Diagnostic Value of Dual-input Computed Tomography Perfusion on Detecting Bronchial-Pulmonary Artery Fistula in Tuberculosis Patients with Massive Hemoptysis

Publication date: Available online 19 January 2018
Source:Academic Radiology
Author(s): Haixian Qu, Maoqiang Wang, Zhijun Wang, Guokun Ao, Xiaodong Yuan, Qiang Li, Zepeng Ma, Qianru Xu, Jieyu Yan, Yanhua Bai
Rationale and ObjectivesThis prospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of dual-input computed tomography perfusion technique (DI-CTP) in identifying the bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula in patients tuberculosis with massive hemoptysis.Material and MethodsTwenty patients with tuberculosis with massive hemoptysis were enrolled from January 2015 to December 2015. The association between DI-CTP parameters and the diagnostic outcomes of digital subtraction angiography was assessed. Diagnostic efficacy of DI-CTP was evaluated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses using the diagnostic outcomes of digital subtraction angiography, which is the gold standard for identifying bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula.ResultsCompared to lung segments with normal blood flow (n = 304), those with bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula (n = 164) had a reduced pulmonary flow value, perfusion index (PI) value, and an elevated bronchial artery (BF) value in the DI-CTP scan, which was further confirmed by multivariate logistic regression. ROC analysis showed that PI and bronchial artery has an excellent diagnostic performance (both area under the ROC curve > 0.9, P < .001) and high sensitivity and specificity (from 0.79 to 0.95 at the optimal cutoff). PI has the best diagnostic performance, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 0.91.ConclusionsDI-CTP scan possesses the diagnostic value for detecting bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula in patients with tuberculosis with massive hemoptysis, providing an alternative diagnostic method.



http://ift.tt/2mS3LJx

Two 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives as two-photon fluorescence turn-on chemosensors for cysteine and homocysteine in living cells

Publication date: 1 May 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 181
Author(s): Qianqian Wu, Kangnan Wang, Zian Wang, Yatong Sun, Duxia Cao, Zhiqiang Liu, Ruifang Guan, Songfang Zhao, Xueying Yu
Two 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives as one- and two-photon fluorescent chemosensors for cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) were synthesized. The recognition properties and mechanism of the chemosensors for Cys and Hcy were investigated systematically. The experiment results indicate that 3-hydroxyflavone compound 1 (6-bromo-2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-chromen-4-one) after the addition of nickel ions exhibits good recognition properties for Cys and Hcy with fluorescence enhancement and 65nm absorption peak blue shift based on nickel displacement reaction mechanism. The detection limits (DL) with fluorescence as detected signal are 4.06 × 10⁻³µM (Cys, linear range of 10–80µM) and 5.8 × 10⁻³µM (Hcy, linear range of 10–100µM), respectively. But acrylate substituted 3-hydroxyflavone compound 2 (4-oxo-2-(4-diethylamino-phenyl)-4H-chromen-3-yl acrylate) can specially identify Cys with fluorescence turn-on (DL = 1.87 × 10⁻³µM, linear range of 4–22µM) based on Cys leading to acrylate hydrolysis mechanism and succedent excited-state intramolecular proton transfer process of 3-hydroxyflavone compound. Then Cys and Hcy biological thiols can be recognized at one time by these two 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives. The bioimaging experiment indicates that both the compounds can be successfully applied to the detection of Cys/Hcy in living cells and compound 2 also can be applied to bioimaging Cys in zebrafish by one- and two-photon fluorescence mode. Then these two compounds have a potential in the application of biological sample analysis.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2Be5mhE

TATP isotope ratios as influenced by worldwide acetone variation

Publication date: 1 May 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 181
Author(s): John D. Howa, Janet E. Barnette, Lesley A. Chesson, Michael J. Lott, James R. Ehleringer
Isotope ratio analysis has been shown to discriminate samples of forensic interest and to link many synthesized and natural materials to their precursors when traditional chemical and physical analyses cannot. Successful application of stable isotope analysis to chemicals of interest requires a background of likely variations in stable isotope ratios; often, this background population can be generated from analysis of possible precursors and the relationships of stable isotopes of precursor(s) to product(s), which may depend on synthesis techniques. Here we measured the carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and hydrogen (²H/¹H) isotope ratios of the oft-illicitly manufactured explosive triacetone triperoxide, TATP, and one of its precursors, acetone. As acetone is the sole source of carbon and hydrogen to TATP, a survey of acetone from 12 countries was conducted to explore the breadth of ¹³C/¹²C and ²H/¹H variation in the precursor, and therefore, its product. Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios were measured using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) techniques. We observed greater ranges in both C and H isotope ratios of acetone than previously published; we also found that country-of-purchase was a large contributing factor to the observed variation, larger than acetone grade and brand. Following clandestine production methods, we observed that the stable isotope ratios of TATP retained the stable isotope signatures of acetone used in synthesis. We confirmed the robustness of TATP carbon isotope ratios to both recrystallization and time-dependent sublimation, important considerations when faced with the task of practical sampling of potential unexploded TATP from a crime scene.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2mTFzqD

A comprehensive methodology for the chiral separation of 40 tobacco alkaloids and their carcinogenic E/Z-(R,S)-tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites

Publication date: 1 May 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 181
Author(s): Garrett Hellinghausen, Daipayan Roy, Yadi Wang, Jauh T. Lee, Diego A. Lopez, Choyce A. Weatherly, Daniel W. Armstrong
The predominant enantiomer of nicotine found in nature is (S)-nicotine and its pharmacology has been widely established. However, pharmacologic information concerning individual enantiomers of nicotine-related compounds is limited. Recently, a modified macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selector was found to be highly stereoselective for most tobacco alkaloids and metabolites. This study examines the semi-synthetic and native known macrocyclic glycopeptides for chiral recognition, separation, and characterization of the largest group of nicotine-related compounds ever reported (tobacco alkaloids, nicotine metabolites and derivatives, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines). The enantioseparation of nicotine is accomplished in less than 20s for example. All liquid chromatography separations are mass spectrometry compatible for the tobacco alkaloids, as well as their metabolites. Ring-closed, cyclized structures were identified and separated from their ring-open, straight chain equilibrium structures. Also, E/Z-tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their enantiomers were directly separated. E/Z isomers also are known to have different physical and chemical properties and biological activities. This study provides optimal separation conditions for the analysis of nicotine-related isomers, which in the past have been reported to be ineffectively separated which can result in inaccurate results. The methodology of this study could be applied to cancer studies, and lead to more information about the role of these isomers in other diseases and as treatment for diseases.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2BdxvWk

Front Matter 1 - Full Title Page (regular issues)/Special Issue Title page (special issues)

Publication date: 1 April 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 180





http://ift.tt/2mTryti

Editorial Board

Publication date: 1 April 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 180





http://ift.tt/2BfaC4x

Possible role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in pityriasis lichenoides

Summary

Background

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and their product, type I interferons (IFNs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several skin disorders characterized by an interface dermatitis (ID) pattern, such as lichen planus (LP). A type I IFN signature has previously been documented in pityriasis lichenoides (PL). Although pDCs are known to be the main source and most potent producers of local type I IFNs, their role in PL has not been investigated.

Aim

To investigate the role of pDCs in PL.

Methods

In total, 20 cases of PL and 20 comparable cases of LP were immunohistochemically tested for pDC occurrence and type I IFN production using anti-blood-derived dendritic cell antigen-2 (BDCA2; a specific pDC marker) and anti-myxovirus protein A (anti-MxA) antibodies (indirect marker of pDC activity), respectively. MxA is a well-established surrogate marker for local type 1 IFN production. A semiquantitative scoring system was used.

Results

pDCs were present in all 40 cases with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. MxA expression was intense and diffuse in the majority of PL and LP cases.

Conclusions

pDCs constitute a central component of the inflammatory infiltrate in PL, suggesting that PL shares with the other entities that exhibit an ID a common pDC-driven process through type I IFN production, which ultimately leads to the cytotoxic attack.

http://ift.tt/2DkqLHQ

Ferroelectrics, multiferroics and artifacts: Lozenge-shaped hysteresis and things that go bump in the night

Publication date: Available online 18 January 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): J.F. Scott, Jonathan Gardner
This review summarizes dielectric studies and related experiments on ferroelectrics and multiferroics about which there has been considerable controversy in the literature, sometimes at unusually impolite and unprofessional levels. In addition it focuses attention on a new anomalous phenomenon – that of ferroelectric hysteresis loops P(E) that are parallelograms with straight sides. In some cases materials have been considered to be multiferroic when the data can be interpreted more simply via other well-known mechanisms. In some cases the systems truly are multiferroic, despite X-ray crystallographic data implying that this is not possible; some properties arise only from the domain walls. And in some cases authors get different results from previous work, simply because they used bulk ceramics instead of very thin films, or epitaxial films instead of randomly oriented ceramics; it is of course preferable if groups exchange specimens before they claim the work of others is simply wrong. Emphasis is on newly discovered lozenge-shaped hysteresis loops, whose parallelepiped geometries are found in four unrelated materials. This review has intentionally not discussed ferroelectric artifacts that appear in atomic force microscopy, since that is actually more extensive in variety and well reviewed this year by Kalinin's group [1].

