Quantification of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA using a low-cost real-time polymerase chain reaction

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M.I. Petersen, I. Alvarez, K.G. Trono, J.P. Jaworski
The detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral DNA is an important tool to address whether an animal is infected with BLV. Compared with serological assays, real-time PCR accounts for greater sensitivity and can serve as a confirmatory test for the clarification of inconclusive or discordant serological test results. However, the high cost related to real-time PCR assays has limited their systematic inclusion in BLV surveillance and eradication programs. The aim of the present study was to validate a low-cost quantitative real-time PCR. Interestingly, by using SYBR Green detection dye, we were able to reduce the cost of a single reaction by a factor of 5 compared with most common assays based on the use of fluorogenic probes (i.e., TaqMan technology). This approach allowed a highly sensitive and specific detection and quantification of BLV proviral DNA from purified peripheral blood leukocytes and a milk matrix. Due to its simplicity and low cost, our in-house BLV SYBR quantitative real-time PCR might be used either as a screening or as a confirmatory test in BLV control programs.



https://ift.tt/2GUgBzo

Laboratory evaluation of a novel rapid tube test system for differentiation of mastitis-causing pathogen groups

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): S. Leimbach, V. Krömker
Because clinical mastitis, one of the most common diseases in dairy cows, is routinely treated with antimicrobial substances, it offers a high potential for future reduction of antimicrobial usage. In fact, intramammary antibiotic administration is not advisable in cases of clinical mastitis caused by coliform bacteria, yeasts, or protothecae or in cases with no detectable mastitis pathogen. To avoid unnecessary treatments with antimicrobials for the benefit of animal health and public welfare, the rapid identification of the mastitis-causing pathogens becomes necessary. Therefore, 4 different incubation time schemes for a newly developed tube test system (MastDecide, Quidee GmbH, Homberg, Germany) were analyzed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and apparent and true prevalence compared with the conventional microbiological investigation results for 251 clinical mastitis milk samples from 11 dairy farms located in northern Germany. An aliquot (100 µL) of a quarter foremilk sample was taken in both cases. The evaluation of the tube test result after 14 h of incubation at 37°C resulted in sensitivity values of 83.6, 72.2, and 70.7% and specificity values of 94.1, 83.3, and 90.8% for gram-positive cocci, coliform bacteria, and no growth or further pathogens, respectively. Moreover, for the present pathogen distribution, the overall tube test sensitivity was highest after 14 h of incubation (sensitivity = 80.9%; specificity = 70.7%). The described tube test system has the potential to provide a new option for an evidence-based mastitis therapy, with the aim of reducing the future usage of antimicrobials in dairy cows and a larger goal of decreasing antimicrobial resistance. However, a subsequent on-farm test validation should be performed before implementation in an evidence-based mastitis therapy concept can be recommended.



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Effects of feeding milk replacer at 2 rates with pelleted, low-starch or texturized, high-starch starters on calf performance and digestion

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): J.D. Quigley, T.M. Hill, T.S. Dennis, F.X. Suarez-Mena, R.L. Schlotterbeck
Milk replacer (MR) feeding programs have traditionally fed at less than ad libitum amounts to promote calf starter (CS) intake and allow early weaning. More recently, increased amounts of MR preweaning have been shown to increase preweaning ADG, although postweaning growth may be reduced. Several studies suggest that limited postweaning digestion of nutrients in CS may contribute to postweaning growth impairment. It is not clear whether CS formulation might also contribute to differences in postweaning nutrient digestion when calves are fed different MR programs. A 56-d feeding and digestion trial was conducted to compare growth and digestion in 2- to 3-d-old male Holstein calves (n = 48; initially 41.9 kg of body weight) fed a moderate (MRM) or high (MRH) MR program and either a pelleted CS containing 9.9% starch or a texturized CS containing 41.3% starch. Programs were 0.66 kg of dry matter (DM)/d of MR to d 46, then 0.33 kg/d to d 49 (MRM) and 0.85 kg of DM/d to d 5, then 1.07 kg/d to d 42, then 0.53 kg/d to d 49 (MRH). The MR contained 25% crude protein and 18.6% fat and was reconstituted to 13 (MRM) or 15% (MRH) solids. Calves were also assigned randomly to receive a pelleted CS (9.9% starch, 36.9% NDF) or a textured CS (41.3% starch, 13.3% NDF) and water for ad libitum intake for 56 d. During d 31 to 35 and 52 to 56, fecal samples were collected from 5 calves per treatment for estimates of digestibility. Selected nutrients and chromic oxide (d 31–35) or acid-insoluble ash (d 52–56) were analyzed in feed and feces to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Repeated measures analysis was performed when data were measured by week. Calves fed MRH gained more body weight (but not hip width) and were more efficient to weaning compared with calves fed MRM, although fecal scores and days treated with medications were greater. We found no effect of CS on animal performance, although calves fed textured CS had higher fecal scores. Digestibilities of nutrients were affected by treatment and time of sampling (5 or 8 wk). At 5 wk, digestion of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and fat were lower and digestion of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were higher in calves fed MRM and reflected greater CS intake. Also, digestion of DM, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, starch, crude protein, and fat were greater in calves fed textured CS at 5 wk. By 8 wk, when CS was the only source of nutrients, digestion of DM, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were greater in calves fed MRM and digestion of DM and organic matter were greater, and acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber digestion were lower in calves fed textured CS. Formulation of CS as well as amount of MR offered to young calves influenced animal performance and digestion in this study.



