100% in greenhouses and fields, in several countries globally. Because synthetic insecticides lead to resistance and have adverse effects on natural enemies and the health of producers, alternative control methods are needed. In this study, we assessed the oviposition-deterring effect of basil plants, Ocimum gratissimum L. and O. basilicum L. (Lamiaceae), using dual-choice behavioural assays performed in flight tunnels. We found that both plants significantly reduced T. absoluta oviposition behaviour on a tomato plant located nearby. To evaluate the potential effect of basil volatile organic compounds, we formulated essential oils of both plant species in paraffin oil, and observed a similar oviposition-deterring effect. Gas chromatography analyses detected 18 constituents in these essential oils which the major constituents included thymol (33.3%), p-cymene (20.4%), γ-terpinene (16.9%), myrcene (3.9%) in O. gratissimum and estragol (73.8%), linalool (8.6%), β-elemene (2.9%) and E-β-ocimene (2.6%) in O. basilicum. Twenty and 33 compounds were identified of the volatiles collected on O. gratissimum and O. basilicum plants, respectively. The main components include the following: p-cymene (33.5%), γ-terpinene (23.6%), α-terpinene (7.2%), α-thujene (6.7%) and E-α-bergamotene (38.9%) in O. gratissimum, and methyl eugenol (26.1%), E-β-ocimene (17.7%), and linalool (9.4%) in O. basilicum. Four compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, Myrcene, Limonene) were common in essential oils and plants. Our results suggest the valuable potential of basil and associated essential oils as a component of integrated management strategies against the tomato leafminer.

http://ift.tt/2uASZZE

Source apportionment of settleable particles in an impacted urban and industrialized region in Brazil

Abstract

Settleable particulate matter (SPM), especially coarser particles with diameters greater than 10 μm, has been found culprit of high deposition rates in cities affected by hinterland industrial activities. This is the case of Metropolitan Region of Vitoria (MRV), Espirito Santo, Brazil where industrial facilities are located within the urban sprawl and building constructions are intense. Frequent population complaints to the environmental protection agency (IEMA) throughout the years have triggered monitoring campaigns to determine SPM deposition rates and source apportionment. Eight different locations were monitored throughout the MRV, and SPM was quantified and chemically characterized. Sources profiles were defined either by using US EPA SPECIATE data or by experimental analysis. Atmospheric fallout in the MRV ranged between 2 and 20g/(m² 30-day), with only one monitoring station ranging from 6–10 g/(m² 30-day). EC, OC, Fe, Al, and Si were found the main constituents of dry deposition in the region. Source apportionment by the chemical mass balance (CMB) model determined that steel and iron ore pelletizing industries were the main contributor to one of the eight locations whereas resuspension, civil construction, and vehicular sources were also very important contributors to the other stations. Quarries and soil were also considered expressive SPM sources, but at the city periphery. CMB model could differentiate contributions from six industrial source groups: thermoelectric; iron ore, pellet, and pellet furnaces; coal coke and coke oven; sintering, blast furnace, and basic oxygen furnace; and soil, resuspension, and vehicles. However, the CMB model was unable to differentiate between iron ore and pellet stockpiles which are present in both steel and iron ore pelletizing industries. Further characterization of source and SPM might be necessary to aid local authorities in decision-making regarding these two industrial sources.

http://ift.tt/2ujWLvs

A Highly Selective and Sensitive “on-off-on” Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Hg(II) Based on Au/N-doped Carbon Quantum Dots

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
Author(s): Alan Meng, Qinhai Xu, Kun Zhao, Zhenjiang Li, Jun Liang, Qingdang Li
Herein, a one-step hydrothermal tactics is developed for the preparing gold and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots by using folic acid, glycerol and chloroauric acid as raw materials. The as-prepared Au/N-CQDs with the average size of 4.01±1nm had both crystalline and amorphous carbon. Au/N-GQDs exhibited the excitation-dependent fluorescence behavior with the maximum excitation and emission at 355 and 450nm, respectively. Furthermore, Au/N-GQDs were an excellent fluorescent probe for the detection of Hg(II) based on the fluorescence quenching effect, Au/N-CQDs showed high sensitivity for detecting of Hg(II) with a detection limit of 0.118μM and the linear relationship ranged from 0 to 41.86μM. The results of the selectivity experiments illustrated that the fluorescent probe was particular for Hg(II) and it was not interfered by high concentrations other metal cations and anions. When EDTA-2Na or I⁻ was added, the fluorescence intensity of Au/N-GQDs containing Hg(II) turned on and increased to 90% of the blank sample. More importantly, the fluorescent probe based on Au/N-CQDs was successfully applied to the detection of Hg(II) in real sample. This work not only provides a novel method for the synthesis of Au/N-CQDs, but also provides a promising sensing platform for monitoring of Hg(II) in the environmental application.