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2Ds1U8j

Alleviation of iron toxicity in Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) by humic substances

Abstract

One of the industrial pillars of Espírito Santo state, South East of Brazil, is iron-mining products processing. This activity brings to a high level of coastal pollution due to deposition of iron particulate on fragile ecosystems as mangroves and restinga. Schinus therebinthifolius (aroeira) is a widespread restinga species. This work tested iron toxicity alleviation by vermicompost humic substances (HS) added to aroeira seedlings in hydroponic conditions. Catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes that work as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers: they increase their activity as an answer to ROS concentration rise that is the consequence of metal accumulation or humic substance stimulation. S. terebinthifolius seedlings treated with HS and Fe augmented their antioxidant enzyme activities significantly less than seedlings treated separately with HS and Fe; their significantly lower Fe accumulation and the slight increase of root and leaf area confirm the biostimulating effect of HS and their role in blocking Fe excess outside the roots. The use of HS can be useful for the recovery of areas contaminated by heavy metals.

http://ift.tt/2mTviLp

Chemically and size-resolved particulate matter dry deposition on stone and surrogate surfaces inside and outside the low emission zone of Milan: application of a newly developed “Deposition Box”

Abstract

The collection of atmospheric particles on not-filtering substrates via dry deposition, and the subsequent study of the particle-induced material decay, is trivial due to the high number of variables simultaneously acting on the investigated surface. This work reports seasonally resolved data of chemical composition and size distribution of particulate matter deposed on stone and surrogate surfaces obtained using a new method, especially developed at this purpose. A "Deposition Box" was designed allowing the particulate matter dry deposition to occur selectively removing, at the same time, variables that can mask the effect of airborne particles on material decay. A pitched roof avoided rainfall and wind variability; a standardised gentle air exchange rate ensured a continuous "sampling" of ambient air leaving unchanged the sampled particle size distribution and, at the same time, leaving quite calm condition inside the box, allowing the deposition to occur. Thus, the "Deposition Box" represents an affordable tool that can be used complementary to traditional exposure systems. With this system, several exposure campaigns, involving investigated stone materials (ISMs) (Carrara Marble, Botticino limestone, Noto calcarenite and Granite) and surrogate (Quartz, PTFE, and Aluminium) substrates, have been performed in two different sites placed in Milan (Italy) inside and outside the low emission zone. Deposition rates (30–90 μg cm⁻² month⁻¹) showed significant differences between sites and seasons, becoming less evident considering long-period exposures due to a positive feedback on the deposition induced by the deposited particles. Similarly, different stone substrates influenced the deposition rates too. The collected deposits have been observed with optical and scanning electron microscopes and analysed by ion chromatography. Ion deposition rates were similar in the two sites during winter, whereas it was greater outside the low emission zone during summer and considering the long-period exposure. The dimensional distribution of the collected deposits showed a significant presence of fine particles in agreement with deposition rate of the ionic fraction. The obtained results allowed to point out the role of the fine particles fraction and the importance of making seasonal studies.

http://ift.tt/2ropjTi

Retrospective audit of patients referred for further treatment following Mohs surgery for non-melanoma skin cancer

Abstract

Background/Objectives

To describe the characteristics, subsequent management and outcomes of patients referred for further management following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients referred to a quaternary cancer centre from 2000 to 2015.

Results

In total, 83 lesions in 82 patients were referred for further management; 52 (62%) were SCC and 80 (96%) were located in the head and neck. Reasons for referral included high-risk disease for consideration for adjuvant radiotherapy (37/83, 45%), inadequate resection (28/83, 34%) or recurrence following previous MMS (15/83, 17%). Fewer than 40% of the 69 referrals received from MMS surgeons included photos or an operative report and diagram.

There was discordance in pathology opinion in 11 (13%) of cases. Histopathology from MMS was reviewed in eight cases and there was discordance with the in-hospital pathology opinion in six of these. In-hospital re-excision was performed in 19 cases and in five of these the pathology report on the paraffin-sectioned re-excised tissue was discordant with prior MMS assessment. Significantly, two cases were associated with a misinterpretation of lymphocytic infiltrate as residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).

Conclusion

This study highlights some of the challenges and limitations of MMS. Early referral for multidisciplinary management is recommended when MMS resection margins are inadequate or uncertain, especially for high-risk SCC. We recommend that referrals be accompanied by histological material, as well as a detailed report with operative photos and diagrams. CLL can pose an intraoperative diagnostic challenge. Discrepancies in the interpretation of MMS slides present an opportunity for improvement, and our findings support the role of ongoing quality assurance programs.

http://ift.tt/2DriZA3

Aesthetic Refinements after Radial Free Flap Phalloplasty: Optimizing the Donor Site and the Phallus

Background: Phalloplasty with radial forearm flap is the gold standard for female-to-male sex reassignment surgery. However, it leaves a stigmatizing forearm scar, and as the new phallus is created with the forearm's skin and fat, it does not look like that of a biological man. The aesthetic appearance of the donor site and the neophallus can be optimized after phalloplasty. In this study, we review refinement techniques (RTs) performed after radial forearm flap phalloplasty. Methods: We present a historical cohort of patients who underwent the following RTs: forearm fat grafting and localized laser in the forearm's scars, and micropigmentation of the neophallus. Patient's aesthetic satisfaction was evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale for the forearm's refinements and the Male Genital Self-Image Scale for the neophallus. Results: Between January 2014 and January 2016, 8 patients underwent forearm fat grafting with localized laser, and 7 patients micropigmentation of the neophallus after radial flap phalloplasties. All Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale parameters showed a statistically significant reduction between preoperative and postoperative values. Male Genital Self-Image Scale survey showed that all patients felt positively about their genitals after micropigmentation. Patients who underwent refinement procedures were highly satisfied with the aesthetic outcome and felt more confident. They also claim that they would choose to have the refinement procedure done again. Conclusions: The proposed RTs are minimally invasive interventions to complement and enhance female-to-male sex reassignment surgery with very few complications and excellent aesthetic results of both the forearm scars and the constructed phallus.

http://ift.tt/2riE6yV

A Systematic Review of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma and Fat Graft Preparation Methods

Background: The addition of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to adipose tissue may improve fat graft survival, although graft retention rates vary markedly between studies. To what extent this outcome heterogeneity reflects differing methodological factors remains unknown. This systematic review aims to synthesize and critically review methodological approaches to autologous PRP and fat cotransplantation in both human and animal studies. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to April 2017. Data were extracted from all in vivo studies involving autologous PRP and fat cotransplantation. A secondary aim was to assess reporting of technical detail; authors were not contacted to provide missing data. Results: From 335 articles, 23 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Some 21 were performed in humans and 2 in rabbits. Six studies were randomized control trials; the remainder reported on observational data. Methods of PRP extraction and activation varied markedly between studies. Fat graft preparation was comparatively more consistent. Methods of PRP and fat mixing differed significantly, especially with regards to relative volume/volume ratios. Conclusions: Our study represents the first systematic review of methodological factors in autologous PRP and fat cotransplantation. It demonstrates that technical factors in graft preparation and administration vary significantly between in vivo studies. Such methodological heterogeneity may explain observed differences in experimental and clinical outcomes. Reporting of key procedural information is inconsistent and often inadequate. These issues make meaningful evaluation of the PRP-enhanced fat grafting literature difficult and may limit its translation into clinical practice.

http://ift.tt/2FRBgnL

Treatment of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation in synergy with advanced oxidation process

Abstract

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very tenacious wastewater contaminants. The consequences of their existence have been acknowledged for negatively affecting the ecosystem with specific impact upon endocrine disruption and hormonal diseases in humans. Their recalcitrance and circumvention of nearly all the known wastewater treatment procedures are also well documented. The reported successes of POPs treatment using various advanced technologies are not without setbacks such as low degradation efficiency, generation of toxic intermediates, massive sludge production, and high energy expenditure and operational cost. However, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently recorded successes in the treatment of POPs in wastewater. AOPs are technologies which involve the generation of OH radicals for the purpose of oxidising recalcitrant organic contaminants to their inert end products. This review provides information on the existence of POPs and their effects on humans. Besides, the merits and demerits of various advanced treatment technologies as well as the synergistic efficiency of combined AOPs in the treatment of wastewater containing POPs was reported. A concise review of recently published studies on successful treatment of POPs in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation technology in combination with other advanced oxidation processes is presented with the highlight of direction for future research focus.

http://ift.tt/2FUxrym

Cytological diagnosis of erythema nodosum leprosum in clinically unsuspected cases: A report of two cases

Shruti Semwal, Deepti Joshi, Garima Goel, Neha Mittal, Kaushik Majumdar, Neelkamal Kapoor

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):63-65

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The manifestations of this disease varies across the spectrum of tuberculoid (TT) to lepromatous (LL) leprosy.The course of this indolent disease is interrupted by acute exacerbations in the form of leprare actions. Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a type 2 lepra reaction, occurs in lepromatous or borderline lepromatous cases, usually in response to multidrug therapy. Early detection and timely management of these patients is important to reduce the associated morbidity. We report two clinically unusual cases of ENL on fine-needle aspiration cytology. In one case, antileprosy treatment was completed 10 years back, whereas in the other case, ENL was the presenting feature of the disease. Cytological examination of swelling in both the cases showed neutrophils, lymphoid cells, clusters of foamy macrophages, histiocytes, and giant cells. Fite stain was positive, which confirmed the cytological diagnosis of ENL.