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An evaluation of the effectiveness of a chemical additive based on sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Limin Kung, Megan L. Smith, Erica Benjamim da Silva, Michelle C. Windle, Thiago C. da Silva, Stephanie A. Polukis
We evaluated the effectiveness of an additive comprising sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite (SSL) as active ingredients for its ability to improve the aerobic stability of corn silages made in North America. In experiment 1, treatment with SSL (1.5 and 2.0 L/t) on whole-plant corn (WPC) was compared with treatment with an additive containing buffered propionic acid and citric acid (BPA; 2 L/t) on corn harvested at 32 and 38% DM and ensiled for 120 d. Silage treated with BPA was higher in ammonia-N and propionic acid relative to other treatments. Treatments with all of the additives had numerically, but not statistically, fewer yeasts compared with untreated silage. Both application rates of SSL resulted in lower concentrations of ethanol compared with untreated and BPA silages. Treatment with BPA improved the aerobic stability of silages compared with untreated silage, but the effect from SSL was markedly greater. In experiment 2, WPC was untreated or treated with 2 or 3 L of SSL/t or a microbial inoculant containing Enterococcus faecium M74, Lactobacillus plantarum CH6072, and Lactobacillus buchneri LN1819 (final total lactic acid bacteria application rate of 150,000 cfu/g of fresh forage). Silages were air stressed for 24 h at 28 and 42 d of storage and ensiled for 49 d before opening. Inoculation had no effect on acid end products, ethanol, number of yeasts, or aerobic stability compared with other treatments. Treatment with SSL decreased the amount of ethanol, had no effect on number of yeasts, and improved aerobic stability in a dose-dependent manner compared with other treatments. In experiment 3, WPC was untreated or treated with 2 L of SSL/t and ensiled for 5, 15, and 30 d. Treatment with SSL resulted in silage with fewer yeasts and lower concentrations of ethanol after all times of ensiling compared with untreated silage. In addition, SSL improved aerobic stability after each period of ensiling, but the effect was more at 15 and 30 d compared with 5 d of storage. Treating WPC with SSL can improve the aerobic stability of corn silage made in North America, and the effect can be observed as soon as 5 d after ensiling.



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Effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin on immune responses and somatotropic axis

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): A.L. Belli, R.B. Reis, A. Veronese, R. Moreira, K. Flanagan, J. Driver, C.D. Nelson, J.A. Clapper, M.A. Ballou, K.C. Jeong, R.C. Chebel
Weaning may be associated with negative energy balance and body weight loss when calves are still immunologically immature, predisposing them to infectious diseases. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of treatment of preweaning dairy calves with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on the somatotropic axis, selected immune parameters, and hematology of calves around weaning. Thirty-six Holstein female calves were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 to 1.8 mg of rbST (Posilac, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) per kilogram of body weight or to receive injections of saline (saline solution 0.9%, Valley Vet Supply, Marysville, KS) every 7 d from 21 to 63 d of life. Calves were fed milk replacer ad libitum from birth to 38 d of age (d −11), when progressive weaning started, and calves were weaned at 49 d of age (d 0). Calves were weighed at birth and weekly from 21 to 63 d of age, when wither height also was measured. Calves were vaccinated with 0.5 mg of ovalbumin on study d −28 and −7. Blood samples were collected on d −28, −25, −21, −11, 0, 3, 7, and 14. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated and challenged ex vivo with Escherichia coli to determine phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity. Additionally, expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)62L and CD18 by granulocyte, lymphocyte, and CD14+ monocyte were determined. Blood samples were also used to determine hematological parameters and concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, glucose, fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, and anti-ovalbumin IgG. Calves treated with rbST had greater concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 from d −25 to 14 than control calves, whereas insulin, fatty acid, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not differ. On d −11, glucose concentration was greater for rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect polymorphonuclear lymphocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst, but intensity of expression of CD62L and CD18 by granulocytes tended to be increased by rbST treatment. Treatment did not affect the concentration of anti-ovalbumin IgG in serum. Haptoglobin concentration was reduced in rbST treated calves on d 3 and we noted a tendency for hematocrit to be lower in rbST-treated calves. Treatment did not affect body weight, wither height, and average daily gain, despite the fact that rbST-treated calves had lower daily milk replacer intake. The relatively minor improvements in immune responses resulting from rbST treatment of weaning calves may not be sufficient to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases.