http://ift.tt/2ujWkB4

The contexts and early Acheulean archaeology of the EF-HR paleo-landscape (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Human Evolution
Author(s): Ignacio de la Torre, Rosa M. Albert, Richard Macphail, Lindsay J. McHenry, Michael C. Pante, Ágata Rodríguez-Cintas, Ian G. Stanistreet, Harald Stollhofen
Renewed fieldwork at the early Acheulean site of EF-HR (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) has included detailed stratigraphic studies of the sequence, extended excavations in the main site, and has placed eleven additional trenches within an area of nearly 1 km², to sample the same stratigraphic interval as in the main trench across the broader paleo-landscape. Our new stratigraphic work suggests that EF-HR is positioned higher in the Bed II sequence than previously proposed, which has implications for the age of the site and its stratigraphic correlation to other Olduvai Middle Bed II sites. Geological research shows that the main EF-HR site was situated at the deepest part of an incised valley formed through river erosion. Archaeological excavations at the main site and nearby trenches have unearthed a large new assemblage, with more than 3000 fossils and artefacts, including a hundred handaxes in stratigraphic position. In addition, our test-trenching approach has detected conspicuous differences in the density of artefacts across the landscape, with a large cluster of archaeological material in and around the main trench, and less intense human activity at the same level in the more distant satellite trenches. All of these aspects are discussed in this paper in the light of site formation processes, behavioral contexts, and their implications for our understanding of the early Acheulean at Olduvai Gorge.



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“Taking Training to the Next Level”: The American College of Surgeons Committee on Residency Training Survey

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): Richard B. Damewood, Patrice Gabler Blair, Yoon Soo Park, Linda K. Lupi, Rachel Williams Newman, Ajit K. Sachdeva
ObjectiveThe American College of Surgeons (ACS) appointed a committee of leaders from the ACS, Association of Program Directors in Surgery, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and American Board of Surgery to define key challenges facing surgery resident training programs and to explore solutions. The committee wanted to solicit the perspectives of surgery resident program directors (PDs) given their pivotal role in residency training.DesignTwo surveys were developed, pilot tested, and administered to PDs following Institutional Review Board approval. PDs from 247 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited general surgery programs were randomized to receive 1 of the 2 surveys. Bias analyses were conducted, and adjusted Pearson χ² tests were used to test for differences in response patterns by program type and size.SettingAll accredited general surgery programs in the United States were included in the sampling frame of the survey; 10 programs with initial or withdrawn accreditation were excluded from the sampling frame.ParticipantsA total of 135 PDs responded, resulting in a 54.7% response rate (Survey A: n = 67 and Survey B: n = 68). The respondent sample was determined to be representative of program type and size.ResultsNearly 52% of PD responses were from university-based programs, and 41% had over 6 residents per graduating cohort. More than 61% of PDs reported that, compared to 10 years ago, both entering and graduating residents are less prepared in technical skills. PDs expressed significant concerns regarding the effect of duty-hour restrictions on the overall preparation of graduating residents (61%) and quality of patient care (57%). The current 5-year training structure was viewed as needing a significant or extensive increase in opportunities for resident autonomy (63%), and the greatest barriers to resident autonomy were viewed to be patient preferences not to be cared for by residents (68%), liability concerns (68%), and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulations (65%). Although 64% of PDs believe that moderate or significant changes are needed in the current structure of residency training, 35% believe that no changes in the structure are needed. When asked for their 1 best recommendation regarding the structure of surgical residency, only 22% of PDs selected retaining the current 5-year structure. The greatest percentage of PDs (28%) selected the "4 + 2" model as their 1 best recommendation for the structure to be used. In the area of faculty development, 56% of PDs supported a significant or extensive increase in Train the Teacher programs, and 41% supported a significant or extensive increase in faculty certification in education.ConclusionsInformation regarding the valuable perspectives of PDs gathered through these surveys should help in implementing important changes in residency training and faculty development. These efforts will need to be pursued collaboratively with involvement of key stakeholders, including the organizations represented on this ACS committee.