http://ift.tt/2mTCxTq

Martian Popping Thing

Manoj G Madakshira, Imtiaz Ahmed

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):53-54



http://ift.tt/2BdHFG8

Toluidine blue with a synergistic effect in morphological assessment of oral cytosmears

TN Ratna Kumari, BR Ahmed Mujib

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):8-14

Objectives: One percent toluidine blue being the most effective adjunct is often used to detect dysplasia. Not much attention has been given to the effect of toluidine blue in enhancement of cytological smears. The present study assessed the smears before and after application of toluidine blue in smokers against non-smokers using three different stains [Papanicolaou (PAP), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E), and Giemsa]. Study Design: Twenty-five individuals from each group participated in the study. The oral cytosmears were obtained before and after application of toluidine blue and assessed for clumping of squamous cells, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, micronuclei, binucleation, bacterial colony units, and keratin flakes. Results: In smokers, the maximum enhancement in cytological smears post-toluidine blue application was shown by Giemsa stain than PAP and H and E stains. Among the individual parameters, nuclear pleomorphism exhibited greatest significant difference between smokers and non-smokers. Conclusion: Toluidine blue enhanced the staining characteristics both in terms of sensitivity and specificity and thereby was found to be synergistic in assessment of cytosmears. The cellular alterations noticed in the smears of smokers with clinically normal buccal mucosa can be used as a means of education tool in counselling for smoking cessation.

http://ift.tt/2mUGffw

Intraoperative cytology of ovarian neoplasms with an attempt to grade epithelial tumors

Sangita Bohara, Shyama Jain, Nita Khurana, Darilin M Shangpliang, Swapnil Agarwal, Gauri Gandhi

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):1-7

Background: Intraoperative cytology (IOC) is a simple and quick technique with excellent preservation of cellular details. In the present study, we have evaluated the role of IOC by various methods of smear preparation and compared it with frozen section diagnosis. A scoring system was followed for epithelial tumors for characterization and grading on the basis of cellularity, pattern, nuclear, cytoplasmic features, and background details. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during a time span of 2 years in total 48 cases of ovarian tumors. Fine-needle aspiration cytology, touch/imprint, scrape, and crush techniques were used. The smears so prepared were processed for toluidine blue and Giemsa and Papanicolaou staining. Cases were cytomorphologically categorized into four groups: Indeterminate; unequivocally benign; borderline tumor with equivocal morphology; and unequivocally malignant (graded into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated). Results: In our study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of 88.88, 96, 96, 88.88, and 92.31%, respectively, were recorded. This was comparable to frozen section diagnosis with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 85.18, 96.15, 95.83, 86.21, and 90.56%, respectively. In epithelial tumors, cytological grading correlated with histopathological grading in 85.29% cases of epithelial tumors. Conclusion: IOC gives comparable results to frozen section and can be used for intraoperative assessment of ovarian tumors. Grading of epithelial tumors on IOC can be performed and may become an important step in intraoperative decision-making for better management and outcome of the patient.

http://ift.tt/2BdHE52

To evaluate the applicability of parameters of cytological grading systems on aspirates of breast carcinoma

Priyanshu Srivastava, Binay Kumar, Usha Joshi, Mehar Bano

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):15-21

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is still an important first line diagnostic procedure in developing countries. FNAC of breast lesions is quite specific and sensitive investigation and the results are comparable to histopathology. Aim: To evaluate applicability of parameters of different cytological grading (CG) systems, for aspirates of breast cancers, and its correlation with histopathology grading parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 30 female patients with ductal carcinoma breast, diagnosed on FNAC and subsequently confirmed histopathologically. The cytological smears were graded using six different cytological parameters/criteria described by Robinson et al. (Robinson grading system) and modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grading system considering three parameters. The results of cytological grade (CG) were compared with parameters of gold standard modified SBR histological grading (HG) system. Results: Important influential cytological parameters to predict final RBS cytological score came out to be chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear size, cell uniformity, and cell dissociation with statistically significant P value (0.0001) except for mitotic count. The important influential predictor of final SBR histological score is nuclear pleomorphism. Conclusion: SBR HG has good correlation with both RBS and SBR CG systems. The cytological nuclear grade provides important prognostic information which is very sensitive and equally specific hence should be done in breast aspirates and is now replaced by Core Needle biopsy. In developing country like India FNAC of breast aspirates still holds diagnostic value in the classification of breast lesions as compared to core guided image biopsy.

http://ift.tt/2mQzGuz

Papillary pattern in acinic cell carcinoma of parotid gland: A potential diagnostic pitfall on FNAC

Anju Bansal, Manveen Kaur, Varsha Dalal, Fouzia Siraj

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):57-59

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is often the first investigation in the work up of salivary gland lesions. However, its diagnostic accuracy is limited by the high rates of false positives and false negatives. Usually, acinic cell carcinoma is prone to be underdiagnosed because of the cytological similarity of the tumor cells to normal acinar cells, however rarely, a predominant papillary architecture on cytology may cause confusion with adenocarcinomas. We present a case of a 45-year-old male with a painful swelling of the right parotid region. FNA smears revealed a predominant papillary architecture and focal acinar pattern. A provisional diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma was given, which was confirmed on histopathology. Familiarity with the cytomorphologic features of acinic cell carcinoma is cardinal for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

http://ift.tt/2BdaO4q

Micronucleus study on breast cytology aspirate smears and its diagnostic utility

Mary T Sylvia, Lavanya Baskaran, Ramachandra V Bhat

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):22-26

Background: Micronucleus is a small fragment of nucleus present in the cells which have undergone chromosomal damage. It is used as a biomarker of genomic damage. Aims: We aim to study the presence of micronucleus on breast cytology smears and the use of scoring the micronucleus as an additional criteria for the classification of breast lesions with emphasis on borderline gray zone categories. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of breast cytology smears received over a period of 2 years formed the basis of the study. Micronucleus scoring was done by counting the number of micronuclei in 1000 epithelial cells under oil immersion and compared in the benign, adenosis, usual/atypical ductal hyperplasia, and the three grades of infiltrating ductal carcinomas. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive analyses and one-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 243 cases, the average statistically significant (P < 0.05) micronuclei scores of the benign (190), adenosis (7), usual (11)/atypical (5) hyperplasia, grade 1, 2, and 3 carcinomas (30) were 0.5, 2, 2.9, 6.6, 13.2, 20.6, and 27.5, respectively (the corresponding median scores were 0.5, 2, 3, 6, and 20, respectively). Micronucleus score of ≤1 had a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99%) in confirmation of benign cases. Micronucleus score of ≥5 and <10 had a moderate sensitivity (60%) but a high specificity of 99% in detecting atypical ductal hyperplasia. Micronucleus score of ≥10 had a high sensitivity (96%) and specificity (99%) of detecting carcinomas. Conclusion: Micronucleus scores showed a gradual increase across the categories proving the gradual occurrence of genomic damage. Micronucleus scoring serves as an additional criterion for the diagnosis of breast lesions.

http://ift.tt/2mQzEmr

Chondromyxoid fibroma of the metatarsal bone: A diagnosis using fine needle aspiration biopsy

Biswajit Dey, Archana H Deshpande, Rupinder K Brar, Amit Ray

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):67-68



http://ift.tt/2BdHv1u

Galectin-3 and HBME-1 Expression on agarose cell blocks from fine-needle aspirates of follicular cell-derived thyroid tumors

E Abu-Sinna, MY Hasan, MM El-Deftar, SA Amer, LO Abdelsalam, JA Nakhla

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):27-32

Aim: To test the expression of galectin-3 (gal-3) and Hector Battifora mesothelial antigen-1 (HBME-1) on agarose cell blocks (CBs) of fine-needle aspirates aiming to determine their diagnostic value in thyroid follicle cell-derived tumors. Materials and Methods: Forty patients with thyroid nodule were enrolled. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was done and processed to produce smears and CBs. Immune staining was done on CBs using antibodies to gal-3 and HBME-1. Diagnostic value of tests was determined in comparison to pathology. Results: Current study included 17 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 15 follicular adenoma, and 8 follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). In PTC diagnosis, co-expression of gal-3/HBME-1 had a sensitivity of 94.1%, specificity of 73.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 80%, negative predictive value (NPV) 91.7%, and accuracy of 84.4%. In FTC diagnosis, combined gal-3/HBME-1 expression had a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 78.6%, PPV of 50%, NPV of 91.7%, and accuracy of 77.8%. Co-expression of gal-3/HBME-1 raised the sensitivity of detection of differentiated thyroid carcinomas from 40% with cytomorphology to 92% and accuracy from 62.5% to 85%. Conclusion: The combined immunocytochemical expression of gal-3 and HBME-1 utilizing fine-needle aspirates can improve the sensitivity of detection and diagnostic accuracy of differentiated follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas.

http://ift.tt/2mR3qYk

Sputum cytology: Curschmann's spiral or parasite larva?