https://ift.tt/2GR01AI

Interaction between the physical forms of starter and forage source on growth performance and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): H. Omidi-Mirzaei, A. Azarfar, A. Kiani, M. Mirzaei, M.H. Ghaffari
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the physical forms of starter and forage sources on feed intake, growth performance, rumen pH, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. Forty male Holstein calves (41.3 ± 3.5 kg of body weight) were used (n = 10 calves per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the factors being physical forms of starter (coarse mash and texturized) and forage source [alfalfa hay (AH) and wheat straw (WS)]. Individually housed calves were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments, including (1) coarsely mashed (CM; coarse ground grains combined with a mash supplement) starter feed with AH (CM-AH), (2) coarsely mashed starter feed with WS (CM-WS), (3) texturized feed starter (TF; includes steam-flaked corn, steam-rolled barley combined with a pelleted supplement) with AH (TF-AH), and (4) TF with WS (TF-WS). Both starters had the same ingredients and nutrient compositions but differed in their physical forms. Calves were weaned on d 56 and remained in the study until d 70. All calves had free access to drinking water and the starter feeding at all times. No interaction was detected between the physical forms of starter feeds and forage source concerning starter intake, dry matter intake, metabolizable energy (ME) intake, average daily gain (ADG)/ME intake, ADG, and feed efficiency (FE). The preweaning and overall starter feed intake, dry matter intake, and ME intake were greater for calves fed TF starter diets than those fed CM starter diets. The ADG/ME intake was greater for calves fed TF starter diets than that fed CM starter. The FE was greater for calves fed TF starter diets compared with those fed CM starter during the preweaning, postweaning, and overall periods. The WS improved FE during the postweaning period compared with AH. The physical form of starter, forage source, and their interaction did not affect plasma glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations. Ruminal pH was greater for calves fed TF starter diets than those fed CM starter on d 30 of life. An interaction was observed between the physical forms of starter diets and forage source for β-hydroxybutyrate on d 28. These results showed that when starter diets contained similar ingredients and nutrient contents, processing calf starters to reduce the number of fine particles can improve the growth performance in dairy calves. Furthermore, the provision of WS improved FE and ADG of calves during the postweaning period.



https://ift.tt/2HuZpSo

Selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry of mastitis milk reveals pathogen-specific regulation of bovine host response proteins

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Ulrike Kusebauch, Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano, Stine L. Bislev, Robert L. Moritz, Christine M. Røntved, Emøke Bendixen
Mastitis is a major challenge to bovine health. The detection of sensitive markers for mastitis in dairy herds is of great demand. Suitable biomarkers should be measurable in milk and should report pathogen-specific changes at an early stage to support earlier diagnosis and more efficient treatment. However, the identification of sensitive biomarkers in milk has remained a challenge, in part due to their relatively low concentration in milk. In the present study, we used a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry approach, which allowed the absolute quantitation of 13 host response proteins in milk for the first time. These proteins were measured over a 54-h period upon an in vivo challenge with cell wall components from either gram-negative (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli; LPS) or gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus; PGN). Whereas our data clearly demonstrate that all challenged animals have consistent upregulation of innate immune response proteins after both LPS and PGN challenge, the data also reveal clearly that LPS challenge unleashes faster and shows a more intense host response compared with PGN challenge. Biomarker candidates that may distinguish between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria include α-2 macroglobulin, α-1 antitrypsin, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A3, cluster of differentiation 14, calgranulin B, cathepsin C, vanin-1, galectin 1, galectin 3, and IL-8. Our approach can support further studies of large cohorts of animals with natural occurring mastitis, to validate the relevance of these suggested biomarkers in dairy production.



