Ex situ catalytic biomass pyrolysis using mesoporous Ti-MCM-41

Abstract

Biomass has attracted considerable attention as energy, economic, and environmental asset, as result of its abundance and range of properties. The use of mesoporous catalysts during fast pyrolysis has been a highly important route to improve efficiency as well adding value to biomass. The addition of titanium to molecular sieves increases the efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction by improving production and selectivity of products of interest. This study aims at analyzing the catalytic pyrolysis products of elephant grass using titanium catalysts prepared at different Si/Ti molar ratios, i.e., 25 and 50. The material was supported on MCM-41 for the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. The biomass pyrolysis reactions were performed in a micropyrolyzer coupled to a GC/MS analyzer. The Ti-MCM-41 samples were characterized by XRD, BET-specific area, and UV-visible. The distribution of pyrolysis products depended on process parameters such as temperature and catalyst type. The highest yield for hydrocarbon production, such as styrene, benzene, methylbenzene, and naphthalene, was observed at 600 °C using Si/Ti equal to 50.

http://bit.ly/2SEwJv0

Effect of grape seed extract on maternal toxicity and in utero development in mice treated with zearalenone

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine the polyphone content of grape seed extract (GSE) and to assess their protective effects against zearalenone (ZEN)-induced maternal toxicity and in utero development defects in mice. Five groups of pregnant mice were treated orally during days 6–13 of gestation as follows: control group, corn oil as vehicle (0.1 ml/mice)-treated group, ZEN-treated group (25 mg/kg b.w), GSE-treated group (150 mg/kg b.w.), and ZEN plus GSE-treated group. All animals were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestation and samples of bone marrow were collected for the micronucleus assay. The maternal and developmental toxicity were carried out. The HPLC analyses revealed that GES is rich in gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, quercetin, and coumaric acid. ZEN administration resulted in severe maternal and developmental toxicity which included an increase of micronuclei formation in bone marrow, decreased maternal weight gain, and litter weight. It also induces fetal growth retardation, increased number of the aborted dams and resorbed fetuses, abnormality of fetal bone ossification, and number of fetuses with a hematoma. GSE showed positive effects on the pregnant mice and the developing fetuses. Moreover, it counteracted the detrimental effects of ZEN in dams and fetuses. It could be concluded that polyphenols in GSE are a promising candidate to protect against ZEN toxicity in highly endemic areas.

http://bit.ly/2Ayiocu

Gas thermal remediation of an organic contaminated site: field trial

Abstract

This paper investigated the performance of in situ gas thermal remediation (GTR) technique for the remediation of organic contaminated soil and groundwater. The pollutants of the site are mainly benzene, chlorobenzene, and petroleum. To evaluate the effectiveness of GTR, 100-m² site soil with a depth of up to 18 m were installed with heating wells and extraction wells. The temperature in the GTR system was 100~200 °C, and the pressure was 0.5~2.0 kPa. It ran for 34 days. Later, soil and groundwater were sampled 7 days after treatment. The results show that the temperatures of the central remediation area and the heating well surrounding area were higher than that of the edge position. The average temperature of the surface soil was the lowest. The highest temperatures were found at depths of − 3 m and − 6 m. In addition, the removal rates of benzene, chlorobenzene, and petroleum in soil were up to 99.81%, 99.72%, and 98.23%, respectively. Meanwhile, those for groundwater were up to 98.77%, 97.70%, and 99.99%, respectively. The removal rate of pollutants in soil is affected by temperature and the nature of the soil. Although many GTR projects have been applied in the USA, this project is the first engineering application project of GTR technology in China. The results present the good in situ organic removal efficiency of GTR system in this study and therefore provide a guidance and technical support for similar projects in China.

http://bit.ly/2SEVkj4

Ecotoxicological assessment of Fluazuron: effects on Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei

Abstract

The cattle production in Brazil has increased considerably in the last years, mainly due to the control of parasite infestation of the animals, which cause loss of productivity to the sector. Fluazuron is an active ingredient (a.i.) of the benzoylurea class used to control ticks in cattle. As this a.i. has been found unchanged in animal feces, which may present a risk to edaphic organisms, this study aimed to assess the effects of fluazuron on survival, reproduction, and behavior of the soil invertebrates Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei, through ecotoxicological assays. We carried out bioassays in a tropical artificial soil (TAS) spiked with increasing doses of the insecticide. Earthworm mortality was found only at the highest tested fluazuron concentration (LOEC = 160 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ dry soil and NOEC = 80 mg kg⁻¹), while the reproduction of F. candida and E. andrei was reduced at lower fluazuron concentrations (EC₅₀ = 4.48 mg kg⁻¹ and EC₅₀ = 20.8 mg kg⁻¹, respectively). Avoidance behavior was detected for both species at lower concentrations than those that caused impacts on reproduction, indicating that the substance may affect the soil habitat function. Since the possible adverse effects of fluazuron on edaphic fauna are still unknown or neglected, this study also warns about the possible harmful effect of veterinary pharmaceutical products on edaphic fauna.

http://bit.ly/2AzYVYP

The impact of Bt maize expressing the Cry1Ac protein on non-target arthropods

Abstract

From 2014 to 2016, individuals of the principal non-target arthropod (NTA) species in a field of Bt maize expressing the Cry1Ac protein (Bt38) were compared to those in a control field of the corresponding non-transformed near isoline (Z58). For all 3 years, the population dynamics and biodiversity of NTAs were analyzed to determine if any differences might be attributable to the genetically modified (GM) maize being evaluated. The main NTAs in these fields were Aphidoidea, Pentatomidae,Araneae, and Coccinellidae. Temporal variation in NTA diversity across sample dates within a year showed no significant differences between the Bt maize and the non-Bt maize field in the total number of individuals of the dominant arthropod species per 25 plants, the Shannon index (H), Pielou index (J), Simpson index (D), and Bray-Curtis index. The cultivation of Bt corn failed to show any detrimental evidence on individuals, H, J, D, and Bray-Curtis index of NTAs, and these parameters were identical in Bt and non-Bt corn plots. These results provide further evidence of the lack of ecological impact of GM maize.

http://bit.ly/2SzM4wN

1 H NMR-based serum metabolomics analysis of the age-related metabolic effects of perinatal exposure to BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF in female mice offspring

Abstract

The widespread application of bisphenols (BPs) in the industry has made them ubiquitous in the environment, causing potential environmental risks. Its unknown impacts on human being have received more and more attention. In this study, we have assessed the metabolic effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes (bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF)) in female mice adolescent offspring and female mice adulthood offspring. ¹H NMR-based serum metabolomics showed that metabolic profiles were disturbed with BPA and its three substitutes exposure in female mice adolescent offspring and female mice adulthood offspring. In addition, age-related metabolic effects were found based on changes in serum endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways. Specifically, metabolic pathway analysis showed that major disturbed metabolic pathways in female mice adulthood offspring compare with female mice adolescent offspring also changed significantly. With the increase of age of the female mice offspring, changes in the metabolic pathways became more obvious in the BPA treatment group. Conversely, partially disturbed metabolic pathways were restored in the BPS, BPF, and BPAF treatment groups. In conclusion, perinatal exposure to BPA and its three substitutes significantly interferes with metabolic profiles and metabolic pathways, and this metabolic effects were age-related. These results offer more detailed information about the age-related metabolic effects of perinatal exposure to BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF in female mice offspring and provide data for systematic evaluation of the health risk assessment of BPA and its substitutes.

http://bit.ly/2AwMRYm

Strategic growth of limnic green microalgae with phycoremediation potential for enhanced production of biomass and biomolecules for sustainable environment

Abstract

The approach of combining the microalgae cultivation with wastewater provides a cost-effective and eco-friendly perspective in the production of microalgae-based bio-products. In the present investigation, microalgae Scenedesmus rubescens KACC 2 isolated from catchment region of River Noyyal was found to be efficient in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals from industrial and domestic effluents, which was optimized through central composite design matrix for higher biomass generation. Nutrient requirements for the growth were optimized and evaluated using Plackett–Burman design to check the effect of variables. Three variables, viz., nitrate, phosphate, and inoculums, were found to be significant among the 11 variables tested, and the interaction between these variables and its optimum concentrations were statistically studied using central composite design matrix. The optimized growth conditions of this strain were found to be as nitrate (0.2%), phosphate (0.018%), and inoculums (7.5%). These conditions yielded a higher biomass of 0.73 g/L from the optimized media which was 5.4 times higher than the regular growth media. FT-IR analysis showed the variations in the spectra and also in biomolecular composition with 2-fold increase in the lipid and protein region when grown in optimized culture conditions. Lipid profile showed the presence of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the biomass accepting it as a source of energy feedstock. This study concludes that nitrate, phosphate, and inoculums play a significant role in biomass production of S. rubescens with phycoremediation potential that can be exploited for simultaneous wastewater treatment–coupled biomass production.

http://bit.ly/2SCGaen

Organic micropollutants’ distribution within sludge organic matter fractions explains their dynamic during sewage sludge anaerobic digestion followed by composting

Abstract

The simultaneous fate of organic matter and 4 endocrine disruptors (3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene) and nonylphenols (NP)) was studied during the anaerobic digestion followed by composting of sludge at lab-scale. Sludge organic matter was characterized, thanks to chemical fractionation and 3D fluorescence deciphering its accessibility and biodegradability. Total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 41% and 56% during anaerobic digestion and composting, respectively. 3D fluorescence highlighted the quality changes of organic matter. During continuous anaerobic digestion, organic micropollutants' removal was 22 ± 14%, 6 ± 5%, 18 ± 9%, and 0% for fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and nonylphenols, respectively. Discontinuous composting allowed to go further on the organic micropollutants' removal as 34 ± 8%, 31 ± 20%, 38 ± 10%, and 52 ± 6% of fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and nonylphenols were dissipated, respectively. Moreover, the accessibility of PAH and NP expressed by their presence in the various sludge organic matter fractions and its evolution during both treatments was linked to both the quality evolution of the organic matter and the physicochemical properties of the PAH and NP; the presence in most accessible fractions explained the amount of PAH and NP dissipated.