Rafael Martínez-Girón, Cristina Martínez-Torre

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):51-52



http://ift.tt/2BdHrig

Reproducibility of “The bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology:” A retrospective analysis of 107 patients

Pragati Awasthi, Garima Goel, Ujjawal Khurana, Deepti Joshi, Kaushik Majumdar, Neelkamal Kapoor

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):33-36

Objectives: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has emerged as an indispensable tool to discriminate thyroid lesions into benign or malignant for appropriate management. The need for simplicity of communication and standardization of terminology for thyroid FNAC reporting led to introduction of "The Bethesda system for reporting Thyroid Cytopathology" (TBSRTC) in a conference held at the National Cancer Institute in 2007. This study aims at establishing the reproducibility of TBSRTC for diagnosing thyroid lesions. Materials and Methods: The present study comprised thyroid FNAC from 107 patients retrospectively over a period of 1.5 year (June 2013 to December 2014), which were reviewed by two trained cytopathologists and re-categorized according to TBSRTC. The interobserver variation and reproducibility of the reporting system was statistically assessed using Cohen's kappa. Results: The cytopathologists were in agreement in 98 out of 107 cases (91.5%). Maximum concordance was noted in benign category (91 of 96 cases; 92.85%), followed by 2 cases each in nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory (ND/US) and follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN) category (2.04% each) and 1 case each in atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), suspicious for malignancy (SUS), and malignant category (1.02% each). The highest diagnostic disagreement was noted among ND/US and benign and benign and FN/SFN categories. Conclusion: The utilization of TBSRTC for reporting thyroid cytology should be promoted in our country because it provides a homogeneous, standardized, and unanimous terminology for cytological diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The present study could substantiate the diagnostic reproducibility of this system.

http://ift.tt/2mQzV8X

Fine needle aspiration cytology of basal cell adenoma of parotid simulating adenoid cystic carcinoma

Subrata Pal, Palash Kr Mondal, Abhishek Sharma, Mrinal Sikder

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):55-57

Basal cell adenoma is a rare type of monomorphic salivary adenoma most commonly involving the parotid gland. Cytology of basal cell adenoma closely mimics many other benign and malignant basaloid neoplasms. Cytological features of membranous basal cell adenoma simulate adenoid cystic carcinoma in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears. Here, we are presenting a rare case of cytodiagnosis of membranous basal cell adenoma of parotid gland in an elderly lady, which mimicked adenoid cystic carcinoma on FNAC. We discuss the cytomorphology of this rare case with an emphasis on cytological difference between membranous basal cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma as well as other basaloid neoplasms.

http://ift.tt/2BeHdHP

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase immunocytochemistry in fine needle aspiration diagnosis of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

Prashant Ramteke, Sanjeev Chitragar, Ashok Singh, Saumyaranjan Mallick, Sandeep R Mathur, Deepali Jain, Venkateswaran K Iyer

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):37-40

Background: Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) characterized by the presence of unusual giant cells. It is a CD30+lymphoma of T-cells lineage, which shows anaplastic lymphoma kinase-nucleophosmin (ALK-NPM) rearrangement. ALCL on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) shows unusually large and bizarre tumor cells. Materials and Methods: All aspirates seen over a 6-year period from November 2009 to November 2015 in which a diagnosis of ALCL or Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) with bizarre giant cells were suspected on cytomorphology were prospectively selected. Twenty such aspirates were subjected to CD-30 and ALK-1 immunocytochemistry (ICC). Subsequent biopsy was available in all cases. Results: Out of 20 cases, seven cases, suspected to be ALCL on FNAC, were confirmed on biopsy. ALK-1 was positive in both cytology and biopsy of 6/7 of these. Two cases suspected to be ALCL on cytomorphology were HL (1) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (1) on biopsy, both of which were ALK-1 negative on cytology. Eight cases of HL and three cases of large-cell NHL, which were all ALK negative on cytology, were confirmed on biopsy. Conclusion: ICC for ALK and CD30 is useful in aspiration cytodiagnosis of ALCL. One CD30 positive DLBCL and one ALK negative ALCL showed concordant results of ICC on cytology and histology.

http://ift.tt/2mQzr2D

Cytomorphology of skin adnexal tumors: A tale of two scalp swellings

Hemlata Panwar, Garima Goel, Kaushik Majumdar, Deepti Joshi, Dinesh Asati, Neelkamal Kapoor

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):60-62

The primary and metastatic tumors of the skin can be effectively diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC); however, the cytomorphological features of skin adnexal tumors are rarely described in the literature. We hereby describe the cytological features of two histologically confirmed cases of benign skin adnexal tumors. Case 1 is of a 46-year-old female who presented with an elevated firm nodule over the scalp. A cytological diagnosis of benign adnexal tumor possibly of sebaceous origin was given. The nodule was excised and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of sebaceoma. Case 2 is of a 19-year-old male who presented with a pigmented scalp swelling. Cytomorphological features were suggestive of benign skin adnexal tumor with foci of melanin pigment. The swelling was excised and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of eccrine poroma. To the best of our knowledge, only one previous report of sebaceoma and no report of eccrine poroma describing the cytological findings of these two tumors exist. We report these two cases of benign skin adnexal tumors to discuss the cytological features and the potential diagnostic dilemma that they pose to the cytologist.

http://ift.tt/2BdHg6A

Role of nuclear morphometry in breast cancer and its correlation with cytomorphological grading of breast cancer: A study of 64 cases

Anamika Kashyap, Manjula Jain, Shailaja Shukla, Manoj Andley

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):41-45

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method of diagnosis of breast mass. Cytoprognostic grading in breast cancers is important to identify high-grade tumors. Computer-assisted image morphometric analysis has been developed to quantitate as well as standardize various grading systems. Aims: To apply nuclear morphometry on cytological aspirates of breast cancer and evaluate its correlation with cytomorphological grading with derivation of suitable cutoff values between various grades. Settings and Designs: Descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study. Materials and Methods: This study included 64 breast cancer cases (29 of grade 1, 22 of grade 2, and 13 of grade 3). Image analysis was performed on Papanicolaou stained FNAC slides by NIS –Elements Advanced Research software (Ver 4.00). Nuclear morphometric parameters analyzed included 5 nuclear size, 2 shape, 4 texture, and 2 density parameters. Results: Nuclear size parameters showed an increase in values with increasing cytological grades of carcinoma. Nuclear shape parameters were not found to be significantly different between the three grades. Among nuclear texture parameters, sum intensity, and sum brightness were found to be different between the three grades. Conclusion: Nuclear morphometry can be applied to augment the cytology grading of breast cancer and thus help in classifying patients into low and high-risk groups.

http://ift.tt/2mQzmfl

Cytopathological diagnosis and differential diagnoses of facial spindle cell lipoma

Manas Bajpai, Nilesh Pardhe

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):66-67



http://ift.tt/2BdHbzO

Comparative assessment of conventional papanicolaou and modified ultrafast papanicolaou stains in fine needle aspiration samples and body fluids

P Arul, S Eniya, Magesh Pushparaj, Suresh Masilamani, P Kanmani, C Lingasamy

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):46-50

Background: Conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) stain has undergone many modifications; of these, ultrafast Pap stain is the most popular as it shortens the turnaround time of reporting. Application of modified ultrafast Pap (MUFP) stain in the evaluation of fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples and body fluids are scanty. Aim: To evaluate the utility of MUFP stain in various FNA samples and body fluids and compare the findings with those of conventional Pap stain. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, two wet-fixed and two airdried smears from each sample [301 samples (255 FNA samples and 46 body fluids)] were prepared and stained by the conventional Pap and MUFP stains, respectively. Concordant and discordant rate was calculated. Quality index (QI) of MUFP stain was assessed by background, overall staining, cell morphology, and nuclear characteristics. MUFP-stained smears were also categorized into excellent, good, and fair. Results: The concordance rate for MUFP stain was 100%. QI of MUFP stain for breast, thyroid, lymph node, soft tissue, salivary gland, and body fluids was 0.9, 0.93, 0.95, 1, 0.94, and 1, respectively. Excellent quality of stain was noted in 53.2% and good in 24.6% of the cases allowing easy diagnosis. In 22.2% of fair cases, diagnosis was possible with some difficulties. Conclusion: Our study concluded that MUFP stain could be considered as a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool and can be applied on a regular basis in FNA samples and body fluids to offer immediate diagnosis. However, caution should be taken while reporting certain MUFP-stained smears to avoid over/under diagnosis.

http://ift.tt/2mQzhZ5

Diagnostic role of intraoperative imprint cytology in an unusual case of chondrosarcoma presenting as acute onset stridor

Paul K Benjith, Nikhil Moorchung, Angshuman Dutta, Deepti Mutreja

Journal of Cytology 2018 35(1):69-70



http://ift.tt/2BeBYYz

The effects of sediment transport on temporal variation in radiocesium concentrations in very shallow water off the southern coast of Fukushima, Japan