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Psychological Effect of a Mass Casualty Event on General Surgery Residents

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): William S. Havron, Karen Safcsak, Joshua Corsa, Andrew Loudon, Michael L. Cheatham
ObjectiveTo evaluate the psychological effect of a mass casualty shooting event on general surgery residents.DesignThree and 7 months following the Pulse nightclub mass casualty shooting, the mental well-being of general surgery residents employed at the receiving institution was evaluated. A voluntary and anonymous screening questionnaire for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) was administered. Responses were stratified into 2 groups; residents who worked (ON-CALL) and residents who did not work (OFF-CALL) the night of the event. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests and are reported as median with interquartile range (IQR) or percentage.SettingLevel I trauma center.ParticipantsThirty-one general surgery residents.ResultsTwenty-four residents (77%) returned the 3-month questionnaire: 10 ON-CALL and 14 OFF-CALL. There was no difference in PTSD and MD between the 2 groups (30% vs. 14%; p = 0.61) and (30% vs. 7%; p = 0.27), respectively. Twenty-three of the 24 residents responded to the 7-month questionnaire. Over time, the incidence of PTSD did not resolve in the ON-CALL group, but did resolve in the OFF-CALL group (30% vs. 0%; p = 0.07). There was no significant change in the incidence of MD in either group (30% vs. 8%; p = 0.28). At 7 months postevent, more residents in both groups stated that they had sought counseling (30% vs. 44%; p = 0.65) and (0% vs. 15%; p = 0.22).ConclusionsThe emotional toll associated with this mass casualty event had a substantial effect upon the general surgery residents involved. With the incidence of PTSD and MD identified, we believe that all residents should be provided with counseling following such events.



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Smartphone Use and the Perception of Professionalism Among Medical Students and Surgical Faculty

Publication date: Available online 7 August 2017
Source:Journal of Surgical Education
Author(s): Silka Patel, Anne Lidor, Abanti Sanyal, Alice R. Goepfert, Nancy Hueppchen
ObjectiveTo understand the perception of professionalism surrounding smartphone use (wards/educational activities) among medical students and surgical faculty.DesignA prospective cohort study was conducted using an electronic survey and distributed to third- and fourth-year medical students, obstetrics/gynecology, and surgery faculty members. Five cases were randomly presented; participants were asked to review and rate the clinician's behavior on a 5-point Likert scale.SettingThe study was completed at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, a tertiary care institution, in the departments of gyn/ob and surgery.ParticipantsA total of 123 medical students (51% response rate) from the class of 2015/2016 along with 73 surgical faculty in the departments of gyn/ob and surgery completed the study. Of the surgical faculty, 48% were ob/gyn (54% response rate) and 52% were surgery (21% response rate). Of note, when quarrying the department of surgery all surgical faculty were included, however, only those with direct student interaction were asked to complete the survey leading to the lower response rate.ResultsIn 3 of 5 scenarios, students and faculty had significant differences in perception of professionalism (p<0.05). Faculty were more likely to find behaviors unprofessional compared to students. The acceptability of certain behaviors was significantly correlated in some case scenarios with how participants reported using their smartphones. Personal use of technology appears to influence the perception of acceptable behavior in certain scenarios.



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Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Cimicifuga: A review

Publication date: Available online 4 August 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Author(s): Yaqing Guo, Tong Yin, Xiaoming Wang, Fan Zhang, Guixiang Pan, Hong Lv, Xianrui Wang, John Owoicho Orgah, Yan Zhu, Honghua Wu
Ethnopharmacological relevancePlants of the genus Cimicifuga have long been used as an ethnomedicine in China, Europe, and North America for its high medicinal value and health benefits. Their dried rhizomes are widely used for treating wind-heat headache, toothache, aphtha, sore throat, measles, spot poison, archoptosis, and uterine prolapse. In addition, it is used as a dietary supplement for preventing women menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis.Aim of the reviewThis paper aims to provide up-to-date information on the genus Cimicifuga, including botanical characterization, medicinal resources, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological research as well as the toxicology. The possible structural-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive constituents are discussed in ways that contribute to the structural optimization and preclinical safety assessment for further drug design.Materials and MethodsThe relevant information on Cimicifuga was collected from scientific databases (such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database), Chinese herbal classics, ethnobotanical books, PhD and MSc dissertations, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, local magazines, and unpublished materials. In addition, the Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org) was also used to validate the scientific names and synonyms of this plant. The literature cited in this review dated from 1953 to 2017.ResultsThe majority of chemical constituents of this plant include triterpenoid glycosides, phenylpropanoids, nitrogenous compounds, chromones, flavonoids and 4α-methyl steroid. Among them, the primary bioactive constituents are believed to be present in the triterpene glycoside fraction. To date, investigation of seven Cimicifuga spp. plants led to the identification of more than 457 compounds. Years of pharma- cological research proved that the crude extracts and certain pure compounds obtained from Cimicifuga exhibited menopausal syndrome-treatment, anti-osteoporosis, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities. On the other hand, Cimicifuga plant-induced toxicities of liver, cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous systems have also been reported. Therefore, safety consideration should be placed into a high priority for herbal medicine Cimicifuga therapy in the early stages of development and clinical trials.ConclusionsThis review presents information on botany, medicinal resources, and traditional medicinal history of some Cimicifuga plants. Modern pharmacology researchers have validated many traditional uses of Cimicifuga species. As the quality control and safety assessment of Cimicifuga plants is still incomplete, only a small part of the plant is permitted to be used as medicines. Expansion of medicinal resources in Cimicifuga is urgently needed to enable its full use. Currently research primarily focuses on the triterpenoid glycosides but there are many other types of compounds which may possess new biological activities however the systematic studies of these compounds are lacking. Extensive study is required on Cimicifuga plant before it can be fully used in clinics as a potent drug candidate.