https://ift.tt/2GUMwQr

Feeding reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles to lactating Holstein dairy cows does not alter milk composition or cause late blowing in cheese

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): E.D. Testroet, D.C. Beitz, M.R. O'Neil, A.L. Mueller, H.A. Ramirez-Ramirez, S. Clark
Feeding dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) to lactating dairy cows has been implicated as a cause of late blowing defects in the production of Swiss-style cheeses. Our objectives were (1) to test the effect of feeding reduced-fat DDGS (RF-DDGS; ∼6% fat) to lactating dairy cows on the composition of milk and on the suitability of the milk for production of baby Swiss cheese and (2) to evaluate the effect of diet on cow lactation performance. Lactating Holstein dairy cows were fed both dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Cows were housed in a 48-cow freestall pen equipped with individual feeding gates to record feed intake. The control diet was a corn, corn silage, and alfalfa hay diet supplemented with mechanically expelled soybean meal. The experimental diet was the same base ration, but 20% (dry matter basis) RF-DDGS were included in place of the expelled soybean meal. The RF-DDGS diet was additionally supplemented with rumen-protected lysine; diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Cows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water, fed twice daily, and milked 3 times daily. For cheese production, milk was collected and pooled 6 times for each dietary treatment. There was no treatment effect on milk yield (35.66 and 35.39 kg/d), milk fat production (1.27 and 1.25 kg/d), milk fat percentage (3.65 and 3.61%), milk protein production (1.05 and 1.08 kg/d), lactose percentage (4.62 and 4.64%), milk total solids (12.19 and 12.28%), and somatic cell count (232.57 and 287.22 × 10³ cells/mL) for control and RF-DDGS, respectively. However, dry matter intake was increased by treatment, which implied a reduction in feed efficiency. Milk protein percentage also increased (3.01 and 3.11%), whereas milk urea nitrogen decreased (14.18 and 12.99 mg/dL), indicating that protein utilization may be more efficient when cows are fed RF-DDGS. No differences in cheese were observed by a trained panel except cheese appearance; control cheese eyes were significantly, but not practically, larger than the RF-DDGS cheese. These results indicate that RF-DDGS can be effectively used in the rations of lactating Holstein cows with no deleterious effects on milk production and composition and metrics of the physiology of the cow (i.e., blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acids); however, feeding RF-DDGS increased dry matter intake, which decreased feed efficiency. Finally, feeding RF-DDGS did not negatively influence quality and suitability of milk for production of baby Swiss cheese.



https://ift.tt/2Hwc1c4

In vitro bioassessment of the immunomodulatory activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae components using bovine macrophages and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Z. Li, H. Kang, Q. You, F. Ossa, P. Mead, M. Quinton, N.A. Karrow
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its components are used for the prevention and treatment of enteric disease in different species; therefore, they may also be useful for preventing Johne's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The objective of this study was to identify potential immunomodulatory S. cerevisiae components using a bovine macrophage cell line (BOMAC). The BOMAC phagocytic activity, reactive oxygen species production, and immune-related gene (IL6, IL10, IL12p40, IL13, IL23), transforming growth factor β, ARG1, CASP1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were investigated when BOMAC were cocultured with cell wall components from 4 different strains (A, B, C, and D) and 2 forms of dead yeast from strain A. The BOMAC phagocytosis of mCherry-labeled MAP was concentration-dependently attenuated when BOMAC were cocultured with yeast components for 6 h. Each yeast derivative also induced a concentration-dependent increase in BOMAC reactive oxygen species production after a 6-h exposure. In addition, BOMAC mRNA expression of the immune-related genes was investigated after 6 and 24 h of exposure to yeast components. All yeast components were found to regulate the immunomodulatory genes of BOMAC; however, the response varied among components and over time. The in vitro bioassessment studies reported here suggest that dead yeast and its cell wall components may be useful for modulating macrophage function before or during MAP infection.



https://ift.tt/2GW55Up

Associations between bone and energy metabolism in cows fed diets differing in level of dietary cation-anion difference and supplemented with cholecalciferol or calcidiol