http://bit.ly/2AzWuWd

Morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant capacity and phytoextraction of copper by ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L.) grown as fodder in copper-contaminated soil

Abstract

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), the oldest fiber crop in China, can also be grown as fodder crop because of its huge biomass production. Moreover, it has the potential to colonize heavy metal–contaminated soils which showed the possibilities of phytoremediation using B. nivea. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential of B. nivea for phytoextraction of copper (Cu)-contaminated soil. Moreover, the impact of different concentrations of Cu on growth and antioxidant enzymatic activity by B. nivea were also studied. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the growth, antioxidative response, and localization (distribution) of Cu in B. nivea plant under different Cu concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg kg⁻¹ soil). Results revealed that B. nivea tolerated up to 100 mg kg⁻¹ Cu concentration without a significant decrease in biomass, but further increase in Cu concentration from 200 to 400 mg kg⁻¹ exhibited a significant reduction in chlorophyll content, fresh and dry biomass, plant height, and number of leaves. It was further observed that B. nivea accumulated more Cu in roots (26 to 53 mg kg⁻¹), followed by the leaves (23 to 28 mg kg⁻¹) and stems (14 to 21 mg kg⁻¹), while the values for both bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) at all treatments were less than 1. Moreover, activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) were initially increased with the exposure of 50, 100, and 200 mg kg⁻¹ Cu, but decreased by further increasing the Cu concentration to 300 and 400 mg kg⁻¹ indicating the oxidative stress which is manifested by high malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents also. Thus, based on results, it can be concluded that B. nivea accumulated relatively low Cu contents in aboveground parts and could be grown as fodder crop for phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated sites.

http://bit.ly/2SJZzu5

Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the Himalayan riverine ecosystems from Pakistan using passive sampling techniques

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) pose a considerable threat to human and environmental health. Despite most OCPs have been banned, they are still reported to be used in developing countries, including Pakistan. We aimed to identify the distribution, origin, mobility, and potential risks from OCPs in three major environmental compartments, i.e., air, water, and soil, across Azad Jammu and Kashmir valley, Pakistan. The sums of OCPs ranged between 66 and 530 pg/g in soil, 5 and 13 pg/L in surface water, and 14 and 191 pg/m3 in air, respectively. The highest sum of OCPs was observed in the downstream zone of a river that was predominantly influenced by peri-urban and urban areas. The OCP isomers ratios (α-HCH/γ-HCH and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT) indicate use of lindane and technical DDTs mixture as a source of HCH and DDT in the riverine environment. Similarly, the ratios of DDE and DDD/the sum of DDTs, α-endosulfan/β-endosulfan, and cis-chlordane/trans-chlordane indicate recent use of DDTs, endosulfan, and chlordane in the region. The air-water exchange fugacity ratios indicate net volatilization (fw/fa > 1) of α-endosulfan and trans-chlordane, and net deposition (fw/fa < 1) of β-endosulfan, α-HCH, γ-HCH p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT. Based on the risk quotient (RQ) method, we consider the acute ecological risks for fish associated with the levels of OCPs as negligible. However, more studies are recommended to evaluate the chronic ecological risks to other riverine-associated aquatic and terrestrial species as well as human health risks to the POPs exposure through food chain transfer in forthcoming years.

http://bit.ly/2AwdJYD

Melatonin attenuates bisphenol A-induced toxicity of the adrenal gland of Wistar rats

Abstract

This study investigated the role of melatonin (MLT) on adrenal gland toxicity induced by bisphenol A (BPA). Adult male rats were divided into four groups of seven animals each: Group I (control) received oral 0.2 ml canola oil; group II received intra-peritoneal 10 mg/kg BW/day MLT; and group III received oral BPA (10 mg/kg BW/day). Group IV rats were treated with same dose of BPA as group III with a concomitant intra-peritoneal 10 mg/kg BW/day MLT. All treatments lasted for 14 days. BPA significantly increased (P < 0.05) adrenal index, circulating levels of corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the rats. BPA caused marked vascular congestion, hyperplasia, cellular distortion, increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzymes, and decreased expression of αSmooth muscle actin as well as vimentin proteins. The concomitant treatment with MLT ameliorated these BPA-induced alterations. It is likely that melatonin attenuates BPA-induced alterations of the adrenal gland of rats through the antioxidant defense mechanism.

http://bit.ly/2SJZxlX

Using chemical experiments and plant uptake to prove the feasibility and stability of coal gasification fine slag as silicon fertilizer

Abstract

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a kind of industrial waste that is generated from entrained-flow coal gasification with a high content of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl)-extractable silicon (Si). Si fertilizer has been widely used in agriculture to enhance the mechanical properties and yield of crops. An evaluation was actualized by analyzing HCl-extractable Si fractions and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) of different treatments (acid, alkali, salt, grind, calcination, temperature, and time) for CGFS samples and other Si source materials. The results showed that CGFS had stable HCl-extractable Si concentrations of 60 ± 2 g/kg except in the calcination treatment, which decreased the content of extractable Si by 28.2%. Furthermore, under the same processing conditions, CGFS showed a higher content of extractable Si than other Si source samples. Moreover, a rice growth experiment was carried out for 120 days in a different mass incorporation of CGFS in the greenhouse. The strength index and total Si content of the stem proved that using CGFS at 5 wt.% markedly promoted the growth of rice. The study indicated that an appropriate application of CGFS as a Si resource to an agricultural field could be considered as a viable option for safe disposal of this industrial waste.

http://bit.ly/2Atl9vy

Randomized clinical trial of class II restoration in permanent teeth comparing ART with composite resin after 12 months

Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated the effectiveness of class II restorations, in permanent teeth, through the ART technique in comparison to composite resin.

Materials and methods

Participants (154), aged 8 to 19 years, with good general health, with class II cavities in permanent teeth, and without pulp involvement and tooth pain were included in this parallel and randomized clinical trial. The Ethics Committee approval number was CAAE: 24012913.0.1001.5417. Seventy-seven restorations were made with each restorative material (Equia Fil-GC Corporation and Z350-3M). Evaluations occurred at 6 and 12 months by the criteria of ART and the USPHS modified. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, chi-square, Fisher's exact, chi-square tests with linear trend and logistic regression by enter method (p < 0.050). The Kaplan-Meier test evaluated the survival rates of the restorations. The log-rank test compared the survival curves.

Results

Regardless of the evaluation criteria used, the success rates of ART restorations were 98.7% (6 months) and 95.8% (12 months) and for composite resins were 100% (6 months) and 98.7% (12 months), with no statistical difference of restoration groups (p > 0.050). Survival rates for restorations, regardless of the evaluation criteria used, are the same as the success rates, with the exception of ART restorations at 12 months of follow-up (94.8%).

Conclusion

No differences in the success rates of class II restorations of ART compared to resin composite, in permanent teeth, were observed after 12 months.

Clinic significant

HVGIC can safely be used to restore proximal cavities in permanent teeth up to 12 months.

http://bit.ly/2LUUrAk

Letter to the Editor replying to Armen Nersesyan about the article published in Clinical Oral Investigations tilted “Smoking increases the frequency of micronuclei in the oral mucosa of adults relative to non-smokers—a systematic review and meta-analysis”

http://bit.ly/2sagPgd

Revisiting the social cost of carbon after INDC implementation in Malaysia: 2050

Abstract

This article projects the social cost of carbon (SCC) and other related consequences of climate change by using Malaysia's intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and climate vision 2040 (CV2040) by 2050. It compares the projections derived from the Dynamic Integrated Model of the Climate and Economy (DICME) based on the respective INDC and CV2040 scenario. The results reveal that industrial emissions would incur a substantial increase every 5 years under the scenario CV2040, while Malaysia would experience lower industrial emissions in the coming years under the scenario INDC. Emission intensity in Malaysia will be 0.61 and 0.59 tons/capita in 2030 for scenario CV2040 and scenario INDC respectively. Malaysia would face climate damage of MYR456 billion and MYR 49 billion by 2050 under CV2040 and INDC scenario respectively. However, climate damage could be much lower if the INDC regime were adopted, as this scenario would decrease climatic impacts over time. The estimated SSC per ton of CO2 varies between MYR74 and MYR97 for scenario CV2040 and MYR44 and MYR62 for scenario INDC in 2030 and 2050 respectively. Considering different aspects, including industrial emissions, damage cost, and social cost of carbon, INDC is the best policy compared to CV2040. Thus, Malaysia could achieve its emissions reduction target by implementing INDC by 2050.

http://bit.ly/2VugIcO

A comprehensive review on water-emulsified diesel fuel: chemistry, engine performance and exhaust emissions

Abstract

Increasing environmental concern, human health and the continuous upgradation in the stringent standards of vehicular emissions have shown much interest in cleaner diesel fuels. Out of various strategies to mitigate the diesel engine emissions, use of water blended diesel in the form of emulsion has grabbed sufficient attention of the fuel research community. Various researches have shown that water-emulsified diesel has sufficient potential to improve the engine performance simultaneously with a significant reduction in the levels of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Micro-explosion phenomenon of combustion in emulsion fuel helps to provide efficient and complete combustion which in turn improves brake thermal efficiency. The current study presents a comprehensive review of the usage of water-emulsified diesel fuel in CI engines. Focusing on the performance, combustion, and emission analysis, it also talks in detail about the principle and the chemistry involved in making of a stable and homogeneous water–diesel emulsion compatible for CI engine. The literature survey concludes two crucial points. First, the water-blended diesel emulsion serves as an economical, fuel efficient, and cleaner combustion technology. Second, the optimum blend ratio, emulsifier quantity, and proper process differs in almost all the research papers and hence needed to be standardized.

http://bit.ly/2LUUhcc

Adsorptive removal of anionic dye using calcined oyster shells: isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics

Abstract

Oyster shells are a type of biogenic materials with excellent characteristics in surface area, porosity, sorption capacity, and high concentration of CaCO₃ (up to 90 wt%), and can be easily converted into a calcium-based alkali adsorbent. In this research, oyster shells calcined at 900 °C were applied as an adsorbent for acid green 25 (AG25) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption performances were evaluated, and the FTIR, SEM, and BET techniques were employed to characterize this material. Results showed that AG25 removal performance depended on adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorption temperature, contact time, and initial concentration. Adsorption capacity was maximized at 34.1 mg g⁻¹ at pH of 11.0, an adsorbent dosage of 2.0 g L⁻¹, an AG25 concentration of 70 mg L⁻¹, and adsorption temperature of 40 °C. Both the Ho-McKay model and the pseudo-second-order model correlated with the adsorption kinetics well with the values of R² > 0.99 (closer to unity). The Langmuir isotherm showed an excellent correlation coefficient of R² > 0.99 with the equilibrium data. The thermodynamics study indicates that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. These results demonstrate that the calcined oyster shells has the potential to be used as an eco-friendly and low-cost effective adsorbent for anionic dye removal from water.

http://bit.ly/2sbP5If

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil-water-rice system around the Xiazhuang uranium mine, China

Abstract

Heavy-metal pollutants in the soil and surface water of agricultural areas accumulate in rice and may have adverse effects on the health of consumers. In this study, we determined the levels of heavy-metal contamination in agricultural areas around the Xiazhuang uranium deposits in northern Guangdong Province, China, using equidistant sampling methods along a river near the mine tailings. The pH values of all the water samples were determined. The heavy-metal concentrations in water, bottom sludge, and rice were measured. The extent of contamination was evaluated by calculating Nemerow's pollution index, contamination factor, and hazard quotient. The result shows U transferred from mine to soil and rice with irrigation water. The main pollutants and their pollution indices in soil are U (6.31), Th (4.02), Pb (2.52), Cd (2.36), Zn (1.52), and Mn (1.39). The rice grain can hardly enrich U and Th but were susceptible to Cr and Ni. The contamination factors (CFs) of the pollutants in rice grain are Cr (1.98) and Ni (3.09). The hazard quotient (HQ) shows that Cu (HQ > 1) could pose potential risks for humans upon long-term consumption of the rice.

http://bit.ly/2LUUfB6

Several environmental endocrine disruptors in beverages from South China: occurrence and human exposure

Abstract

Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in beverages may enter the human body by ingestion and thus may represent a potential health risk. In this study, phthalates, bisphenol A, and its analogues, parabens, benzophenone-type UV filters, and triclosan (TCS) were analyzed in beverage samples (n = 116) collected from local markets in Guangzhou, South China. Twelve of 30 target compounds were found in > 50% samples, and for the first time, TCS was found in a majority of beverages from China (~ 80%). Among all analytes, concentrations of total phthalates (median = 14.4 ng/mL) were generally two orders of magnitude higher than other target EEDs, and concentrations of total benzophenone-type UV filters (0.02 ng/mL) and TCS (0.01 ng/mL) were the lowest. Among all targets, phthalates were predominant, accounting for > 99% of the total EEDs, and dimethyl phthalate was frequently detected in beverages (> 60%). In addition, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of EEDs for Chinese populations of different age groups based on the daily consumption of beverages. The EDIs of total EEDs were the highest for toddlers (mean = 14,200 ng/kg-bw/day) followed by children and teenagers (3420 ng/kg-bw/day), adults (1950 ng/kg-bw/day), the elderly (1740 ng/kg-bw/day), and infants (70 ng/kg-bw/day). Compared to all food categories, EEDs from beverage consumption accounted for ~ 0.1% (parabens) to 20% (phthalates) of total exposure from diet. However, intakes of phthalates, bisphenols, and TCS from beverages were comparable to those from other potential sources (food, dust, personal care products, cloth, and medicines). Furthermore, the cumulative risks of EEDs by beverage consumption were not high, which indicated that EEDs in beverages might not represent a potential human health risk for Chinese populations.

http://bit.ly/2QpJ4Bh

Investigate the impact of local iron–steel industrial emission on atmospheric mercury concentration in Yangtze River Delta, China

Abstract

Mercury is a global neurotoxic pollutant, which can be globally transported and bioaccumulated in the food chain. Iron–steel production is one of the most significant sources of anthropogenic atmospheric mercury emission, while information on this source is scarce. Hourly gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and particle bound mercury (PBM) were studied inside (IP) and at the boundary (BP) of a typical iron–steel plant in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China from September 2016 to August 2017. The GEM concentrations were 0.97–503.1 and 0.05–112.6 ng/m³ at the IP and BP sites, respectively, while PBM concentrations were one to four orders of magnitude higher than urban and suburban ambient levels. Several lines of evidences indicated that PBM was mainly originated from the iron–steel manufacturing process, especially from sintering and coke-making processes in this iron–steel plant. However, a combined emission effect contributed to GEM variation. The receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that local direct emissions (coal combustion, industrial activity, vehicle exhaust, and secondary evaporation from polluted soil) contributed 51.3% of the total GEM concentration variation. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models clearly showed that air masses moving from areas surrounding YRD had the highest concentrations of atmospheric mercury. These results provided evidence that iron–steel manufacturing emissions have a considerable effect on regional atmospheric mercury concentrations, especially PBM.

http://bit.ly/2Qo0n5z

Integrating supply and demand in cultural ecosystem services assessment: a case study of Cuihua Mountain (China)

Abstract

As human demand for ecosystem services (ES) continues to increase, ES assessments have gradually become a popular research topic. Among ES, cultural ES (CES) are often overlooked and are difficult to measure during research because of their invisibility. However, the importance and usage of CES increase with supply and demand, which is key to linking the ecosystem with human well-being. This paper quantitatively evaluates various cultural services and generates corresponding Value Index (VI) maps; it then further explores the current dynamics of supply and demand. We selected Cuihua Mountain (CM) as the study area, and we applied the Social Values of Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model to evaluate CES and generated five specific VI maps to indicate the potential service stock (ES capacity). The actual supply (ES supply) is based on the attribute of the visibility of observation points on leisure routes, and the visitors (ES demand) to the service come from socio-economic data as a measure of the rates of access to entertainment venues. The supply and demand relationship (ES budget) solves the significant problems related to the oversupply and shortage of ES in space. The results showed that the CES supply power of CM is greater than the actual demand; thus, there is great potential for future development. This study also provided a reference and guidance for environmental decision-making and development in other regions.

http://bit.ly/2VEUll8

Levels and temporal variations of urinary lead, cadmium, cobalt, and copper exposure in the general population of Taiwan

Abstract

Toxic metal contamination in food products and the environment is a public health concern. Therefore, understanding human exposure to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), and copper (Cu) levels in the general population of Taiwan is necessary and urgent. We aimed to establish the human biomonitoring data of urine toxic metals, exposure profile changes, and factors associated with metal levels in the general population of Taiwan. We randomly selected 1601 participants older than 7 years of age (36.9 ± 18.7 years (7–84 years)) from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) conducted during 1993–1996 (93–96) and 2005–2008 (05–08) periods and measured the levels of four metals in the participants' urine samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The median (range) levels of urinary Cd, Pb, Co, and Cu in participants from the NAHSIT 93–96 (N = 821)/05–08 (N = 780) were 0.60 (ND–13.90)/0.72 (ND–7.44), 2.28 (ND–63.60)/1.09 (0.04–48.88), 0.91 (0.08–17.30)/1.05 (0.05–22.43), and 16.87 (2.62–158.28)/13.66 (1.67–189.70) μg/L, respectively. We found that the urinary median levels of Pb and Cu in our participants were significantly lower in the NAHSIT 05–08 (Pb 1.09 μg/L, Cu 13.66 μg/L) than in the NAHSIT 93–96 (Pb 2.28 μg/L, Cu 16.87 μg/L; P < 0.01), whereas those of Cd and Co were significantly higher in the NAHSIT 05–08 (Cd 0.72 μg/L, Co 1.05 μg/L; P < 0.01). Youths had higher exposure levels of Pb, Co, and Cu than adults. Participants with alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, or cigarette smoking had significantly higher median levels of urinary Pb or Cu (P < 0.01) than those without. Principal components and cluster analysis revealed that sex had different exposure profiles of metals. We concluded that levels of urinary Cd, Pb, Co, and Cu exposure in the general Taiwanese varied by age, sex, and lifestyles.

http://bit.ly/2QqMgwq

18 F-DOPA PET/CT in brain tumors: impact on multidisciplinary brain tumor board decisions

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic impact and diagnostic accuracy of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET/CT in patients with glioblastoma or brain metastases.

Methods

Patients with histologically proven glioblastoma or brain metastases were prospectively included in this monocentric clinical trial (IMOTEP). Patients were included either due to a clinical suspicion of relapse or to assess residual tumor infiltration after treatment. Multimodality brain MRI and ¹⁸F-DOPA PET were performed. Patients' data were discussed during a Multidisciplinary Neuro-oncology Tumor Board (MNTB) meeting. The discussion was first based on clinical and MRI data, and an initial diagnosis and treatment plan were proposed. Secondly, a new discussion was conducted based on the overall imaging results, including ¹⁸F-DOPA PET. A second diagnosis and therapeutic plan were proposed. A retrospective and definitive diagnosis was obtained after a 3-month follow-up and considered as the reference standard.