Graphical abstract

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Survival After Isolated Post-Operative Troponin Elevation

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Global Coronary Blood Flow Reserve at the Coronary Sinus: Can Old Tricks Find New Roles?

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Biomarker-Based Risk Model to Predict Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Stable Coronary Disease

AbstractBackground

Currently, there is no generally accepted model to predict outcomes in stable coronary heart disease (CHD).

Objectives

This study evaluated and compared the prognostic value of biomarkers and clinical variables to develop a biomarker-based prediction model in patients with stable CHD.

Methods

In a prospective, randomized trial cohort of 13,164 patients with stable CHD, we analyzed several candidate biomarkers and clinical variables and used multivariable Cox regression to develop a clinical prediction model based on the most important markers. The primary outcome was cardiovascular (CV) death, but model performance was also explored for other key outcomes. It was internally bootstrap validated, and externally validated in 1,547 patients in another study.

Results

During a median follow-up of 3.7 years, there were 591 cases of CV death. The 3 most important biomarkers were N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, where NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT had greater prognostic value than any other biomarker or clinical variable. The final prediction model included age (A), biomarkers (B) (NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and clinical variables (C) (smoking, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral arterial disease). This "ABC-CHD" model had high discriminatory ability for CV death (c-index 0.81 in derivation cohort, 0.78 in validation cohort), with adequate calibration in both cohorts.

Conclusions

This model provided a robust tool for the prediction of CV death in patients with stable CHD. As it is based on a small number of readily available biomarkers and clinical factors, it can be widely employed to complement clinical assessment and guide management based on CV risk. (The Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy Trial [STABILITY]; NCT00799903)

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Neutrophil Count Is Associated With Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Biomarker-Based Risk Models to Risk Stratify Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease

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Challenges in the Design and Interpretation of Noninferiority Trials: Insights From Recent Stent Trials

Abstract

The noninferiority design is used extensively in current clinical research, but its complex features may hamper the appropriate interpretation of such trials. Thus, understanding the pillars of noninferiority design is indispensable. The authors discuss fundamental concepts regarding the design and interpretation of noninferiority trials and then explore some common methodological criticism by analyzing a sample of contemporary coronary stent trials. Finally, the authors give an overall perspective to enhance the design and conduct of future trials.

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Implant and Midterm Outcomes of the Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Registry: The EFFORTLESS Study

AbstractBackground

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) was developed to defibrillate ventricular arrhythmias, avoiding drawbacks of transvenous leads. The global EFFORTLESS S-ICD (Evaluation oF FactORs ImpacTing CLinical Outcome and Cost EffectiveneSS of the S-ICD) registry is collecting outcomes in 985 patients during a 5-year follow-up.

Objectives

The primary goal of the EFFORTLESS registry is to determine the safety of the S-ICD by evaluating complications and inappropriate shock rate.

Methods

This is the first report on the full patient cohort and study endpoints with follow-up ≥1 year. The predefined endpoints are 30- and 360-day complications, and shocks for atrial fibrillation or supraventricular tachycardia.

Results

Patients were followed for 3.1 ± 1.5 years and 82 completed the study protocol 5-year visit. Average age was 48 years, 28% were women, ejection fraction was 43 ± 18%, and 65% had a primary prevention indication. The S-ICD system and procedure complication rate was 4.1% at 30 days and 8.4% at 360 days. The 1-year complication rate trended toward improvement from the first to last quartile of enrollment (11.3% [quartile 1]) to 7.8% [quartile 2], 6.6% [quartile 3], and 7.4% [quartile 4]; quartile 1 vs. quartiles 2 to 4; p = 0.06). Few device extractions occurred due to need for antitachycardia (n = 5), or biventricular (n = 4) or bradycardia pacing (n = 1). Inappropriate shocks occurred in 8.1% at 1 year and 11.7% after 3.1 years. At implant, 99.5% of patients had a successful conversion of induced ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The 1- and 5-year rates of appropriate shock were 5.8% and 13.5%, respectively. Conversion success for discrete spontaneous episodes was 97.4% overall.