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): Akira Matsumoto, Hiroshi Myouse, Hisayuki Arakawa, Ken Higuchi, Naoto Hirakawa, Yoshiaki Morioka, Takuji Mizuno
We studied the very shallow coastal water off Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, and investigated: (1) temporal variation in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations; (2) particle-size distribution of sediments; and (3) the effect on variation by waves, component-fractionated concentration of radiocesium and mineral composition at three sampling stations (Yotsukura, Ena rocky reef and Ena sandy station). There was a decline in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in sediment samples at all sampling stations between 425 and 1173 days after the accident. All stations had fluctuations in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations between 425 and 800 days. At Ena sandy station and Ena rocky reef stations the declines in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations slowed from about 800 days after the accident. Fluctuations in particle median diameters were seen, as well as in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations. At Yotsukura, where the fluctuation in median diameter was small, a constant decrease in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations was observed. We considered that bioturbation may contribute the constant decrease. At Ena sandy station, where the fluctuation of the median diameter was large, the fluctuation in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations was also large. The movement of sediments was evaluated by the Shields parameter, and results indicated that at any station where the sediment was moved more frequently, the fluctuation in ¹³⁷Cs concentrations was also large. The highly contaminated small particles moved from our stations due to wave action between 425 and 800 days after the accident. The remaining relatively large particles might contribute to the slowing down in reduction of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations from 800 days after the accident. However, the ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in sediments in very shallow water off the southern coast of Fukushima may continue to decline over time.



http://ift.tt/2BcVCEn

High-resolution 129I bomb peak profile in an ice core from SE-Dome site, Greenland

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): Angel T. Bautista, Yasuto Miyake, Hiroyuki Matsuzaki, Yoshinori Iizuka, Kazuho Horiuchi
¹²⁹I in natural archives, such as ice cores, can be used as a proxy for human nuclear activities, age marker, and environmental tracer. Currently, there is only one published record of ¹²⁹I in ice core (i.e., from Fiescherhorn Glacier, Swiss Alps) and its limited time resolution (1–2 years) prevents the full use of ¹²⁹I for the mentioned applications. Here we show ¹²⁹I concentrations in an ice core from SE-Dome, Greenland, covering years 1956–1976 at a time resolution of ∼6 months, the most detailed record to date. Results revealed ¹²⁹I bomb peaks in years 1959, 1962, and 1963, associated to tests performed by the former Soviet Union, one year prior, in its Novaya Zemlya test site. All ¹²⁹I bomb peaks were observed in winter (1958.9, 1962.1, and 1963.0), while tritium bomb peaks, another prominent radionuclide associated with nuclear bomb testing, were observed in spring or summer (1959.3, and 1963.6; Iizuka et al., 2017). These results indicate that ¹²⁹I bomb peaks can be used as annual and seasonal age markers for these years. Furthermore, we found that ¹²⁹I recorded nuclear fuel reprocessing signals and that these can be potentially used to correct timing of estimated ¹²⁹I releases during years 1964–1976. Comparisons with other published records of ¹²⁹I in natural archives showed that ¹²⁹I can be used as common age marker and tracer for different types of records. Most notably, the 1963 ¹²⁹I bomb peak can be used as common age marker for ice and coral cores, providing the means to reconcile age models and associated trends from the polar and tropical regions, respectively.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2mSsdee

Experience of on-site disposal of production uranium-graphite nuclear reactor

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): Alexander O. Pavliuk, Sergey G. Kotlyarevskiy, Evgeny V. Bespala, Elena V. Zakharova, Vyacheslav M. Ermolaev, Anna G. Volkova
The paper reported the experience gained in the course of decommissioning EI-2 Production Uranium-Graphite Nuclear Reactor. EI-2 was a production Uranium-Graphite Nuclear Reactor located on the Production and Demonstration Center for Uranium-Graphite Reactors JSC (PDC UGR JSC) site of Seversk City, Tomsk Region, Russia. EI-2 commenced its operation in 1958, and was shut down on December 28, 1990, having operated for the period of 33 years all together. The extra pure grade graphite for the moderator, water for the coolant, and uranium metal for the fuel were used in the reactor. During the operation nitrogen gas was passed through the graphite stack of the reactor. In the process of decommissioning the PDC UGR JSC site the cavities in the reactor space were filled with clay-based materials. A specific composite barrier material based on clays and minerals of Siberian Region was developed for the purpose. Numerical modeling demonstrated the developed clay composite would make efficient geological barriers preventing release of radionuclides into the environment.



http://ift.tt/2Bc6AKB

Comparisons between a new point kernel-based scheme and the infinite plane source assumption method for radiation calculation of deposited airborne radionuclides from nuclear power plants

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): Xiaole Zhang, George Efthimiou, Yan Wang, Meng Huang
Radiation from the deposited radionuclides is indispensable information for environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants and emergency management during nuclear accidents. Ground shine estimation is related to multiple physical processes, including atmospheric dispersion, deposition, soil and air radiation shielding. It still remains unclear that whether the normally adopted "infinite plane" source assumption for the ground shine calculation is accurate enough, especially for the area with highly heterogeneous deposition distribution near the release point. In this study, a new ground shine calculation scheme, which accounts for both the spatial deposition distribution and the properties of air and soil layers, is developed based on point kernel method. Two sets of "detector-centered" grids are proposed and optimized for both the deposition and radiation calculations to better simulate the results measured by the detectors, which will be beneficial for the applications such as source term estimation. The evaluation against the available data of Monte Carlo methods in the literature indicates that the errors of the new scheme are within 5% for the key radionuclides in nuclear accidents. The comparisons between the new scheme and "infinite plane" assumption indicate that the assumption is tenable (relative errors within 20%) for the area located 1 km away from the release source. Within 1 km range, the assumption mainly causes errors for wet deposition and the errors are independent of rain intensities. The results suggest that the new scheme should be adopted if the detectors are within 1 km from the source under the stable atmosphere (classes E and F), or the detectors are within 500 m under slightly unstable (class C) or neutral (class D) atmosphere. Otherwise, the infinite plane assumption is reasonable since the relative errors induced by this assumption are within 20%. The results here are only based on theoretical investigations. They should be further thoroughly evaluated with real measurements in the future.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2mXlpMP

Evaluation of abundance of artificial radionuclides in food products in South Korea and sources

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): S.H. Lee, J.S. Oh, K.B. Lee, J.M. Lee, S.H. Hwang, M.K. Lee, E.H. Kwon, C.S. Kim, I.H. Choi, I.Y. Yeo, J.Y. Yoon, J.M. Im
Food samples are collected nationwide from January 2016 to February 2017 and their contents of artificial radionuclides are measured to address the growing concerns regarding the radioactive contamination of food products in Korea. Specifically, 900 food samples are collected for this study and their contents of representative artificial radionuclides ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs, ^239,240Pu, and ⁹⁰Sr are analyzed. The analysis shows that the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in fish range from minimum detectable activity (MDA) to 340 mBq/kg of fresh weight. The concentration factor (CF) determined for ¹³⁷Cs as a measure of its bioavailability is calculated to be ca. 74 and found to be very similar to that (100) recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. With an MDA of <0.221 mBq/kg, the results reveal that ^239,240Pu values in fish are below the MDA. The activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr are lower than the MDA in both shellfish and seaweed, while the activity concentrations of ^239,240Pu in shellfish range from 0.26 to 2.18 mBq/kg, and for seaweed samples range from 2.07 to 3.38 mBq/kg. The atom ratios of ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu in shellfish caught at the Korean coast vary from 0.209 to 0.237, with a mean of 0.227. The higher ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio determined in shellfish is thought to be caused by the plutonium transported from the Pacific Proving Grounds rather than other sources such as the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. The activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in mushrooms are found to vary from 1.0 to 21.4 Bq/kg, with the highest concentrations observed in the Oak (shiitake) and Sarcodon asparatus. ¹³⁴Cs is detected in three mushroom specimens collected from Jeju Island and about 3–3.6% of ¹³⁷Cs present in the wild mushrooms native to the Jeju Island are introduced as a result of the Fukushima nuclear plant accident. The annual effective doses of ¹³⁷Cs received through consumption of mushrooms and fish are 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ mSv yr⁻¹ and 3.9 × 10⁻⁵ mSv yr⁻¹, and those values are negligible compared to the annual effective doses limit of 1 mSv yr⁻¹.



http://ift.tt/2Bc6sL7

Soil-to-plant transfer factors of natural radionuclides (226Ra and 40K) in selected Thai medicinal plants

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 184–185
Author(s): Kiadtisak Saenboonruang, Endu Phonchanthuek, Kamonkhuan Prasandee
A soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) is an important parameter that could be used to estimate radionuclides levels in medicinal plants. This work reports concentrations of natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K) and TFs in six Thai medicinal plants grown in central Thailand using an HPGe gamma ray spectrometer. Either root, leaf, or flower parts of each medicinal plant were selected for use in the investigation according to their practical uses in traditional medicine. The results showed that due to K being essential in plants, ⁴⁰K had higher arithmetic means of activity concentrations and geometric means of TFs (geometric standard deviations in parentheses) of 610 ± 260 Bq kg⁻¹ dry weight (DW) and 2.0 (1.4), respectively, than ²²⁶Ra, which had the activity concentrations and TFs of 4.8 ± 2.6 Bq kg⁻¹ DW and 0.17 (1.8), respectively. The results also showed that the leaves of medicinal plants had higher activity concentrations and TFs than root and flower parts, probably due to higher metabolic activities in leaves. Furthermore, there was good agreement between the results from the current work and other similar reports on medicinal plants. The information obtained from this work could strengthen knowledge of natural radionuclides in plants and particularly increase available TF data on Thai medicinal plants.



http://ift.tt/2mUoFbq

Source identification of uranium-containing materials at mine legacy sites in Portugal

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 183
Author(s): A.C. Keatley, P.G. Martin, K.R. Hallam, O.D. Payton, R. Awbery, F. Carvalho, J.M. Oliveira, L. Silva, M. Malta, T.B. Scott
Whilst prior nuclear forensic studies have focused on identifying signatures to distinguish between different uranium deposit types, this paper focuses on providing a scientific basis for source identification of materials from different uranium mine sites within a single region, which can then be potentially used within nuclear forensics. A number of different tools, including gamma spectrometry, alpha spectrometry, mineralogy and major and minor elemental analysis, have been utilised to determine the provenance of uranium mineral samples collected at eight mine sites, located within three different uranium provinces, in Portugal. A radiation survey was initially conducted by foot and/or unmanned aerial vehicle at each site to assist sample collection. The results from each mine site were then compared to determine if individual mine sites could be distinguished based on characteristic elemental and isotopic signatures. Gamma and alpha spectrometry were used to differentiate between samples from different sites and also give an indication of past milling and mining activities. Ore samples from the different mine sites were found to be very similar in terms of gangue and uranium mineralogy. However, rarer minerals or specific impurity elements, such as calcium and copper, did permit some separation of the sites examined. In addition, classification rates using linear discriminant analysis were comparable to those in the literature.



http://ift.tt/2BeBpOx

Fostering Integrity in Research.