Results

One hundred six cases were prospectively investigated by the MNTB. All patients with brain metastases (N = 41) had a clinical suspicion of recurrence. The addition of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET data changed the diagnosis and treatment plan in 39.0% and 17.1% of patients' cases, respectively. Concerning patients with a suspicion of recurrent glioblastoma (N = 12), the implementation of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET changed the diagnosis and treatment plan in 33.3% of cases. In patients evaluated to assess residual glioblastoma infiltration after treatment (N = 53), ¹⁸F-DOPA PET data had a lower impact with only 5.7% (3/53) of diagnostic changes and 3.8% (2/53) of therapeutic plan changes. The definitive reference diagnosis was available in 98/106 patients. For patients with tumor recurrence suspicion, the adjunction of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET increased the Younden's index from 0.44 to 0.53 in brain metastases and from 0.2 to 1.0 in glioblastoma, reflecting an increase in diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusion

¹⁸F-DOPA PET has a significant impact on the management of patients with a suspicion of brain tumor recurrence, either glioblastoma or brain metastases, but a low impact when used to evaluate the residual glioblastoma infiltration after a first-line radio-chemotherapy or second-line bevacizumab.

http://bit.ly/2CTVaiF

Using a modified soil quality index to evaluate densely tilled soils with different yields in Northeast China

Abstract

Northeastern China has long-term densely tilled soils that supply approximately 20% of the annual total national grains. There are very few reports on the agricultural soil quality subjecting to the predatory tillage. Here, the soil quality index (SQI) of a brunisolic soil was calculated using the minimum data set (MDS) and integrated quality index (IQI). The topsoil layer was divided into plow layer (11.9 ± 1.9 cm) and plow pan (11.4 ± 2.6 cm) in fields of high yields (HYB), medium yields (MYB), and low yields (LYB). Our results showed that the MDS of the topsoil layer only contained chemical indicators. The bulk density (BD), as one of the most important soil quality indicators, was found of no significant differences in the topsoil layers. In different layers (i.e., the topsoil layer, plow layer, and plow pan), the value of SQI presented a consistent tendency of HYB > MYB > LYB (p < 0.05). The correlation between SQI and yield was higher in the plow layer (0.60) and plow pan (0.63) than the topsoil layer (0.47). This further verified the reasonability of using soil stratification for SQI calculation. Our findings indicate the potential of using soil quality assessments to examine soil productivity (e.g., fertilizer deficiency) in crop lands with soil stratification.

http://bit.ly/2RzoOBL

New pattern hair loss in young Turkish women; What's wrong in their daily life?

Abstract

Background

The application of heat, used to straighten the typically coiled hair, has long been hypothesized to play a role in the etiologic factor for central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal hair straightening on hair loss pattern in Asian women exist.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐five patients with hair loss who have been using hair straightening devices and 25 patients with telogen effluvium were enrolled in this prospective study. Laboratory analysis and dermatoscopic findings were used to compare these groups.

Results

The peripilar white halo around hairs, peripilar dark/gray halo around follicular orifices, the predominance of a single hair perifollicular unit (FU), hair diameter diversity, the thin miniaturized hair, interfollicular pinpoint white dots, and white patches were statistically higher in hair straightener group (P < 0.001). White patches of the scalp increased by the time of the application of these devices (P < 0.01). White patches of vertex region were significantly higher than the midfrontal region (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The common side effects of thermal hot comb strengtheners' were summarized as damage to the hair shaft; decreasing in the brightness of the hair, burns, and scars on the scalp; and lastly CCCA‐like hair loss.

http://bit.ly/2Rr6dbd

Analysis of uranium removal capacity of anaerobic granular sludge bacterial communities under different initial pH conditions

Abstract

The bacterial community of an anaerobic granular sludge associated with uranium depletion was investigated following its exposure to uranium under different initial pH conditions (pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5). The highest uranium removal efficiency (98.1%) was obtained for the sample with an initial pH of 6.5, which also supported the highest bacterial community richness and diversity. Venn diagrams visualized the decrease in the number of genera present in both the inoculum and the uranium-exposed biomass as the initial pH decreased from 6.5 to 4.5. Compared with the inoculum, a significant increase in the abundances of the phyla Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria was observed following uranium exposure. At initial pH conditions of 6.5 to 4.5, the proportions of the taxa Anaerolineaceae, Chryseobacterium, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Sulfurovum increased significantly, likely contributing to the observed uranium removal. Uranium exposure induced a greater level of dynamic diversification of bacterial abundances than did the initial pH difference.

http://bit.ly/2Vwe7iI

Quantitative survey into value clarification of discussed treatment options among patients treated for basal‐cell carcinoma

Abstract

There are many effective treatment options for basal‐cell carcinoma (BCC). To ensure a shared treatment decision, it is essential to understand patient preferences, values, and experience with treatments. We evaluated patients' recollections of the treatment choices for their BCC and what kind of information they valued most by doing a quantitative survey via the largest Dutch patient federation ('Patiëntenfederatie Nederland', PFN). The PFN includes a 25,000 member patient‐panel; their medical history is not reported. A survey was developed by the Dermatology department of the Maastricht University Medical Center in collaboration with BCC

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2Qr9zX8

Serum and blister‐fluid elevation and decreased epidermal content of HMGB1 protein in drug‐induced Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis

Abstract

High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage‐associated molecular‐pattern protein indicative of cell/tissue injury and innate immune response. Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious, immune‐mediated skin‐blistering conditions characterised by widespread keratinocyte death and epidermal detachment.

The purpose of the study was to determine: a) serum and/or blister‐fluid total HMGB1 levels in independent SJS/TEN cohorts: and b) HMGB1 expression in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded SJS/TEN skin vs. healthy and maculopapular exanthema (MPE).

Total serum HMGB1 was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 3 cohorts: i) Malawian, nevirapine‐induced hypersensitivity (51 cases, 102 tolerant); ii) Taiwanese SJS/TEN (n=73) (acute, maximal and recovery stage); iii) Spanish SJS/TEN (n=23) (acute reaction (blister‐fluid (n=13)). FFPE skin (5 healthy, 7 maculopapular exanthema (MPE), 7 SJS/TEN) was immunohistochemically (IHC) stained and semi‐quantitatively assessed for HMGB1 expression.

Serum total HMGB1 was not significantly elevated in nevirapine‐induced SJS/TEN (3·98ng/ml±2·17), MPE (3·92ng/ml±2·75) or DRESS (4·73ng/ml±3·00)) patients vs. tolerant controls (2·97ng/ml±3·00). HMGB1 was significantly elevated in Taiwanese SJS/TEN patients, highest during the acute phase 32·6ng/ml±26·6 vs. maximal (19·7ng/ml±23·2; p=0·007) and recovery (24·6ng/ml±25·3; p=0·027) phases. In blister fluid from Spanish SJS/TEN patients, HMGB1 (486·8ng/ml±687·9) was significantly higher than in serum (8·8ng/ml±7·6; p<0·0005). Pre‐blistered SJS/TEN skin demonstrated decreased epidermal nuclear HMGB1 expression in upper epidermis vs. healthy or MPE skin but retained basal/suprabasal expression.

Epidermal HMGB1 expression was decreased in SJS/TEN skin which may account for elevated serum and blister‐fluid levels. Retained basal/suprabasal epidermal HMGB1 expression, from resident keratinocytes/ infiltrating inflammatory cells, may exacerbate localised injury in SJS/TEN, though further evaluation is required.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2VAb4po

Clinical Thyroidology®Top-Read Articles

FREE ACCESS through January 17, 2019
Read Now:

Levothyroxine Replacement for Primary Hypothyroidism Can Be Given Between Meals with Similar Effectiveness at Various Times of the Day
Charles H. Emerson

Most "Recurrences" of Thyroid Cancer Represent Persistent Rather Than Recurrent Disease
Martin Biermann, Katrin Brauckhoff 

Surgery for Hyperthyroidism Lowers Cardiovascular Mortality Compared with Radioactive Iodine
Andrew J. Day, Michael W. Yeh, Masha J. Livhits 

No Benefit of Levothyroxine Among Pregnant Hypothyroid and/or Hypothyroxinemic Women on Offspring IQ at Age 9 years
Angela M. Leung 

Current ATA Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Are Poor Predictors of the Extent of Thyroidectomy
Tracy S. Wang 

Using the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Will Decrease the Number of Thyroid Nodule Biopsies While Improving Diagnostic Accuracy
Stephanie A. Fish

Levothyroxine Treatment Does Not Reduce Risk for Premature Delivery Among TPO-Negative Pregnant Women with a TSH of 2.5 to 10.0 mIU/L
Elizabeth N. Pearce 

Methimazole Has a Dose-Dependent Association With Congenital Malformations, but Switching to PTU in the First Trimester Seems Too Late
Tim I.M. Korevaar 

The post Clinical Thyroidology^®Top-Read Articles appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

http://bit.ly/2Fae9rx

Genotoxic effects in oral mucosal cells caused by the use of orthodontic fixed appliances in patients after short and long periods of treatment

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects in the oral epithelial cells of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment and to compare these to a control group without treatment. The null hypothesis to be tested is that corrective orthodontic treatment at different periods does not cause genotoxic effects in patients.

Material and methods

An observational cross-sectional study including 74 patients enrolled in corrective orthodontic treatment and 21 control patients, between 11 and 35 years of age, of both genders, participated in the research. Patients undergoing treatment were divided into four treatment groups differentiated by treatment periods: G1, n = 21 (1 month to 12 months); G2, n = 21 (13 to 24 months); G3, n = 23 (25 to 48 months); and G4, n = 9 (over 48 months). Cells were collected by scraping the internal side of the cheek and subsequently placed in tubes containing 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The sample underwent evaluation for genotoxic effects by means of the micronucleus test (MNT). Bivariate analyses were performed using parametric tests (t test or ANOVA) and nonparametric tests (Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn post-test). The adopted level of significance was 5%.

Results

Statistically significant differences for any of the genotoxic abnormalities (binucleated, trinucleated, karyolysis, piknosis, nuclear buds) were not found except for karyolysis, which was higher in the control group than in G4 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

This study did not demonstrate evidence of genotoxic effects even after long periods of corrective orthodontic treatment.

Clinical relevance

This study explores genotoxic effects in fixed orthodontic patients.

http://bit.ly/2FcgLnK

How far do calcium release measurements properly reflect its multiple roles in dental tissue mineralization?

http://bit.ly/2CPx3kT

Accuracy of tactile assessment in order to detect proximal cavitation of caries lesions in vitro

Abstract

Objectives

Discriminating non-cavitated from cavitated proximal lesions without tooth separation is only limitedly possible using visual-radiographic assessment alone. We evaluated how additional tactile assessment might increase the accuracy of this discrimination in vitro.

Methods

Surface integrity of 46 primary molars with proximal lesions extending radiographically into outer third of dentin (ICDAS-codes: 2 n = 34, 3 n = 8 and 5 n = 4) were mounted in groups of two in manikin heads and independently assessed by three examiners using visual-radiographic and additional tactile assessment using a cow-horn-ended explorer with or without gingival displacement. After examination, lesion surfaces were evaluated for possible damage using scanning-electronic microscopy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for evaluating if tactile assessment and gingival displacement significantly affected accuracy.