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): R.M. Rodney, N.P. Martinez, P. Celi, E. Block, P.C. Thomson, G. Wijffels, D.R. Fraser, J.E.P. Santos, I.J. Lean
Bone-derived hormones play an important role in metabolism. This study examined the hypothesis that interactions between bone and energy metabolism, particularly those involving osteocalcin, are present in dairy cattle and have feedback mechanisms over time. Associations between metabolites in blood were examined in 32 Holstein cows blocked by parity and milk yield and randomly allocated to diets containing either 0.27 mg/kg dry matter (DM) calcidiol or cholecalciferol for an anticipated intake of 3 mg/d (120,000 IU/d) at 11 kg of DM, and positive (+130 mEq/kg DM) or negative (−130 mEq/kg DM) dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) from 252 d of gestation to calving. Blood was sampled every 3 d, from 9 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum, and plasma concentrations of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, adiponectin, C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX1), glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uOC), and carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) were determined. Feeding calcidiol compared with cholecalciferol increased plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 pre- (264.2 ± 8.0 vs. 61.3 ± 8.0 ng/mL) and postpartum (170.8 ± 6.2 vs. 51.3 ± 6.2 ng/mL) but decreased concentrations of vitamin D3 pre- (1.2 ± 0.6 vs. 14.5 ± 0.6 ng/mL) and postpartum (1.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.2 ± 0.6 ng/mL). Prepartum, cows fed the negative DCAD diet had reduced concentrations of vitamin D3 and glucose compared with cows fed a positive DCAD. The combination of negative DCAD and cholecalciferol reduced IGF1 concentrations prepartum. The DCAD treatment had no effect on postpartum concentrations of metabolites. Nulliparous cows had increased concentrations of OC, CTX1, IGF1, glucose, and insulin compared with parous cows. Time series analysis identified associations between metabolites on the same day and over 3-d lags up to ±9 d that suggest feedback between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in the negative lags, indicating that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 may exert feedback on vitamin D3 but not vice versa. We found evidence of a feedback mechanism between vitamin D3 and IGF1, with positive effect size (ES) on the same day and 3 d later, and negative ES 9 d later, that was more evident in cholecalciferol-fed cows. This suggests an important role of IGF1 in integrating bone metabolism with energy and protein metabolic pathways. Evidence of feedback was found between uOC and particularly cOC with IGF1, with positive ES on the same day but negative ES 6 d before and 6 d after. An association between uOC or cOC and IGF1 has not been previously identified in cattle and suggests that both uOC and cOC may have marked biological activity. Associations between OC and insulin identified in mice were not observed herein, although associations between OC and glucose were similar to those between IGF1 and glucose, supporting associations between glucose, OC, and IGF1. We provide further statistical evidence of crosstalk between vitamin D compounds, bone hormones, and energy metabolism in cattle. In particular, associations between uOC or cOC and IGF1 may provide links between prepartum diets and observations of prolonged increases in milk production and allow better control of peripartum metabolism.



https://ift.tt/2HuGAyN

Solution-liquid-solid growth of CuInTe2 nanowires as lithium-ion battery anodes

Publication date: 5 July 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 149
Author(s): Shao-Lou Jheng, Jee-yee Chen, Hsing-Yu Tuan
For the first time, CuInTe2 nanowires in I–III–VI2 chalcopyrite ternary system were synthesized via the bismuth (Bi)-seeded solution-liquid-solid (SLS) growth under 350°C. CuInTe2 nanowires were made by using the mixture of Cu(acac)2, InCl3 and Te powder as precursors, bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate [Bi[N(SiMe3)2]3] as growth seed solution and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) as solvents, respectively. As-made CuInTe2 nanowires are single crystals with a tetragonal chalcopyrite structure with diameters ranging from 10 to 200nm. In addition, as an anode material in the lithium ion batteries, the capacity of CuInTe2 nanowires in charging/discharging rate of 0.1C capacity of 780mAh/g after 200cycles (1C=572mAh/g), showing the accomplished reversibility. Furthermore, the discharge capacity (385mAh/g) at 5C rate is still higher than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372mAh/g), showing the attractive performance in the fast charging/discharging rates.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2qrZQFC

Finite element modelling and characterization of 3D cellular microstructures for the design of a cementless biomimetic porous hip stem