The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support — or distort — practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge.

http://ift.tt/2riWNCF

A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of intraoperative cell salvage during caesarean section in women at risk of haemorrhage: the SALVO (cell SALVage in Obstetrics) trial.

Routine use of cell salvage during caesarean section had an uncertain effect on reducing blood transfusion and is unlikely to be considered cost-effective.

http://ift.tt/2FTb3Fe

Supplemental Project to Assess the Transparency of Reporting Requirements: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease [Internet].

Clinical trial registries that include prospective registration of study protocols and summarized results can inform the prevalence and impact of information bias. This methods report examines the feasibility and added utility of comprehensive searches of registries to supplement the evidence identified in an ongoing systematic review update on omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and CVD outcomes.

http://ift.tt/2rmE0WX

The Challenge of Treating Obesity and Overweight: Proceedings of a Workshop.

The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in Washington, DC, on April 6, 2017, titled The Challenge of Treating Obesity and Overweight: A Workshop. The discussions covered treatments for obesity, overweight, and severe obesity in adults and children; emerging treatment opportunities; the development of a workforce for obesity treatments; payment and policy considerations; and promising paths to move forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

http://ift.tt/2FSmH3q

Lessons Learned from Diverse Efforts to Change Social Norms and Opportunities and Strategies to Promote Behavior Change in Behavioral Health: Proceedings of Two Workshops.

In 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened two workshops with oversight from the Committee on the Science of Changing Behavioral Health Social Norms. The workshops provided input to the committee's deliberations and contributed to the development of the report Ending Discrimination against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders. That report was issued to help the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, utilize the scientific evidence base in improving public attitudes toward and understanding of behavioral health, specifically in the areas of mental health and substance use disorders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions at the two workshops.

http://ift.tt/2rkro2O

Edoxaban (Lixiana) [Internet].

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia,, characterized by disorganized, rapid, and irregular activity of the atria (i.e., the upper chambers of the heart). AF is recognized as a chronic, progressive disorder associated with increased morbidity and mortality.– The Heart and Stroke Foundation estimates that approximately 350,000 Canadians are affected by AF. In all types of AF, embolization of atrial thrombi poses a significant risk of arterial thromboembolism, transient ischemic attack, and stroke, which are associated with high recurrence and substantial debilitating impact.,

http://ift.tt/2FP8KmK

Guidelines for Managing Advanced HIV Disease and Rapid Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy, July 2017.

http://ift.tt/2riWK9X

Interventions for Reducing Seclusion and Restraint in Mental Health for Adults [Internet].

In Norway there are substantial regional differences in the use of coercive measures in mental health care. There is also variation in use of coercion between mental health care institutions. At present Norwegian authorities are revising an Action Plan from 2006, aiming to reduce the use of coercion and to improve the quality of mental health services when coersive measures are used in accordance with the mental health act.

http://ift.tt/2FTaXgQ

Treatment of Patients with Acute Stroke in Stroke Units (with or without Early Supported Discharge) [Internet].

Background Stroke is the third most common cause of death, a major cause of severe disability in Norway and accounts for considerable amounts of healthcare resources. The organization of treatment and rehabilitation of stroke patients may improve functional outcomes and enhance quality of life for individuals with acute stroke.

http://ift.tt/2rjXJGT

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Infrared Tympanic, Oral, Axillary and Temporal Thermometry, Compared with Rectal Readings when Identifying Fever in Adult Hospitalized Patients [Internet].

The use of infrared tympanic thermometry has become a common method of measuring body temperature in Norwegian hospitals. This report summarizes the documentation of diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometry compared to rectal thermometry to identify fever among adult patients in hospital or in nursing homes. In addition we have searched for studies that compare oral, axillary and temporal thermometry with rectal thermometry.

http://ift.tt/2ropq1m

Effects of Using Social Media in Health Awareness Campaigns to Promote Healthy Lifestyle Habits [Internet].

Facilitating and encouraging healthy behaviours is important to prevent illness and promote health. This systematic review investigates whether the use of social media can have an impact on healthy behavours. We included seven studies. We found many different interventions and most of the comparisons and outcomes were measured only by one small study.

http://ift.tt/2FTKIa2

Pemetrexed as Maintenance Therapy for Advanced, Non-Squamous, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) [Internet].

About 2,600 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year in Norway, of which 80% are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Of these, about 75% have locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Palliative chemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients in NSCLC stages IIIB-IV who cannot receive curative treatment and whose performance status is good (PS 0-2). The five-year survival rate for patients in these stages is low at about 1%.

http://ift.tt/2rmDZCn

Effect of Adapted Interventions for Primary Child Health Care Services [Internet].

Pre-school child health services shall provide equitable services that caters to different families' circumstances and needs. This report is an overview of systematic reviews on the effects of adapted interventions for families with low socioeconomic status, ethnic minority families and teenage mothers, and interventions to promote interaction with the child for mothers with postpartum depression.

http://ift.tt/2FToR2I

Degradation behavior of triclosan by co-exposure to chlorine dioxide and UV irradiation: influencing factors and toxicity changes

Abstract

This study investigated the transformation of triclosan (TCS) following co-exposure to UV irradiation and ClO₂. Special attention was given to understand the influencing of water quality parameters and toxicity changes during the co-exposure process. The results show that the co-exposure process prompted TCS elimination quickly and effectively, with more than 99% of TCS degraded under the experimental conditions. The molar yield ratios of 2,4-dichlorophenol/TCS (2,4-DCP/TCS) were calculated to be 35.81–74.49%; however, the by-product of 2,8-dichlorodibenzop-dioxin (2,8-Cl₂DD) was not detected. The TCS degradation was sensitive to ClO₂ dosage, pH, H₂O₂, and natural organic matter (NOM), but not to the carbonate (CO₃²⁻) concentration. Neutral and slightly alkaline condition were favorable to TCS elimination. The TCS removal rate increased from 85.33 to 99.75% when the ClO₂ concentration increased from 0.25 to 1.5 mg L⁻¹. TCS degradation can be promoted at low NOM level (1, 3, and 5 mg L⁻¹), whereas was inhibited at high NOM concentrations of 7 and 9 mg L⁻¹. While adding H₂O₂, the degradation rate of TCS increased with increasing H₂O₂ concentration from 1 to 3 mg L⁻¹; however, too low or overdosed H₂O₂ (0.5 and 5 mg L⁻¹) hindered TCS degradation. Based on the results of a microtox bioassay, the toxicity did not change following the co-exposure process.

http://ift.tt/2DoDZYp

Can Cd translocation in Oryza sativa L. be attenuated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of EDTA?

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in plant tolerance of heavy metal contamination. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to illustrate the effects of the two AM fungi species Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) on plant growth of Oryza sativa L. either with or without ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) addition and during exposure to five Cd concentrations (in the range of 0–5 mg kg⁻¹). The results showed that Fm inoculation achieved greater mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal dependency indexes than Ri inoculation. In addition, the effects of AM fungi on Cd biosorption and translocation in rice were also investigated in the presence of EDTA. Despite cooperative adsorption, the Freundlich isotherm could describe the biosorption effects of Cd on rice roots regardless of AM fungi inoculation or EDTA addition. Cd concentrations in mycorrhizal roots increased but decreased in mycorrhizal shoots in contrast to the control treatment. Although EDTA addition negatively inhibited the uptake of Cd to mycorrhizal shoots, lower translocation factor (TF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) were still observed in treatments with EDTA compared to control treatment. Our findings suggest that Ri and Fm inoculation enhanced Cd immobilization in the roots, thus preventing Cd entry into the food chain during exposure to low and high Cd stress, respectively.

http://ift.tt/2mOGx6P

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane using zero-valent iron-biochar-carrageenan microspheres: preparation and microcosm study