Results

Tactile assessment significantly increased sensitivity of detecting cavities (p < 0.001, ANOVA), but decreased specificity (p < 0.05). Sensitivities/specificities varied between 33 (8)%/96 (1)% and 86 (6)%/84 (5)%. Gingival displacement had no significant impact on accuracy (p > 0.05). Scanning-electron microscopy revealed no cavitation.

Conclusions

In vitro, tactile assessment of proximal surfaces was useful and safe.

Clinical relevance

Analysis of the cavitation level by using a cow-horn-ended probe might be leading to useful information in addition to bitewing assessment under clinical circumstances.

http://bit.ly/2TuWVYN

Cultivation modes and deficit irrigation strategies to improve 13 C carbon isotope, photosynthesis, and winter wheat productivity in semi-arid regions

Abstract

Determining the effect of ridge-furrow cultivation mode on ¹³C carbon isotope discrimination, photosynthetic capacity, and leaf gas exchange characteristics of winter wheat leaves will help to increase wheat production. To verify these effects of cultivation modes with deficit irrigation will provide scientific basis for determining water-saving strategy. Therefore, a mobile rainproof shelter was used to explore the potential benefit of two cultivation modes: (1) the ridge-furrow (RF) precipitation system and (2) traditional flat planting (TF) with two deficit irrigation levels (150, 75 mm) and three precipitation levels (275 mm, 200 mm, 125 mm) were tested in this study. Plastic film mulching on ridges had significant effects on rainwater collection and improved soil water retention. Analysis of the light-response curve showed that RF2₁₅₀ treatment significantly increased flag leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (T_r), leaf WUE, and total contents of chlorophyll ab of wheat at flowering stage than that of TF planting. The RF system significantly increases maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) (16.2%), light saturation points (LSP) (6.7%), and P_n under CO₂-response curves compared to the TF cultivation across the two irrigation and three simulated rainfall levels. The RF system significantly increased Δ¹³C (0.7%) and caused a notable increase in the intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentration ratio (7.6%), dry matter translocation (54.9%), and grain yield plant⁻¹ (19%) compared to the TF planting. Furthermore, Δ¹³C was significantly positively correlated with P_n, G_s, C_i/C_a, C_i, T_r, P_nmax, LSP, and grain yield. This study suggested that the RF2₁₅₀ treatment was the best water-saving technique because it increased soil water content, Δ¹³C, biomass, grain yield, and leaf WUE.

http://bit.ly/2Fcmomb

Characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from farmland irrigated with sewage

Abstract

The farmland irrigation with the sewage is a common and better pathway to save the resource of groundwater in Northern China. The investigation was conducted in the farmland along the Fuhe River to explore characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from a long-term sewage-irrigated area of Baoding region. The results showed that the topsoil with long-term sewage irrigation accumulated more Cd, Pb, and Hg compared with that of soil irrigated with groundwater and their corresponding natural background values. Cd concentrations in 48% of sewage-irrigated soil samples exceeded the Chinese safety limitation at 0.6 mg/kg, but less Cd accumulated in crop grains and did not pose the potential health risk. On the contrary, Pb levels in soils irrigated with sewage were lower than the safety limitation but Pb concentrations in 24% of wheat grain samples exceeded the Chinese national safety limit. Long-term sewage irrigation did not increase As, Cr, and Ni concentrations in soils or crop grains. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals in edible grains of crops was selected to assess their risk to human health. Total THQ values were higher than 1.0 for the wheat samples from sewage-irrigated area and both sewage-irrigated and smelter-impacted areas, and As is the main contributor to the total THQ and posed the potential risk to human health. Therefore, the accumulation of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in soils and crops in sewage-irrigated area should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety and security.

http://bit.ly/2F8cqCX

Purification of leachate from sludge treatment beds by subsurface flow constructed wetlands: effects of plants and hydraulic retention time

Abstract

Sludge treatment beds (STBs) have been used widely in many countries due to low energy consumption, low operating and maintenance costs, and better environmental compatibility. Penetration, evaporation, and transpiration are the main processes for sludge dewatering in STBs. However, the leachate quality from STBs usually cannot meet discharge limits. Moreover, such leachate has very low COD/N ratio, which makes it difficult to treat. In the present study, two subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) were investigated for the treatment of leachate from STBs under three different hydraulic retention time (HRT) (3 days, 4 days, 6 days), aiming for evaluating the effects of plants and HRT on treatment performance, as well as the potential of SSF CWs to treat sludge leachate with low COD/N ration. The results showed that plants play an important role in leachate treatment. The best treatment performance was achieved with HRT of 4 days. In this condition, the mean removal efficiencies of COD (chemical oxygen demand), NH₄⁺-N, TN (total nitrogen), and TP (total phosphorus) in the planted and the unplanted CWs were 61.6% (unplanted − 3.7%), 76.6% (unplanted 43.5%), 70% (unplanted 41%), and 65.6% (unplanted 6%), respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were below the Chinese integrated wastewater discharge standard during the experimental period in the planted CW, and the removal efficiencies in the planted CW system were higher than in the unplanted CW system. In all, planted SSF CWs can be an effective approach in removing leachate from sludge treatment beds. Furthermore, considering to temperature and seasonal variation, the leachate from STBs needs to be further studied in pilot- and full-scale condition.

http://bit.ly/2Tpm2wi

An integrated multivariate statistical approach for the evaluation of spatial variations in groundwater quality near an unlined landfill

Abstract

Groundwater is a major resource for water supply in Canada, and 43 of 68 Saskatchewan municipalities rely on groundwater or combined groundwater and surface water sources. The Regina landfill is built on top of the Condie aquifer, without an engineered liner. Missing data and inconsistent sampling make a traditional groundwater assessment difficult. An integrated statistical approach using principle component analysis, correlation analysis, ion plots, and multiple linear regression is used to study groundwater contamination at the Regina landfill. Geological locations of the water samples were explicitly considered. The abundance of cations in the groundwater was Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Mn²⁺; and for anions SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻. Correlation analysis and ion plots pointed to gypsum and halite dissolution being the main factors affecting groundwater chemistry. Principal component analysis yielded three principal components, responsible for 80.7% of the total variance. For all monitoring well groups, the sodium absorption ratio was generally less than one. The variation in the ratio from monitoring well groups suggests possible groundwater contamination from landfill operation. Wilcox diagrams indicate groundwater near the landfill is unsuitable for irrigation. A two-step multiple linear regression was used to develop a model for total hardness prediction.

http://bit.ly/2CQfgdo

Ecotoxicological effects of trace element contamination in talitrid amphipod Orchestia montagui Audouin, 1826

Abstract

This study deals with the evaluation of trace element bioaccumulation and histological alterations in the hepatopancreas of the supralittoral amphipod Orchestia montagui Audouin, 1826 due to the exposure to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Orchestia montagui individuals were maintained during 14 days in soils contaminated with different trace elements namely cadmium, copper, and zinc; a control was also prepared. Our results show that the mortality and the body mass vary according to the metal and the nominal concentration used. In general, the mortality increases from the seventh day. However, the body mass shows a decrease with cadmium exposure and an increase with copper and zinc exposures. Furthermore, the concentration factor highlights that this species is considered a macroconcentrator for copper and zinc. The hepatopancreas of unexposed and exposed animals were compared to detect histological changes. Our results show significant alterations in the hepatopancreas of the exposed animals after the experiment. The degree of these alterations was found to be dose-dependent. Among the histological changes in the hepatopancreas in O. montagui, a loss of cell structure was noted, especially cell remoteness and border lyses, the reduction of nuclear volume, an increase in the cytoplasm density with the presence of trace element deposits in both the nucleus and vacuoles, a disorganization and destruction of microvilli, and a condensation of the majority of cell organelles and mitochondria swelling. Through this study, we have confirmed that O. montagui can be a relevant model to assess trace metal element pollution in Tunisian coastal lagoons with the aim of using it in future biomonitoring programs.

http://bit.ly/2Tx6LJW

Occurrence and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in an ecological wastewater treatment plant in South China and effluent impact to the receiving river

Abstract

Ecological wastewater treatment plant (EWWTP), a kind of emerging wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in recent years, combined microbiology with botany which is efficient for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter, as well as deodorization. The occurrence and removal of micro-organic pollutants in EWWTPs were still not well known. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their typical derivatives (SPAHs) including the oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and methyl PAHs (MPAHs) were investigated in an EWWTP in Guangdong Province, China. The concentrations of the Σ6 OPAHs (114–384 ng/L) were higher than the Σ16 PAHs (92–250 ng/L), and much higher than the Σ4 MPAHs (13–64 ng/L) and Σ9 ClPAHs (2–3 ng/L) in the EWWTP and the effluent receiving river. The total removal efficiencies of the PAHs, OPAHs, MPAHs, and ClPAHs in the EWWTP (43 ± 14%, 41 ± 7%, 55 ± 16%, and 18 ± 4%) were lower than the traditional WWTPs, probably due to the lower concentration of the sludge in the ecological treatment. The advanced treatment process (microfiltration and UV disinfection treatment) contributed much less (0–20%) to the whole removal efficiency than the ecological treatment (80–100%). The effluent from the EWWTP slightly reduced the PAHs and SPAHs concentrations in the receiving river. The high concentrations of the PAHs and SPAHs in the receiving river were similar to the influent of the EWWTP, indicating that some untreated wastewater was directly discharged to the river, especially in the upstream.

http://bit.ly/2Az3aUv

Impacts of leachate of landfill on the groundwater hydrochemistry and size distributions and heavy metal components of colloids: a case study in NE China

Abstract

Colloids associated with heavy metals are ubiquitous in contaminated groundwater; waste accumulation at imperfectly sealed landfills can produce large amounts of leachate with colloids and heavy metal contaminants, which can pollute the downstream groundwater. In this study, three sites in a landfill were sampled to reveal heavy metal particle size distributions and their chemical compositions. The > 220 nm particle sizes were the predominant size in the downstream groundwater, while the < 10 nm particle sizes were the predominant size in the upstream groundwater. Total Fe increased from 35.5 μg/L in the upstream groundwater to 107 μg/L in the downstream groundwater. This increase was attributed to the enhanced migration and accumulation of colloids in the aqueous phase. The elements and the colloid size distribution in the landfill indirectly reflected the composition and degradation of the waste. Colloids played a key role in distribution of both solid particles and aqueous contaminants in the landfill. The results of this study will contribute to the knowledge of the effect of different contaminants in the vicinity of landfills without appropriate sealing systems.