Conclusions

This registry demonstrates that the S-ICD fulfills predefined endpoints for safety and efficacy. Midterm performance rates on complications, inappropriate shocks, and conversion efficacy were comparable to rates observed in transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator studies. (Evaluation oF Factors ImpacTing CLinical Outcome and Cost EffectiveneSS of the S-ICD [The EFFORTLESS S-ICD Registry]; NCT01085435)

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Reply: Low-Risk Lifestyle Is a Strong Predictor of Outcomes Across Populations With Different Cardiovascular Health Manifestations

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Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Finding a Place in Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention: Emerging or Emerged?

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JACC Instructions for Authors

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Clinical Outcomes With a Repositionable Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Prosthesis: The International FORWARD Study

AbstractBackground

Clinical outcomes in large patient populations from real-world clinical practice with a next-generation self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve are lacking.

Objectives

This study sought to document the clinical and device performance outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a next-generation, self-expanding transcatheter heart valve (THV) system in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) in routine clinical practice.

Methods

The FORWARD (CoreValve Evolut R FORWARD) study is a prospective, single-arm, multinational, multicenter, observational study. An independent clinical events committee adjudicated safety endpoints based on Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 definitions. An independent echocardiographic core laboratory evaluated all echocardiograms. From January 2016 to December 2016, TAVR with the next-generation self-expanding THV was attempted in 1,038 patients with symptomatic, severe AS at 53 centers on 4 continents.

Results

Mean age was 81.8 ± 6.2 years, 64.9% were women, the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality was 5.5 ± 4.5%, and 33.9% of patients were deemed frail. The repositioning feature of the THV was applied in 25.8% of patients. A single valve was implanted in the proper anatomic location in 98.9% of patients. The mean aortic valve gradient was 8.5 ± 5.6 mm Hg, and moderate or severe aortic regurgitation was 1.9% at discharge. All-cause mortality was 1.9%, and disabling stroke occurred in 1.8% at 30 days. The expected-to-observed early surgical mortality ratio was 0.35. A pacemaker was implanted in 17.5% of patients.

Conclusions

TAVR using the next-generation THV is clinically safe and effective for treating older patients with severe AS at increased operative risk. (CoreValve Evolut R FORWARD Study [FORWARD]; NCT02592369)

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Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of death in T2D. Yet, <50% of U.S. adults with T2D meet recommended guidelines for CVD prevention. The burden of T2D is increasing: by 2050, approximately 1 in 3 U.S. individuals may have T2D, and patients with T2D will comprise an increasingly large proportion of the CVD population. The authors believe it is imperative that we expand the use of therapies proven to reduce CVD risk in patients with T2D. The authors summarize evidence and guidelines for lifestyle (exercise, nutrition, and weight management) and CVD risk factor (blood pressure, cholesterol and blood lipids, glycemic control, and the use of aspirin) management for the prevention of CVD among patients with T2D. The authors believe appropriate lifestyle and CVD risk factor management has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of CVD among patients with T2D.

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A Move FORWARD in the Evolution of TAVR?

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Value-Based Health Care in Latin America: An Urgent Discussion

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Increasing Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Permanent Atrial Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease

AbstractBackground

Atrial arrhythmias are the most common complication encountered in the growing and aging population with congenital heart disease.

Objectives

This study sought to assess the types and patterns of atrial arrhythmias, associated factors, and age-related trends.

Methods

A multicenter cohort study enrolled 482 patients with congenital heart disease and atrial arrhythmias, age 32.0 ± 18.0 years, 45.2% female, from 12 North American centers. Qualifying arrhythmias were classified by a blinded adjudicating committee.

Results

The most common presenting arrhythmia was intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia (IART) (61.6%), followed by atrial fibrillation (28.8%), and focal atrial tachycardia (9.5%). The proportion of arrhythmias due to IART increased with congenital heart disease complexity from 47.2% to 62.1% to 67.0% in patients with simple, moderate, and complex defects, respectively (p = 0.0013). Atrial fibrillation increased with age to surpass IART as the most common arrhythmia in those ≥50 years of age (51.2% vs. 44.2%; p < 0.0001). Older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.024 per year; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.010 to 1.039; p = 0.001) and hypertension (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08 to 3.71; p = 0.029) were independently associated with atrial fibrillation. During a mean follow-up of 11.3 ± 9.4 years, the predominant arrhythmia pattern was paroxysmal in 62.3%, persistent in 28.2%, and permanent in 9.5%. Permanent atrial arrhythmias increased with age from 3.1% to 22.6% in patients <20 years to ≥50 years, respectively (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

IART is the most common presenting atrial arrhythmia in patients with congenital heart disease, with a predominantly paroxysmal pattern. However, atrial fibrillation increases in prevalence and atrial arrhythmias progressively become permanent as the population ages.