Abstract

In this study, a composite remediation material for the enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) in aqueous solution was prepared. This material was comprised of biochar as the carrier and adsorbent, and carrageenan (CG) as the embedding medium to entrap the organic carbon sources and zero-valent iron (ZVI). We determined the suitable biochar dosage and organic carbon source in the composite alongside the optimal preparation conditions. Furthermore, using an anaerobic microcosm study, we discussed the performance and possible mechanisms of the composite on 1,1,1-TCA removal in aqueous solution. From this, we found that the suitable dosage of biochar in water during the preparation of composite microspheres was 0.2% (w/v). Under this condition, the biochar had a strong capacity to adsorb 1,1,1-TCA with a removal efficiency of 84.2%. Soluble starch was selected as the appropriate organic carbon source, because starch-microspheres show an excellent slow-release effect in water. The optimal preparation conditions of microspheres were identified as follows: 2% CG (w/v) colloidal solution, 6% CaCl₂ (w/v) solution, and a 12-h curing time. After 25-day incubation with the composite prepared under optimized conditions, the removal efficiency of 1,1,1-TCA was 95.68%, which was 24.69% higher than that observed in the microcosm with a commercial remediation material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the amounts of ZVI and soluble starch inside the microsphere decreased obviously, while the biochar amount remained about the same. This indicates that 1,1,1-TCA in aqueous solution was mainly removed via soluble starch-enhanced biotic reductive dechlorination and ZVI-enhanced abiotic reductive dechlorination. The changes in microbial community structure demonstrate that the composite stimulated the activities of functional anaerobic bacteria, in particular, regarding dechlorination and fermentation abilities in the microcosm, therefore enhancing the anaerobic biodegradation of 1,1,1-TCA. This study suggests that the composite, entrapping biochar, ZVI, and organic carbon source in CG microspheres can significantly enhance the reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA in aqueous solution. We anticipate this novel remediation material could be successfully applied to the in situ ERD remediation of natural groundwater mainly contaminated with 1,1,1-TCA.

http://ift.tt/2DpuSXq

Letter to the Editor on “Chrysotile and rock wool fibers induce chromosome aberrations and DNA damage in V79 lung fibroblast cells”

http://ift.tt/2DNnvpE

Histologic and Clinical Changes in Vulvovaginal Tissue After Treatment With a Transcutaneous Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Device.

BACKGROUND: Although transcutaneous temperature-controlled radiofrequency (TTCRF) may effectively treat vulvovaginal laxity (VVL), atrophic vaginitis (AV), orgasmic dysfunction (OD), and stress urinary incontinence (SUI), there is a lack of histopathologic evidence to validate its use. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate clinical and histological changes induced by vulvovaginal TTCRF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, nonrandomized trial. Ten female subjects with mild-to-moderate VVL, with or without AV, OD, and/or SUI underwent 3 TTCRFs at 4-week intervals. Five subjects underwent pre- and post-treatment biopsies of the labia majora and vaginal canal for histology. Assessments were performed at baseline and Days 10, 30, 60, and 120. RESULTS: Investigator-rated VVL improved significantly from baseline to Day 10, with improvement maintained through Day 120 (p = .001 and .001, respectively). Sexual satisfaction improved significantly by Day 60 (p = .001). Improvement in AV reached significance at Day 120 (p = .048). Although OD and SUI improved steadily, the difference in improvement did not reach statistical significance. Histology revealed that post-treatment increases in collagen, elastin, vascularity, and small nerve fibers. CONCLUSION: Transcutaneous temperature-controlled RF resulted in significant improvements in AV, VVL, and sexual satisfaction with milder improvements in OD and SUI. Post-treatment histology demonstrated neocollagenesis, neoelastogenesis, neoangiogenesis, and the first reported finding of TTCRF-related neurogenesis. (C) 2018 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2mNsNt5

A Prospective Study of the Safety and Efficacy of a Microneedle Fractional Radiofrequency System for Global Facial Photoaging in Chinese Patients.

BACKGROUND: Facial photoaging has become a major cosmetic concern, and the microneedle fractional radiofrequency system (MFRS) is a novel method for rejuvenation that combines radiofrequency and microneedles. OBJECTIVE: This study prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of an MFRS in the treatment of facial photoaged skin in Chinese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with moderate facial photoaging were recruited and received 3 treatments at 4-week intervals. Blinded clinical assessment was performed by 2 independent dermatologists on a 5-point global photoaging scale (GPS). Patients were also questioned on the extent of improvement of rhytides, skin tightening, and complexion with a 4-point global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) and satisfaction based on a 5-point scale. Adverse events and pain scores were also evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with the baseline, there was a significant improvement in facial photoaged skin after 3 treatments, and these positive outcomes were maintained up to the 6-month follow-up, according to the GPS and GAIS scores. Most patients were satisfied with the treatment and reported mild to moderate pain and adverse effects. CONCLUSION: This MFRS is effective for facial skin rejuvenation in Chinese patients. The therapy also seems safe and well tolerated. (C) 2018 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2DoFcPo

Commentary on Atypical Melanocytic Proliferations.

No abstract available

http://ift.tt/2mMkGgi

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia With Eosinophilia-Combination Treatment With Propranolol and Surgical Resection.

No abstract available

http://ift.tt/2DoMKlh

Use of Nitrous Oxide in Dermatology: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Many dermatologic procedures are painful and can be distressing to patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nitrous oxide has been used in dermatology and whether literature supports its use in terms of providing analgesia and anxiety associated with dermatologic procedures. METHODS: A search of PubMed and Cochrane databases was conducted through July 15, 2016, to identify studies involving nitrous oxide use in dermatology. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified and reviewed. The use of nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture resulted in a significant reduction in pain when used for photodynamic therapy, botulinum toxin therapy for hyperhidrosis of both the palms and axilla, aesthetic procedures involving various laser procedures, and in the treatment of bed sores and leg ulcers. However, pain scores were higher when nitrous oxide/oxygen was used in the debridement of chronic ulcers when compared with the use of topical anesthesia. In addition, nitrous oxide has been reported effective at reducing pain in hair transplants, dermabrasion, excision and repairs, and pediatric procedures. CONCLUSION: Current literature provides some evidence that nitrous oxide, used alone or as adjunct anesthesia, is effective at providing analgesia for many dermatologic procedures. Nitrous oxide has many potential applications in dermatology; however, further evidence from randomized controlled trials is needed. (C) 2018 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2mPBnHA

Regional Dermabrasion of Nasal Surgical Scars and Rhinophyma Using Electrocautery Scratch Pads.

No abstract available

http://ift.tt/2DnRveB

Treatment of Previously Treated Facial Capillary Malformations: Results of Single-Center Retrospective Objective 3-Dimensional Analysis of the Efficacy of Large Spot 532 nm Lasers.

BACKGROUND: Current treatment of facial capillary malformations (CM) has limited efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of large spot 532 nm lasers for the treatment of previously treated facial CM with the use of 3-dimensional (3D) image analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three white patients aged 6 to 59 were included in this study. Patients had 3D photography performed before and after treatment with a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser with large spot and contact cooling. Objective analysis of percentage improvement based on 3D digital assessment of combined color and area improvement (global clearance effect [GCE]) were performed. RESULTS: The median maximal improvement achieved during the treatment (GCEmax) was 59.1%. The mean number of laser procedures required to achieve this improvement was 6.2 (range 1-16). Improvement of minimum 25% (GCE25) was achieved by 88.4% of patients, a minimum of 50% (GCE50) by 61.1%, a minimum of 75% (GCE75) by 25.6%, and a minimum of 90% (GCE90) by 4.6%. Patients previously treated with pulsed dye lasers had a significantly less response than those treated with other modalities (GCEmax 37.3% vs 61.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: A large spot 532 nm laser is effective in previously treated patients with facial CM. (C) 2018 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2mQ1gHF

Atypical Fibroxanthoma Invading Parietal Bone.

No abstract available

http://ift.tt/2Dquvvx

Application of experimental design for the optimization of artificial neural network-based water quality model: a case study of dissolved oxygen prediction

Abstract

This paper presents an application of experimental design for the optimization of artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the Danube River. The aim of this research was to obtain a more reliable ANN model that uses fewer monitoring records, by simultaneous optimization of the following model parameters: number of monitoring sites, number of historical monitoring data (expressed in years), and number of input water quality parameters used. Box–Behnken three-factor at three levels experimental design was applied for simultaneous spatial, temporal, and input variables optimization of the ANN model. The prediction of DO was performed using a feed-forward back-propagation neural network (BPNN), while the selection of most important inputs was done off-model using multi-filter approach that combines a chi-square ranking in the first step with a correlation-based elimination in the second step. The contour plots of absolute and relative error response surfaces were utilized to determine the optimal values of design factors. From the contour plots, two BPNN models that cover entire Danube flow through Serbia are proposed: an upstream model (BPNN-UP) that covers 8 monitoring sites prior to Belgrade and uses 12 inputs measured in the 7-year period and a downstream model (BPNN-DOWN) which covers 9 monitoring sites and uses 11 input parameters measured in the 6-year period. The main difference between the two models is that BPNN-UP utilizes inputs such as BOD, P, and PO₄³⁻, which is in accordance with the fact that this model covers northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina Autonomous Province) which is well-known for agricultural production and extensive use of fertilizers. Both models have shown very good agreement between measured and predicted DO (with R² ≥ 0.86) and demonstrated that they can effectively forecast DO content in the Danube River.

http://ift.tt/2DOiP2S

Teratogenic effects induced by chitosan oligosaccharide in Wistar female rat Rattus norvegicus