Publication date: 5 July 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 149
Author(s): Hassan Mehboob, Faris Tarlochan, Ali Mehboob, Seung-Hwan Chang
Titanium porous cellular microstructures are commonly used in bone mimetic implants. The orientations of the internal strut architectures of these microstructures affect the mechanical performance under various loads; however, poor architectural designs may result in their failure. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of cubic, diamond, and body-centered cubic (BCC) geometries were constructed with 1–4 numbers of unit cells and 4–10-mm unit cell size. Mechanical testing of the finite models of the cubic, diamond, and BCC structures with porosities of 20–90% was performed under compression, bending, and torsional loads. The BCC structure showed moderate and relatively isotropic mechanical properties compared with those of the diamond and cubic structures. A design space for a BCC porous structure with a porosity of 40–65% was estimated to model a complete porous stem to mimic the bone properties. Furthermore, the stems with the determined porous mechanical properties of the BCC microstructures with 20–90% porosities were tested under physiological loading conditions. It was found that a porosity of 47.3% of the BCC structure exhibits the closest stiffness (469N/mm) to an intact bone (422N/mm). This was predicted by our suggested design space of the porosity.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2ECAo4t

Stressful Events as Teaching Signals for the Brain

Publication date: Available online 11 April 2018
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Author(s): Sabrina Trapp, John P. O'Doherty, Lars Schwabe
Stressful events are better remembered than mundane events. We explain this advantage by reconceptualizing stress in terms of cumulative prediction errors (PEs) that promote rapid learning of events. This proposal integrates the effects of stress on perception and memory, and provides exciting new perspectives for research on stress and cognition.



https://ift.tt/2EF8yEI

Scholar : Obstructive sleep apnea - νέα αποτελέσματα

Systemic exertion intolerance disease/chronic fatigue syndrome is common in sleep centre patients with hypersomnolence: A retrospective pilot study.

C Maness, P Saini, DL Bliwise, V Olvera, DB Rye… - Journal of sleep research, 2018

… Included diagnoses were idiopathic hypersomnia (n = 63), narcolepsy type 2 (n = 25),
persistent sleepiness after obstructive sleep apnea treatment (n = 25), short habitual sleep
duration (n = 41), and sleepiness with normal sleep study (n = 33) …

[PDF] Endoscopic Ultrasound Real-Time Elastography in Liver Disease.

JE Song, DW Lee, EY Kim - Clinical endoscopy, 2018

… Increased se- dation requirement in patients with obesity may raise the risk
of adverse events such as obstructive sleep apnea.16 Further studies are
required to compare the efficacy of EUS RTE with that of transabdominal …

Correlation Between Objective Evaluation Result of Nasal Congestion and Life Quality in Patients with Acute Rhinosinusitis

SK Mengko, RD Soemantri, SH Juniati - Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & …, 2018

… CRC Press, London 27. Kamal I (2002) Objective assessment of nasal
obstruction in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea patients: experience
of a police authority hospital. Ann Saudi Med 22(3–4):158–162 28. Lin SJ …

[PDF] Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors-induced Angioedema

A Chiriac, P Brzezinski, M Betiu, L Foia - Journal of Cardiovascular Emergencies, 2018

… history of allergies or atopy, elderly, obesity (high body mass index), previous
upper respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, and immunosuppres- sion … Despite
this, both patients needed continuous monitor- ing and observation for …

17 Distúrbios do Sono na População Geriátrica

CGLMB Gillespie - Otorrinolaringologia em geriatria, 2018

New-Onset LV Dysfunction

A Spahillari, ON Severdija, D Mohebali - Clinical Cases in Heart Failure, 2018

… In addition, history of modifiable conditions like hypertension, obesity,
diabetes, and sleep apnea (among others) should be elicited … testing in
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Substituted Phenethylamines With Serotoninergic And/Or Norepinephrinergic Activity

TG Gant, S Sarshar - US Patent App. 15/597,516, 2018

… stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, hot flashes,
senile dementia, migraine, hepatopulmonary syndrome, chronic pain,
nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, painful diabetic retinopathy, bipolar …

[PDF] Electrical dynamics of isolated cerebral and skeletal muscle endothelial tubes: Differential roles of G‐protein‐coupled receptors and K+ channels

MA Hakim, JN Buchholz, EJ Behringer - Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 2018

Page 1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Electrical dynamics of isolated cerebral and skeletal
muscle endothelial tubes: Differential roles of G-protein-coupled receptors and K +
channels Md A. Hakim | John N. Buchholz | Erik J. Behringer …