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Safety and Performance of Lithoplasty for Treatment of Calcified Peripheral Artery Lesions

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Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Permanent Atrial Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease: Sequel or Series?

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Low-Risk Lifestyle Is a Strong Predictor of Outcomes Across Populations With Different Cardiovascular Health Manifestations

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Stress Perfusion Coronary Flow Reserve Versus Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Known or Suspected CAD

AbstractBackground

Phase-contrast (PC) cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the coronary sinus is a noninvasive method to quantify coronary flow reserve (CFR).

Objectives

This study sought to compare the prognostic value of CFR by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and stress perfusion CMR to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Methods

Participants included 276 patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and 400 with suspected CAD. CFR was calculated as myocardial blood flow during adenosine triphosphate infusion divided by myocardial blood flow at rest using PC cine MRI of the coronary sinus.

Results

During a median follow-up of 2.3 years, 47 patients (7%) experienced MACE. Impaired CFR (<2.0) and >10% ischemia on stress perfusion CMR were significantly associated with MACE in patients with known CAD (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.17 and HR: 5.10, respectively) and suspected CAD (HR: 14.16 and HR: 6.50, respectively). The area under the curve for predicting MACE was 0.773 for CFR and 0.731 for stress perfusion CMR (p = 0.58) for patients with known CAD, and 0.885 for CFR and 0.776 for stress perfusion CMR (p = 0.059) in the group with suspected CAD. In patients with known CAD, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values to predict MACE were 64%, 91%, 38%, and 97%, respectively, for CFR, and 82%, 59%, 15%, and 97%, respectively, for stress perfusion CMR. In the suspected CAD group, these values were 65%, 99%, 80%, and 97%, respectively, for CFR, and 72%, 83%, 22%, and 98%, respectively, for stress perfusion CMR.

Conclusions

The predictive values of CFR and stress perfusion CMR for MACE were comparable in patients with known CAD. In patients with suspected CAD, CFR showed higher HRs and areas under the curve than stress perfusion CMR, suggesting that CFR assessment by PC cine MRI might provide better risk stratification for patients with suspected CAD.

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Reply: Neutrophil Count Is Associated With Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Electrophoretic Deposition of MgO Nanoparticles Imparts Antibacterial Properties to Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Orthopedic Applications.

Related Articles

Electrophoretic Deposition of MgO Nanoparticles Imparts Antibacterial Properties to Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Orthopedic Applications.

J Biomed Mater Res A. 2017 Aug 07;:

Authors: Hickey DJ, Muthusamy D, Webster TJ

Abstract
Bacterial infection of implanted biomaterials is a serious problem that increases health care costs and negatively affects a considerable fraction of orthopedic procedures. In this field, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have emerged as a promising material to combat bacterial infection while maintaining or improving bone cell functions. Here, MgO NPs were electrophoretically deposited onto poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) sheets to achieve a coating of highly exposed MgO NPs that directly influenced cell-substrate interactions at short time scales. Samples were characterized for their surface chemistry, crystal structure, roughness, wettability, degradation characteristics, and their ability to support the growth of human fibroblasts and osteoblasts, as well as their resistance to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In general, increasing the applied voltage during deposition increased the surface coverage of the coating and significantly decreased the colonization of all three bacterial strains (up to a 90% reduction). Furthermore, S. aureus cells that did attach onto substrates prepared at high voltages exhibited trademark signs of membrane damage and cell death. Importantly, MTS cell viability assays indicated that osteoblast adhesion increased with increasing deposition voltage, while fibroblast adhesion exhibited the opposite trend. Thus, although requiring more studies, this research provides the first evidence that MgO NP coatings prepared at relatively high voltages (120V - 150V) may have the ability to resist bacterial colonization, promote bone cell attachment, and curb fibrous capsule formation. Therefore, it is recommended that this technology be further investigated and developed for numerous orthopedic applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28782240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Effect of first-flush device, roofing material, and antecedent dry days on water quality of harvested rainwater

Abstract

Two rainwater harvesting systems, which included first-flush diversion devices, connected to the roofs of two adjacent buildings, were monitored for water quality. The roofs were constructed from different materials, i.e., one roof was covered with ceramic tiles and the other was made of concrete. Water quality samples from the two storage tanks and the first-flush devices were collected and analyzed, showing satisfactory water quality in the tanks for residential non-potable use, while the water in the first-flush device was of poorer quality. Between the two collection surfaces, statistically significant differences were found only in the concentrations of NH₄-N, orthophosphate, and Ca²⁺. Total coliforms were detected in both the storage tanks and the first-flush devices, indicating that disinfection of harvested rainwater may be necessary if it is collected for potable uses. Finally, first-flush water quality was related to antecedent dry days, showing that when the number of dry days increased, the accumulation of materials on the concrete roof was reduced while it was increased on the ceramic tile roof. This is attributed to the fact that the concrete roof is nearly horizontal (very slightly sloped), and the wind action easily removes various materials which accumulate on it.