http://bit.ly/2SDQhzo

Multi-faceted inhibition of dendritic cell function by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells

Publication date: Available online 5 January 2019

Source: Journal of Autoimmunity

Author(s): Christina Seitz, Sang Liu, Katrin Klocke, Anne-Laure Joly, Paulo V. Czarnewski, Christopher A. Tibbitt, Sara M. Parigi, Lisa S. Westerberg, Jonathan M. Coquet, Eduardo J. Villablanca, Kajsa Wing, John Andersson

Abstract

CTLA-4 is required for CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cell function, but its mode of action remains incompletely defined. Herein we generated Ctla-4^ex2fl/flFoxp3-Cre mice with Treg cells exclusively expressing a naturally occurring, ligand-independent isoform of CTLA-4 (liCTLA-4) that cannot interact with the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. The mice did not exhibit any signs of effector T cell activation early in life, however, at 6 months of age they exhibited excessive T cell activation and inflammation in lungs. In contrast, mice with Treg cells completely lacking CTLA-4 developed lymphoproliferative disease characterized by multi-organ inflammation early in life. In vitro, Treg cells exclusively expressing liCTLA-4 inhibited CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells (DC). Conversely, Treg cells required the extra-cellular part of CTLA-4 to up-regulate expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-L2 on DCs. Transcriptomic analysis of suppressed DCs revealed that Treg cells induced a specific immunosuppressive program in DCs.

http://bit.ly/2LYVT57

Mystical marriage of Saint Catherine by Paolo Veronese (1528–1588)

http://bit.ly/2GWsfye

Bioconcentration, behavioral, and biochemical effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in Daphnia magna

Abstract

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is one of the most frequently studied as well as controversially discussed pharmaceutically active drug on the subject of its relevance to the environment. This study was conducted to assess the bioconcentration potential of diclofenac and its behavioral and biochemical effects in Daphnia magna. The bioconcentration factors of diclofenac determined after 48 h of aqueous exposure in Daphnia magna were 70.94 and 8.02 for the nominal exposure concentrations of 5 and 100 μg/L, respectively. Diclofenac exposure obviously decreased the filtration and ingestion rates of the daphnids. A significant increase of the acetylcholinesterase activity that was observed in this study indicates that diclofenac might not have neurobehavioral toxicity in Daphnia magna. Significant induction of malondialdehyde content is an indication of overproduction of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative damage in daphnids after diclofenac exposure. Moreover, significant inhibition of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities implies that the antioxidant defense system of Daphnia magna was overwhelmed. Also, significant inhibition of glutathione s-transferase activity might point to the fact that the enzyme was not capable to detoxify diclofenac in Daphnia magna. These findings indicate that diclofenac can accumulate and consequently stimulate behavioral and biochemical disturbances in Daphnia magna.

http://bit.ly/2Rz0ZtM

Mercury chloride toxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of ROS and RNS, hemoglobin oxidation, impaired antioxidant power, and inhibition of plasma membrane redox system

Abstract

Mercury is among the most toxic heavy metals and a widespread environmental pollutant. Mercury chloride (HgCl₂) is an inorganic compound of mercury which is easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and then enters the blood where it can interact with erythrocytes. In this study, the effect of HgCl₂ on human erythrocytes was studied under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were treated with different concentrations of HgCl₂ (1–100 μM) for 1 h at 37 °C. Cell lysates were prepared and assayed for several biochemical parameters. HgCl₂ treatment resulted in oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric form giving methemoglobin which is inactive as an oxygen transporter. However, the activity of methemoglobin reductase was increased. Hemoglobin oxidation was accompanied by heme degradation and the release of free iron. Protein oxidation was greatly increased with a simultaneous decrease in free amino and sulfhydryl groups and glutathione content. The antioxidant power of HgCl₂-treated erythrocytes was impaired resulting in lowered metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of these cells. This suggests that HgCl₂ induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. This was confirmed when superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and nitric oxide generation were found to be dose-dependently increased in HgCl₂-treated erythrocytes. Glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, the two major pathways of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes, were also inhibited. HgCl₂ treatment also inhibited the plasma membrane redox system while the activities of AMP deaminase and glyoxalase-I were increased. These results show that HgCl₂ induces oxidative and nitrosative stress, oxidizes hemoglobin, impairs the antioxidant defense mechanism, and alters metabolic pathways in human erythrocytes.

http://bit.ly/2Awe90V

Hidroscopy: In vivo videodermoscopy of the sweat glands

http://bit.ly/2CR3css

Evaluation of generalized pustular psoriasis by reflectance confocal microscopy

http://bit.ly/2TphiGM

High‐frequency ultrasound in hidradenitis suppurativa as rationale for permanent hair laser removal

http://bit.ly/2CR48Nq

Gender‐ and age‐related differences in facial sebaceous glands in Asian skin, as observed by non‐invasive analysis using three‐dimensional ultrasound microscopy

Abstract

Background

While determining sebaceous gland morphology is useful in the treatment of skin disorders such as acne, a non‐invasive assessment method has not been developed. Since age and gender affect sebum level, differences in sebaceous gland morphology according to these factors were investigated.

Methods

Facial skin was measured using a high‐frequency three‐dimensional ultrasound microscope. First, the ultrasound images were compared with skin sections. Next, we assessed sebaceous gland morphology. Images of sebaceous gland in the cheeks of young male, young female and elderly female subjects were obtained using ultrasound microscopy, and en face images were processed to measure the sebaceous gland area.

Results

In the ultrasound images, sebaceous glands and also thin collagen fibers, which surrounded the glands, could be detected as low‐intensity regions. We called them sebaceous units. In young male subjects, the sebaceous unit areas 900‐μm beneath the skin surface were larger than those at 700 μm. In contrast, depth‐dependent differences in sebaceous unit area were not observed in young female subjects, indicating that males had cauliflower‐shaped sebaceous glands while young females had somewhat more cylindrical and smaller sebaceous glands than the young males. Regarding age, the areas of sebaceous units at 900 μm were diminished and the depth of maximum area was shallower in elderly female subjects compared to young female subjects. Hence, sebaceous glands are considered to shrink with age.

Conclusion

Differences in facial sebaceous unit morphology between genders as well as by age groups could be observed using high‐frequency ultrasound microscopy.

http://bit.ly/2TsTx0z

Systemic lupus erythematosus‐associated neutrophilic dermatosis manifesting as an acneiform eruption and foot pain

http://bit.ly/2BZvYW9

Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of trichohyalin‐like 1 protein in human skin xenotransplants

Summary

Trichohyalin‐like (TCHHL)1 is a member of the fused‐type S100 protein family. Its function remains unknown, although it has been reported to be expressed in the basal layer of the normal epidermis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation on the expression of TCHHL1 in human skin xenotransplants. Expression of TCHHL1 mRNA was increased in the UVB‐exposed skin 2 days after UVB irradiation. TCHHL1 was immunohistochemically detected in the basal layers after sham irradiation. However, on Day 2 after irradiation, the TCHHL1 signals were spread throughout the basal and spinous layers of the irradiated skin, with increased expression of cytokeratin 14 and a dramatic increase in the number of Ki67‐positive cells observed. These results show that TCHHL1 is a novel protein whose expression can be increased by UVB irradiation. In addition, this study experimentally shows that TCHHL1 is expressed in proliferative keratinocytes.

http://bit.ly/2Ra7DaK

Patch granuloma annulare:Clinicopathological characteristics and response to phototherapy

Abstract

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign cutaneous disease. Clinical variants include classic, generalized, perforating, subcutaneous and patch type GA. Patch GA shows a distinct clinical presentation of smooth erythematous to brownish macules surfacing on the extremities and trunk with no evidence of papules or induration. Diagnosis is usually made by histopathology revealing a pattern of interstitial GA.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2GWePT2

Incidence of melanoma and outcomes of longitudinal melanonychia in a cohort of cases referred to a London dermatology department

Abstract

Longitudinal melanonychia is a pigmented longitudinal band on the nail plate and may occur due to melanocyte activation, nail matrix nevus, lentigo or subungual melanoma.¹ In a racially diverse community, melanonychia is a relatively common presenting complaint. However, despite this, little is known about the incidence of melanoma in longitudinal melanonychia, as well as variations in management approaches.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2RvXVyJ

Incisional random skin biopsy, not punch biopsy, is an appropriate method for diagnosis of intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma: A clinicopathological study of 25 patients

Abstract

Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare subtype of malignant lymphoma characterised by atypical lymphoid cell proliferation within small vessels. We previously reported that random skin biopsy (RSB) is useful for the early diagnosis of IVLBCL; we emphasised the importance of subcutaneous fat tissue in biopsied specimens because most IVLBCL lesions are found in the vessels of subcutaneous fat tissue. However, Maekawa et al. found that seven of nine patients (78%) had IVLBCL lesions in the dermis.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2H4ZUpQ

CONSORT 2010 statement: extension checklist for reporting within person randomised trials

Summary

Evidence shows that the quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is not optimal. The lack of transparent reporting impedes readers from judging the reliability and validity of trial findings and researchers from extracting information for systematic reviews and results in research waste. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement was developed to improve the reporting of RCTs. Within person trials are used for conditions that can affect two or more body sites, and are a useful and efficient tool because the comparisons between interventions are within people. Such trials are most commonly conducted in ophthalmology, dentistry, and dermatology. The reporting of within person trials has, however, been variable and incomplete, hindering their use in clinical decision making and by future researchers. This document presents the CONSORT extension to within person trials. It aims to facilitate the reporting of these trials. It extends 16 items of the CONSORT 2010 checklist and introduces a modified flowchart and baseline table to enhance transparency. Examples of good reporting and evidence based rationale for CONSORT within person checklist items are provided.

http://bit.ly/2RCweEA

Prevalence and outcome of latent tuberculosis in patients receiving ixekizumab: Integrated safety analysis from 11 clinical trials of patients with plaque psoriasis