DEPRESSIVEthroughoutdiverse DISORDERS ARE among the most common mental disorders occurring

BN LEILANIFELICIANO, DL SEGAL - Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, 2018

Differences between manual and automatic analysis in determining the severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea using home sleep apnea testing

G Labarca, J Dreyse, C Salas, A Contreras, G Nazar… - Sleep Medicine

Abstract Introduction Home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) is a diagnostic measure for
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in moderate/high risk
patients. Some HSAT companies contain automatic analysis (AA). However …

 

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Scholar : ΣΤΟΜΑΤΙΤΙΣ - νέα αποτελέσματ

Which Side Effect Related to Chemotherapy Should Be Described to the Patients Before Treatment?

A Stein, HJ Schmoll - Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer, 2018

… The major toxicities are gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), stomatitis,
fatigue, bone marrow toxicity, particularly neutropenia, hand-foot syndrome
(HFS), and hyperbilirubinemia … 5-FU/LV bolus all grades in %. p-value …

Das PFAPA-Syndrom: Tonsillektomie als Therapieoption!

R de la Chaux - HNO Nachrichten, 2018

… Das PFAPA-Syndrom ist eine seltene Erkrankung, die schon im frühen Kindesalter auftritt.
Das Vollbild ist gekennzeichnet durch periodische Fieberschübe, begleitet von einer
aphthösen Stomatitis, Pharyngitis und zervikalen Lymphadenitis … a. aphthöse Stomatitis …

Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in Indian HIV Sero-Positive Patients with CD4+ Cell Count Correlation

YK Kirti - Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck …, 2018

… Fig. 1 Angular stomatitis … Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) 9 Chronic
hyperplastic candidiasis 4 Acute atrophic (erythematous) candidiasis 3 Chronic atrophic
candidiasis 0 Angular stomatitis 2 Median rhomboid glossitis 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …

Consecutive spray drying to produce coated dry powder vaccines suitable for oral administration

D LeClair, ED Cranston, BD Lichty, Z Xing… - ACS Biomaterials Science & …, 2018

… More specifically, in step 1, recombinant replication deficient human
type-5 adenovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus were encapsulated by
spray drying with sugars from a … stomatitis viral vectors given their increasing …

Which Side Effects Should Be Described to Patients Before Neoadjuvant Radio-Chemotherapy Treatment?

C Aristei, V Lancellotta, M Lupattelli - Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer, 2018

… Under 10% of patients report severe proctitis, enteritis, bowel urgency, pain,
abdominal cramps, increased peristalsis, loss of appetite and weight loss,
stomatitis, infections and haematological toxicity [1, 6, 9]. Needless to say …

[PDF] Evaluation of Oral Candidiasis Incidence in Complete Denture Wearers in Bandar Abbas City with 3 Methods of Instruction: Pamphlet, CD, Verbal

PA Astaneh, S Hasanpour, P Rezai, S Nozari

… Introduction: Candida - associated denture stomatitis is a very common
inflammatory process affecting about 60% of the subjects carrier of a
prosthesis … Reassessing the presence of Candida albicans in denture-related …

What Chemotherapy to Recommend in Metastatic Patients?

A Stein, HJ Schmoll - Multidisciplinary Management of Rectal Cancer, 2018

… Although rates of distinct grade 3/4 toxicity, particularly diarrhea (11 vs 19%),
stomatitis (4 vs 9%), and neutropenia (20 vs 50%), were significantly higher
with the four-drug regimen, rates of febrile neutropenia, severe adverse events …

INHIBITORS OF BRUTON'S TYROSINE KINASE

L Honigberg, EJ Verner, Z Pan - US Patent App. 15/588,947, 2018

… myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis,
pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis,
pneumonitis, pneumonia, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis …

Viral Manipulation of the Host Metabolic Network

I Mesquita, J Estaquier - Metabolic Interaction in Infection, 2018

… formation and size. Similar results were obtained for other arboviruses, such as
the Flavivirus Kunjin virus (KUNV), the Togavirus Sindbis virus (SINV), and the
Rhabdovirus Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Additionally, FASN …

ANTIBODY-SN-38 IMMUNOCONJUGATES WITH A CL2A LINKER

SV Govindan, JB Gale, NJ Holman, DM Goldenberg - US Patent App. 15/812,562, 2018

… virus II, human serum parvo-like virus, respiratory syncytial virus,
varicella-zoster virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, measles virus,
adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine …

 

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