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Combined effect of enzyme inducers and nitrate on selective lignin degradation in wheat straw by Ganoderma lobatum

Abstract

Lignin is one of the main barriers to obtaining added-value products from cellulosic fraction of lignocellulosic biomass due to its random aromatic structure and strong association with cellulose and hemicellulose. Inorganic and organic compounds have been used as enzyme inducers to increase the ligninolytic potential of white-rot fungi, without considering their effect on the selectivity of degradation. In this study, the selective lignin degradation in wheat straw by Ganoderma lobatum was optimized using a central composite design to evaluate the combined effect of Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ as inducers of ligninolytic enzymes and NO₃⁻ as an additional nitrogen source. Selective lignin degradation was promoted to maximize lignin degradation and minimize weight losses. The optimal conditions were 0.18 M NO₃⁻, 0.73 mM Fe²⁺, and 1 mM Mn²⁺, which resulted in 50.0% lignin degradation and 18.5% weight loss after 40 days of fungal treatment. A decrease in absorbance at 1505 and 900 cm⁻¹ in fungal-treated samples was observed in the FTIR spectra, indicating lignin and cellulose degradation in fungal-treated wheat straw, respectively. The main ligninolytic enzymes detected during lignin degradation were manganese-dependent and manganese-independent peroxidases. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that lignin degradation in wheat straw by G. lobatum resulted in higher cellulose accessibility. We concluded that the addition of enzyme inducers and NO₃⁻ promotes selective lignin degradation in wheat straw by G. lobatum.

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Cosmetics, Vol. 4, Pages 27: Assessment of Functional Stability of Photoprotective Formulations Containing Rutin Succinate

Cosmetics, Vol. 4, Pages 27: Assessment of Functional Stability of Photoprotective Formulations Containing Rutin Succinate

Cosmetics doi: 10.3390/cosmetics4030027

Authors: Carla Moraes Elizabeth Arêas Maria Velasco

The aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and functional stability of two different self-emulsified oil/water (O/W) systems. Each system contained 0.4% w/w rutin succinate, which was associated or not with the photo-unstable chemical (7.5% w/w of 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate and 3.0% w/w of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) or physical filters (3.0% w/w titanium dioxide). A Normal Stability Test was carried out with the formulations containing rutin succinate (S) associated either with sunscreens (MS) or not (M) for 90 days. The formulation systems were assessed for organoleptic, functional, physicochemical and rheological behavior parameters. The MS formulation was found to be homogenous and had no significant alterations of pH, hysteresis area, antiradical activity or Sun Protection Factor values. Such stability was mainly observed when the formulation was incorporated into base cream A. The ability of chemical filters to resist degradation caused by UV radiation in the presence of rutin succinate preventing lipid peroxidation by entrapment of initiator radicals is a mechanism that might explain the results. The combination of rutin succinate to chemical filters improved formulation functionality, as it led to a more stable formulation which maintained the effectiveness of the added sunscreens. Consumer acceptance could be improved, considering that film formation and rheological spreadability characteristics of the tested formulation are better than those of traditional formulations.

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Allicin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Abstract

Purpose

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly active antineoplastic agent; however, its clinical use is limited due to associated cardiotoxicity. This study was performed to evaluate the beneficial effects of allicin, a dietary garlic active constituent against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Methods

Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups, which received normal saline, oral allicin (20 mg kg⁻¹ once daily), intraperitoneal DOX (on the 7, 9 and 11th day of the experiment), or DOX plus once daily allicin at 10 or 20 mg kg⁻¹. Sera were collected for evaluation of cardiac injury markers and proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, heart tissue spacemen were harvested for determination of oxidative stress markers, as well as for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

DOX administration induced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in cardiac tissue level of reduced glutathione and activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase). Moreover, it induced significant (p < 0.05) elevations in cardiac tissue concentrations of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde as well as serum levels of cardiac injury biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). The histopathological examination showed necrotic and degenerative changes in the cardiac tissue, while immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked myocardial expression of activated caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2, following DOX adminstration. Allicin pretreatment significantly improved (p < 0.05) all examined parameters, and restored the cardiac architecture.

Conclusion

The current study demonstrated that allicin effectively mitigates cardiac oxidative damage, apoptosis and inflammation, induced by acute DOX intoxication. Therefore, allicin could be a promising cytoprotective agent against DOX cardiotoxicity.