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide, with approximately 10.0 million active TB cases in 2017 (range 9.0 to 11.1 million) occurring in all countries and age groups and estimates of 1.7 billion people having latent TB infection (LTBI). The lifetime risk for reactivation of LTBI is 5% to10%, and certain immunosuppressant therapies increase this risk. Data on TB risk following anti‐interleukin (IL)‐17A treatment in humans are limited, with no cases of LTBI reactivation reported thus far.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2GY2X2R

The potential modulatory role of herbal additives against Cd toxicity in human, animal, and poultry: a review

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy and toxic metal and easily absorbed by animals and plants; subsequently, it is an environmental risk factor with several toxic effects in humans and animals. The main pathway of human or animal exposure to Cd is through its ingestion by water or food and by particles or fume inhalation during industrial processes. With continuous exposure to small levels of cadmium, it is being deposited in different tissues day after day, causing toxic effects on the liver, kidney, and testes. Long-term exposure to this toxic metal resulted in inflammatory infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes, degenerative changes in testis tissues, reduction in spermatocytes, degeneration in renal tubules, and hypertrophy of renal epithelium. Therefore, we need an effective treatment to overcome cadmium poisoning. Thus, in the current review, we try to provide compiled reports and summarize information about the toxicological effects of Cd in human, animals, and poultry. This review also provides updated information about the protective actions of herbs and herbal extracts and their role as an effective strategy in reducing or preventing serious health problems and tissue damage in response to Cd toxicity.

http://bit.ly/2AxRHVo

Water pollution and observation of acquired antibiotic resistance in Bayou Lafourche, a major drinking water source in Southeast Louisiana, USA

Abstract

Antibiotics are known to enter the environment, not only by human excretion but also through livestock/aquaculture, healthcare facilities, and pharmaceutical industry waste. Once in the environment, antibiotics have the ability to provide a selective pressure in microbial communities thus selecting for resistance. Bayou Lafourche of Southeastern Louisiana serves as the raw source of drinking water for 300,000 people in the region and has previously been shown to receive high amounts of fecal contamination. Four sites along the bayou and one site from its input source on the Mississippi River were monitored for water chemistry, total and fecal coliform estimates, and presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) for a period of 1 year. Four waste-associated bacterial isolates were tested for resistance to antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefoxitin, meropenem, imipenem, erythromycin, and vancomycin). Resistant bacteria were further examined with PCR/electrophoresis to confirm the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (Sul1, tet(A), tet(W), tet(X), IMP, KPC, and OXA-48). The bayou appears to meet the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) criteria for water chemistry, yet fecal coliforms were consistently higher than LDEQ thresholds, thus indicating fecal contamination. Enterobacteriaceae isolates showed 13.6%, 10.9%, and 19.8% resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and cefoxitin, respectively, and 11 isolates were confirmed for presence of either tet(A) or Sul1 resistance genes. High fecal coliforms and presence of ARB/ARG may both indicate a presence of anthropogenic or agricultural source of fecal contamination.

http://bit.ly/2SI1y20

Bioaccumulation dynamics and gene regulation in a freshwater bivalve after aqueous and dietary exposures to gold nanoparticles and ionic gold

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are being developed and produced for a wide variety of industrial and biomedical applications, which raises the concern about their release and potential effects in the environment. In this study, we aim to assess the effects of PEGylated AuNPs and ionic gold on the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. As NP bioavailability is conditioned by many factors of variability, we focused on the determination of biodynamic parameters which control AuNP uptake and elimination in bivalves. Three experiments were conducted: (1) a waterborne exposure (0–24 mg/L for AuNPs and 0–12 mg/L for ionic gold), (2) a dietborne exposure (0–48 mg/L for AuNPs and 0–24 mg/L for ionic gold), and (3) an elimination phase (after waterborne exposure to 12 mg/L for AuNPs and 24 mg/L for ionic gold), to calculate rate constants for uptake from water(kuw), from food (kuf), and for the physiological elimination (ke) for AuNPs and AuCl(OH)₃⁻. Jointly, the relative expression of several genes was investigated in the hemolymph cells to relate AuNPs and gold ion exposures to detoxification, oxidative stress, immune, and apoptosis responses in C. fluminea. Results show that kuw and kuf were around 10 and 30 times higher for AuNPs compared to AuCl(OH)₃⁻, respectively. The ke was also faster in clams exposed to AuNPs meaning that they also had greater excretion capacities in comparison to gold ions. Water seems to be the main exposure pathway for C. fluminea according to kuw and kuf values for AuNPs and AuCl(OH)₃⁻ (kuw = 0.28 and 0.03, kuf = 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). The gene analyses pointed out important responses against oxidative stress, strong activations of genes of the immunity, and apoptosis after the waterborne exposure to AuNPs and to a lesser extent after exposure to gold ions. Very few responses were observed after the dietary exposure to both forms of gold, probably due to valve closure in response to contamination. While some studies suggest that the toxicity of nanoparticles may come from the release of metal ions, our results showed that the AuNPs we used were very stable (less than 1% of ion release) and generated more effects at the gene level than ionic gold. Therefore these results highlight the strong potential of toxicity of AuNPs compared to ionic gold and raise new concerns about the toxicity inherent to NPs in the environment.

http://bit.ly/2AxRm54

Occurrence, fate, and transport of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in an alkaline rhizosphere soil-plant (Maize, Zea mays L. ) system: the role of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract

Utilization of microbes is one of the most promising methods to remediate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) from soil. In this study, a systematic investigation was conducted to study the influence of Bacillus subtilis on PTMs occurrence, fractionation, translocation, and accumulation in the rhizosphere soil of Maize (Zea mays L.) in pot experiments. B. subtilis showed strong effects on the fate and mobility of Pb, Sb, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cr, and it also affected PTMs' distribution in the rhizosphere soil, maize growth, and microbial community structure. Results showed that it was easier for Zn to accumulate in maize roots than other PTMs. According to chemical fractionation, B. subtilis tended to immobilize Pb, Sb, Ni, Zn, and Cu in the rhizosphere soil. Compared with other PTMs, Cr tended to be more available and more mobile, which indicated a higher health risk to the eco-environment. These findings suggested that B. subtilis could be used as a geomicrobiological stabilizer to immobilize PTMs (Pb, Sb, Ni, Cu, Zn) in alkaline soils and decrease their uptake by plants, thus reducing the risks of a potential transfer into the food chain.

http://bit.ly/2SyvM7b

Family and Community Medicine

A profile of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and dietary habits of Saudi college female students Hana A Alzamil, Manan A Alhakbany, Nora A Alfadda, Sarah M Almusallam, Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):1-8 BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported valid comprehensive data on lifestyle habits of Saudi college females. In addition, studies on sedentary behaviors (SBs) and the duration of sleep of Saudi college students are rare. Saudi females appear to be less physically active and therefore, at a higher risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate lifestyle patterns of Saudi college females, including physical activity (PA), SBs, duration of sleep, and dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among females attending health science colleges of King Saud University, using multistage stratified cluster sample (n = 456). Weight, height, PA, SB, sleep, and dietary habits were all assessed using a previously validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Nearly half of the college females were physically inactive. Females exercised mostly at home or alone at no specific time of day. Their activity was for health reasons (43.4%) for weight loss (28.7%); lack of time (71.2%) was the primary reason for inactivity. The majority (>85%) of females spent more time in sedentary activity (>3 h/day) while 95% of females had insufficient sleep (<8 h/night). Over 40% of the participants consumed breakfast or vegetables 5 days or more per week, whereas the corresponding proportions for fruit and milk/dairy products intake were 19.4% and 58.4%, respectively. The proportions of college females who consumed less healthy foods for 3+ days/week were fairly variable, ranging from 21.1% for French fries to 60.4% for chocolates/candy. The predictors of total PA time were increased the duration of sleep and reduced intake of French fries/potato chips. CONCLUSIONS: Unhealthy lifestyle habit appears prevalent among Saudi college females. Efforts toward promoting PA, decreasing SB, and insufficient sleep and improving dietary habits in Saudi females are needed to reduce future risks of NCDs.

Consistency of child self-reports with parent proxy reports on the quality of life of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Riyadh, 2016 Dina M Al-Habib, Fatima A Alhaidar, Ibrahem M Alzayed, Randa M Youssef Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):9-16 BACKGROUND: The quality of life (QoL) of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been addressed in Saudi Arabia despite the considerable attention it has on account of its prevalence, duration of illness, and sociopsychological effects. The aim of this study was to report on the QoL of children with ADHD and test the concord between children's and parents' reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the generic PedsQL™ (version 4.0) from both children's and parents' perspectives, a cross-sectional study of 112 children was conducted on children aged 5–18 years with an established diagnosis of ADHD attending child psychiatry clinics of three referral hospitals in Riyadh between December 2015 and May 2016. RESULTS: A total of 112 children with an established diagnosis of ADHD were recruited from the Child Psychiatry Clinic of Al Amal Mental Health Complex (41.1%), Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), (33%), and King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), (25.9%). The majority were boys (74.1%) and Saudi nationals (93.8%). The mean age of children with ADHD was 10.45 ± 3.06 years (Range 5 - 18 years). One-fourth of the mothers of children with ADHD had completed high school and 41.1% had a diploma, university, or postgraduate degree. One-third of the fathers of these children had completed high school (34%) and 38.4% had a diploma, university, or postgraduate degree. The intra-class correlation coefficients between the scores of children and parents were good for physical functioning, fair for social functioning, but moderate for school, emotional, and psychosocial functioning. Children rated themselves significantly better than their parents for emotional, social, school, and psychosocial functioning. The standardized response means indicated a small difference for social functioning and medium differences for the other three domains. The only significant discrepancy was observed in social functioning in relation to the child's age. CONCLUSION: Parents mirrored adequately the observable physical component of the QoL of their children. The QoL report of children with ADHD with respect to communications and intellectual abilities should be taken into account whenever possible and their parents' report also should be sought to provide a more comprehensive view of the child's status.