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Controlling 212Bi to 212Pb activity concentration ratio in thoron chambers

Publication date: November 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 178–179
Author(s): Zhengzhong He, Detao Xiao, Lidan Lv, Qingzhi Zhou, Jian Shan, Shoukang Qiu, Xijun Wu
It is necessary to establish a reference atmosphere in a thoron chamber containing various ratios of ²¹²Bi to ²¹²Pb activity concentrations (C(²¹²Bi)/C(²¹²Pb)) to simulate typical environmental conditions (e.g., indoor or underground atmospheres). In this study, a novel method was developed for establishing and controlling C(²¹²Bi)/C(²¹²Pb) in a thoron chamber system based on an aging chamber and air recirculation loops which alter the ventilation rate. The effects of main factors on the C(²¹²Bi)/C(²¹²Pb) were explored, and a steady-state theoretical model was derived to calculate the ratio. The results show that the C(²¹²Bi)/C(²¹²Pb) inside the chamber is mainly dependent on ventilation rate. Ratios ranging from 0.33 to 0.83 are available under various ventilation. The stability coefficient of the ratios is better than 7%. The experimental results are close to the theoretical calculated results, which indicates that the model can serve as a guideline for the quantitative control of C(²¹²Bi)/C(²¹²Pb).



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Low 134Cs/137Cs ratio anomaly in the north-northwest direction from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station

Publication date: November 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 178–179
Author(s): Shingo Kobayashi, Takayuki Shinomiya, Takahiro Ishikawa, Hitoshi Imaseki, Kazuki Iwaoka, Hisashi Kitamura, Satoshi Kodaira, Keisuke Kobayashi, Masakazu Oikawa, Norihiro Miyaushiro, Yoshio Takashima, Yukio Uchihori
A low ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio anomaly in the north-northwest (NNW) direction from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) is identified by a new analysis of the ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio dataset which we had obtained in 2011–2015 by a series of car-borne surveys that employed a germanium gamma-ray spectrometer. We found that the ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio is slightly lower (0.95, decay-corrected to March 11, 2011) in an area with a length of about 15 km and a width of about 3 km in the NNW direction from the FDNPS than in other directions from the station. Furthermore, the area of this lower ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio anomaly corresponds to a narrow contamination band that runs NNW from the FDNPS and it is nearly parallel with the major and heaviest contamination band in the west-northwest. The plume trace with a low ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio previously found by other researchers within the 3-km radius of the FDNPS is in a part of the area with the lower ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio anomaly that we found. Our result suggests that this lower ¹³⁴Cs/¹³⁷Cs ratio anomaly is the area which was contaminated before March 13, 2011 (UTC) in association with the hydrogen explosion of Unit 1 on March 12, 2011 at 06:36 (UTC) and it was less influenced by later subsequent plumes.



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NCI study identifies essential genes for cancer immunotherapy

A new NCI study identifies genes in cancer cells that are necessary for them to be killed by T cells, and therefore could be partially responsible for why immunotherapy doesn't work in some patients.

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Maternal Resveratrol Treatment Reduces the Risk of Mammary Carcinogenesis in Female Offspring Prenatally Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin

Abstract

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) presents adverse effects on breast development/carcinogenesis. This study aimed to identify the ability of resveratrol (Res) to modify the adverse effects of TCDD in a female offspring. Pregnant female Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: TCDD, TCDD + Res, Res, and control. TCDD (1 μg/kg) was orally administered as a single dose on gestational day (GD) 15, and Res was orally administered during GD10–21 and lactation at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. Female offsprings were euthanized on a specific postnatal day (PND) for hormonal analysis (PND 22, 48–51), vaginal opening (PND 30–48), and mammary gland morphology (PND 22). Other females received two doses of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU, 50 mg/kg) on PNDs 22 and 51 and were euthanized on PND 24 (Ki-67, ER-α and apoptosis indexes or molecular analysis) or PND 180 (tumor assay). TCDD exposure altered the development of the mammary structure while these alterations were partially improved by maternal Res. Two days after first MNU administration, some genes associated with apoptosis were altered in the mammary tissue from the TCDD group (Bax and Caspase 3 down- and Bcl-2 upregulated) but were also partially reestablished by maternal Res. Mammary gland bcl-2 and bcl-xl proteins expression was increased while the apoptosis index was reduced by TCDD exposure but restored by maternal Res. An increase in number of mammary tumors was observed in female offspring from the TCDD group compared to the other groups. The results indicate that most mammary changes induced in female offspring through TCDD exposure or after MNU administrations were reduced by maternal resveratrol treatment.

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