The association between waiting time and patient satisfaction in outpatient clinics: Findings from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Rasmah S Al-Harajin, Sara A Al-Subaie, Ahmed G Elzubair Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):17-22 BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator for assessing the quality of health care because it affects the timely, efficient, and patient-centered delivery of quality health care, and patient satisfaction is associated with the clinical outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at family medicine and other specialized clinics. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire distributed to patients seen at the outpatient clinics. Variables collected were sociodemographic information and patient satisfaction scores to evaluate the association between waiting time and satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients participated in the study. Half of the patients reported being satisfied with the waiting time, while the remaining were dissatisfied (mean satisfaction score 38.4 ± 6.63). Family medicine clinic scored better in waiting time than other specialized clinics; between arrival and registration (P < 0.01), between registration and consultation (P < 0.01), consultation time (P < 0.01), and overall waiting time (P < 0.01). Patients treated at the family medicine clinic were more likely to be satisfied than those seen in other specialized clinics (61.2% vs. 40%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Overall satisfaction was lower than shown in previous literature. Gender and clinic type were significantly associated with satisfaction score; those who attended the family medicine clinics were more satisfied than those attending other specialized clinics. Findings may be used to inform researchers, clinicians, and policy-makers' decisions on quality improvement programs.

The impact of using the term "Diabetic Ear" for the patients with skull base osteomyelitis Abdulaziz S AlEnazi, Salma S Al Sharhan, Laila M Telmesani, Nasser A Aljazan, Bander M Al Qahtani, Mohamed A Lotfy Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):23-29 BACKGROUND: Diabetes and ear disease are some of the most widespread health concerns. The focus here is on the impact of using the term “Diabetic Ear” for patients with skull base osteomyelitis (SBM) in the context of malignant otitis externa (MOE). The aim of this study was to discover the awareness of general practitioners (GPs), residents, specialists, and consultants at Primary Health Care Centers about necrotizing otitis externa (NOE), also known previously as malignant external otitis (MOE), assess their deficiencies and provide solutions; also assist them for the early detection and possible prevention of diabetes- related ear diseases and their complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of physicians (residents, specialists, and consultants) working at the Primary Health Care Centers in Al-Khobar and Dammam cities of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. SPSS was used for data entry and analysis. RESULTS: The total number of medical practitioners was 84. Their mean age was 33.97 (±9.55). The proportion of females was higher than males, only 28.3% of the participants responded correctly when asked about MOE. Similarly, very few were aware of the risks of MOE (2.5%), complications associated with it (17.3%) and the necessary procedures for managing patients (24.2%). The awareness of doctors in the primary health clinics about MOE was significantly better than those in hospitals (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: There was a significant deficiency in the knowledge of GPs on MOE. Therefore, health education and awareness programs on MOE are recommended. Furthermore, we recommend that it is necessary to encourage the use of the term “Diabetic EAR “to increase the level of awareness of physicians about MOE.

Effect of Zamzam water on blood methemoglobin level in young rats Ahmed Badar, Abdullah O Bamosa, Mohammed Salahuddin, Abdullah Al Meheithif Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):30-35 BACKGROUND: Methemoglobin (MetHb) level in blood indicates exposure to nitrogenous compounds. Acquired methemoglobinemia as a result of exposure to nitrates in drinking water is primarily an issue for infants. The amount of nitrates in Zamzam water is said to be on the high side. This study was designed to determine the effect of prolonged use of Zamzam water on MetHb in rat pups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rat pups (n = 52, 3 weeks old) were divided into four equal groups. All of them were given normal laboratory chow. The groups differed only in the exclusive source of water, that is ordinary bottled water, standardized mineral water, old Zamzam water (stored since 2008) or fresh Zamzam water. MetHb level was checked (using Avoximeter 4000) at the baseline, and then every week for 4 weeks from blood obtained from retro-orbital sinus. Other parameters tested were total haemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin. ANOVA was used to compare the means between the groups. RESULTS: None of the rats in any of the four groups showed any sign of methemoglobinemia or toxicity. Both groups on Zamzam water showed higher increments in their total hemoglobin by the end of the study compared to their baseline (22%) than the ordinary water (9%) and the mineral water (5%) groups. None of the groups showed any significant difference in MetHb levels on intergroup comparison at any of the weekly readings and at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Prolonged use of Zamzam water did not induce any significant difference in MetHb concentration in rat pups, which might indicate that it is safe for infants.

Determinants of energy drinks consumption among the students of a Saudi University Mahmoud H Alabbad, Mohammed Z AlMussalam, Ahmed M AlMusalmi, Mohammad M Alealiwi, Ali I Alresasy, Haidar N Alyaseen, Ahmed Badar Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):36-44 BACKGROUND: Energy drinks contain stimulants mainly caffeine. The use of these drinks by university students is on the rise despite concerns about their safety. This study identified the determinants of the consumption of energy drinks in a cohort of Saudi university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. The students who volunteered to participate (n = 1255) were asked to complete a pretested questionnaire soliciting information on gender, marital status, class and college of study, pattern of energy drinks use, reasons for use, any benefits as well as any untoward effects experienced. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS (version 21) to determine frequencies and compare various categories of the energy drink users. Logistic regression analysis were performed to identify determinants of energy drinks consumption. RESULTS: Out of 1255 participants, 245 reported using energy drinks. Out of a total 1255 students, 903 (72%) were from medical and 352 (28%) from nonmedical colleges of the university. There were 890 junior and 365 senior students. The female participants were significantly more among both senior and junior medical students. The age of the participants (mean ± SD) was 20.2 ± 1.9 years. The frequency of energy drinks users was higher in the male nonmedical students (both senior and junior) compared to the medical students. The most significant determinants identified were male gender (odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] =3.34, 6.12), and being single (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.98, 4.24). In addition, being in non-medical field of study (OR = 1.3, 95% CI=0.61-2.13) was also found to have a reasonable association with energy drink consumption. CONCLUSION: We report male gender, unmarried status, and studying in nonmedical colleges of the university as the main determinants of the consumption of energy drinks by university students. Scrutiny of the patterns and reasons for the consumption of energy drinks might help in developing educational interventions to ensure the appropriate use of energy drinks by young adults.

Medical students' perception of their educational environment at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Soban Q Khan, Mohammad Al-Shahrani, Abdul Khabeer, Faraz A Farooqi, Abdullah Alshamrani, Abdulrahman M Alabduljabbar, Ahmed S Bahamdan, Mohammad A Alqathani Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):45-50 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate students' perception of the educational climate in a medical school in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The difference in the perception of preclinical year students and clinical year students was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2nd to 6th year students at the medical college of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. “Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure” (DREEM) was used to evaluate the educational environment. RESULTS: Out of 518, 238 students participated in the study; participation rate of 45.9%. The average DREEM score was 112.38 with a SD of 22.4. Students' perception of atmosphere got the highest score (27.1 ± 6.7) of the five DREEM subscales. The 3rd year had the highest DREEM score compared to students of other levels, while the DREEM score of preclinical students was significantly higher than that of the clinical year students. CONCLUSION: Perception of medical students about the educational climate was more positive than negative. Although the DREEM score and its subdomains showed a positive educational environment, students still mentioned some problematic areas that need to be addressed. Findings of this study could encourage other medical colleges in the KSA to focus on weak areas and address the issues raised by students, especially clinical year students.

Prevalence of patients with epilepsy unfit to drive Esra' H Al Zaid Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):51-56 BACKGROUND: There is no consensus among medical experts as to whether patients with epilepsy (PWEs) should be permitted to drive. PWEs who have had uncontrolled seizures in the past year are at an increased risk of road traffic accidents, often leading to the destruction of property, injury, or death. Currently, there is no clear policy on whether PWEs can drive in Saudi Arabia. Existing policies attempt to balance the potentially harmful and beneficial aspects of the issue. The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of PWEs who are unfit to drive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected by interviews, a structured validated questionnaire, and a review of the medical records of 140 PWEs, with a response rate of 84%. RESULTS: Fifty four percent of PWEs were found unfit to drive. Of the 118 participants, 17.7% did not drive and 97 (82.3%) drove. Of the 21 patients who did not drive, 14 (11.8% of the total sample) never drove and 7 (5.9% of the total sample) stopped driving because of epilepsy. Of the 104 patients who drove, 45 (43.2% of the total sample) had a history of seizures while they drove. These incidents had resulted in the involvement of 28 patients (26.9% of the total sample) in motor vehicle accidents and 17 (16.3% of the total sample) patients being admitted to the emergency room. CONCLUSION: Structured regulation and licensing procedures are necessary for PWEs to drive safely. Regulations in other countries demand that seizures be controlled for 1 year before epileptic patients are allowed unrestricted driving. Such regulations would improve road safety in Saudi Arabia.

Immune's-boosting agent: Immunomodulation potentials of propolis Mohammed Al-Hariri Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):57-60 With a concomitant increase in immune-related diseases such as allergic diseases, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and other immune-related responses such as immunodeficiency, various infectious, diseases, vaccines, and malignancies, it has become very important to have a well-balanced and properly functioning immune system for the maintenance of human health. Recent scientific research has strongly suggested propolis as one of the most promising immunomodulation agents. This review describes recent findings with respect to propolis and its ingredients that show potential in this respect and evaluate their potential mechanisms. The author believes that propolis or/and its ingredients alone and in combination could be promising in manipulating the immune response and inducing immunomodulation. Further exploratory studies are needed to support large clinical trials toward further development of propolis.

Chest pain as a possible side effect of pitavastatin (Livalo) Nada R AlZahrani, Amna F Yassin Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2019 26(1):61-63 Coronary heart disease is a serious complication of dyslipidemia. Pitavastatin is a more commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Here, we report the case of a 37-year-old female, a known patient with well-controlled bronchial asthma. She was recently found to be dyslipidemic and started on pitavastatin calcium 4 mg once a day (OD). On the 10th day of treatment, she began to have crushing chest pain and was admitted to the hospital. All investigations for coronary heart disease came out negative. Her symptoms improved dramatically when pitavastatin was stopped. Pitavastatin is reported to cause myalgia and muscle spasm, especially at higher doses. There is evidence in literature that this medication might cause chest pain in old obese ladies if taken at high doses. We report this case as a possibility of chest pain even in younger females.