Abstract

The aim of this research is to investigate the teratogenic effects of chitosan oligosaccharide in Wistar female rats (Rattus norvegicus). Chitosan LD50 value was calculated by probit analysis. High dose, 1/10 LD50 which equal to 150 mg/kg body weight, and low dose, 1/30 LD50 which equal to 50 mg/kg body weight, were administrated orally to Wistar female rats to examine the teratogenic effect during organogenesis period from 6th day to 15th day of gestation. Treated and control rats were sacrificed and their foetuses were examined for external, skeletal and visceral anomalies, number and length of foetuses and their weights. Obtained results showed toxicity and teratogenic effects of chitosan on treated rats and their progenies, i.e. high fetal mortality, offspring's weight and length reduction, and high incidence of fetal external, skeletal and visceral abnormalities. This suggested that chitosan is a teratogenic compound, restricted to current results from orally treated Wistar rats.

http://ift.tt/2Dhpx02

Traction alopecia: Symptoms and prevention

Traction alopecia is hair loss caused by tight hairstyles. Caught early, it is fully reversible and the hair can regrow. Learn more about treatment.

http://ift.tt/2FRE9oP

Improved effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery in large brain metastases by individualized isotoxic dose prescription: an in silico study

Abstract

Introduction

In large brain metastases (BM) with a diameter of more than 2 cm there is an increased risk of radionecrosis (RN) with standard stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) dose prescription, while the normal tissue constraint is exceeded. The tumor control probability (TCP) with a single dose of 15 Gy is only 42%. This in silico study tests the hypothesis that isotoxic dose prescription (IDP) can increase the therapeutic ratio (TCP/Risk of RN) of SRS in large BM.

Materials and methods

A treatment-planning study with 8 perfectly spherical and 46 clinically realistic gross tumor volumes (GTV) was conducted. The effects of GTV size (0.5–4 cm diameter), set-up margins (0, 1, and 2 mm), and beam arrangements (coplanar vs non-coplanar) on the predicted TCP using IDP were assessed. For single-, three-, and five-fraction IDP dose–volume constraints of V_12Gy = 10 cm³, V_19.2 Gy = 10 cm³, and a V_20Gy = 20 cm³, respectively, were used to maintain a low risk of radionecrosis.

Results

In BM of 4 cm in diameter, the maximum achievable single-fraction IDP dose was 14 Gy compared to 15 Gy for standard SRS dose prescription, with respective TCPs of 32 and 42%. Fractionated SRS with IDP was needed to improve the TCP. For three- and five-fraction IDP, a maximum predicted TCP of 55 and 68% was achieved respectively (non-coplanar beams and a 1 mm GTV-PTV margin).

Conclusions

Using three-fraction or five-fraction IDP the predicted TCP can be increased safely to 55 and 68%, respectively, in large BM with a diameter of 4 cm with a low risk of RN. Using IDP, the therapeutic ratio of SRS in large BM can be increased compared to current SRS dose prescription.

http://ift.tt/2Djyt5j

Quality of training in radiation oncology in Germany: where do we stand?

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the current situation of young radiation oncologists in Germany with regard to the contents and quality of training and level of knowledge, as well as their working conditions and professional satisfaction.

Methods

From June 2016 to February 2017, a survey was conducted by the young DEGRO (yDEGRO) using an online platform. The questionnaire consisted of 28 items examining a broad range of aspects influencing residency. There were 96 completed questionnaires

Results

83% of participants stated to be very or mostly pleased with their residency training. Moderate working hours and a good colleagueship contribute to a comfortable working environment. Level of knowledge regarding the most common tumor sites (i.e. palliative indications, lung, head and neck, brain, breast, prostate) was pleasing. Radiochemotherapy embodies a cornerstone in training. Modern techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and stereotactic procedures are now in widespread use. Education for rare indications and center-based procedures offers room for improvement.

Conclusion

Radiation oncology remains an attractive and versatile specialty with favorable working conditions. Continuing surveys in future years will be a valuable measuring tool to set further priorities in order to preserve and improve quality of training.

http://ift.tt/2DO8wMf

A congenitally hypothyroid young man (Seated Dwarf, Goya’s Studio, 19th century)

http://ift.tt/2mLxvYh

A computer simulation to investigate the association between gene-based gifting and pair-bonding in early hominins

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 116
Author(s): Ovi Chris Rouly
This article describes simulation research based on the Hamiltonian theory of gene-based altruism. It investigates the origin of semipermanent breeding bonds during hominin evolution. The research framework is based on a biologically detailed, ecologically situated, multi-agent microsimulation of emergent sociality. The research question tested is whether semipermanent breeding bonds (an emergent homoplastic social construct) might emerge among primate-like agents as the consequence of a mutation capable of supporting involuntary prosocial behavior. The research protocol compared several, single independent-variable longitudinal studies wherein hundreds of generations of autonomous, initially promiscuous, biologically detailed, hominin-like artificial life software agents were born, allowed to forage, reproduce, and die during experimental intervals lasting several simulated millennia. The temporal setting of the experiment was roughly contemporaneous with, or slightly after the time of, the Pan-Homo split. The simulation investigated what would happen if, within a population, a single gene for prosocial behavior (the independent variable in the experiment) was either switched on or switched-off. The null hypothesis predicted that, if the gene was switched off, then semipermanent breeding bonds (the dependent variable) would nonetheless emerge within the population. The results of the simulation rejected this null hypothesis, by showing that semipermanent breeding bonds would reliably emerge among the experimental populations but not among the control groups. Moreover, it was found that, across all experimental settings having constrained population numbers, the portion of each population having no prosocial trait would die out early, whereas the portion with the prosocial trait would survive. Large control populations had no discernible loss. The results of this research imply that, during the early stages of hominin evolution, there might have been a set of initially gene-based, altruistic excess forage-sharing social traits that contributed to the onset of morphological and additional complex social changes characteristic of this group. This work also demonstrates that modern computational technologies can extend our ability to test 'what if' hypotheses appropriate to the study of early hominin evolution.



http://ift.tt/2mLxEee

Reply to Crivelli et al.: The different faces of fear and threat. Evolutionary and cultural insights

Publication date: Available online 12 January 2018
Source:Journal of Human Evolution
Author(s): Mariska E. Kret, Larissa M. Straffon




http://ift.tt/2Dp2Rze

Lower limb articular scaling and body mass estimation in Pliocene and Pleistocene hominins

Publication date: Available online 10 January 2018
Source:Journal of Human Evolution
Author(s): Christopher B. Ruff, M. Loring Burgess, Nicole Squyres, Juho-Antti Junno, Erik Trinkaus
Previous attempts to estimate body mass in pre-Holocene hominins have relied on prediction equations derived from relatively limited extant samples. Here we derive new equations to predict body mass from femoral head breadth and proximal tibial plateau breadth based on a large and diverse sample of modern humans (avoiding the problems associated with using diaphyseal dimensions and/or cadaveric reference samples). In addition, an adjustment for the relatively small femoral heads of non-Homo taxa is developed based on observed differences in hip to knee joint scaling. Body mass is then estimated for 214 terminal Miocene through Pleistocene hominin specimens. Mean body masses for non-Homo taxa range between 39 and 49 kg (39–45 kg if sex-specific means are averaged), with no consistent temporal trend (6–1.85 Ma). Mean body mass increases in early Homo (2.04–1.77 Ma) to 55–59 kg, and then again dramatically in Homo erectus and later archaic middle Pleistocene Homo, to about 70 kg. The same average body mass is maintained in late Pleistocene archaic Homo and early anatomically modern humans through the early/middle Upper Paleolithic (0.024 Ma), only declining in the late Upper Paleolithic, with regional variation. Sexual dimorphism in body mass is greatest in Australopithecus afarensis (log[male/female] = 1.54), declines in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus (log ratio 1.36), and then again in early Homo and middle and late Pleistocene archaic Homo (log ratio 1.20–1.27), although it remains somewhat elevated above that of living and middle/late Pleistocene anatomically modern humans (log ratio about 1.15).



http://ift.tt/2mMDaxo

Hominin raw material procurement in the Oldowan-Acheulean transition at Olduvai Gorge

Publication date: Available online 10 January 2018
Source:Journal of Human Evolution
Author(s): Lindsay J. McHenry, Ignacio de la Torre
The lithic assemblages at the Oldowan-Acheulean transition in Bed II of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, represent a wide variety of raw materials reflecting both the diversity of volcanic, metamorphic, and sedimentary source materials available in the Olduvai basin and surroundings and the preferences of the tool-makers. A geochemical and petrographic systematic analysis of lava-derived archaeological stone tools, combined with textural and mineralogical characterization of quartzite, chert, and other metamorphic and sedimentary raw materials from two Middle and Upper Bed II sites, has enabled us to produce a comprehensive dataset and characterization of the rocks employed by Olduvai hominins, which is used here to establish a referential framework for future studies on Early Stone Age raw material provenancing. The use of rounded blanks for most lava-derived artifacts demonstrates that hominins were accessing lava in local stream channels. Most quartzite artifacts appear to derive from angular blocks, likely acquired at the source (predominantly Naibor Soit hill), though some do appear to be manufactured from stream-transported quartzite blanks. Raw material composition of the EF-HR assemblage indicates that Acheulean hominins selected high-quality lavas for the production of Large Cutting Tools. On the other hand, the HWK EE lithic assemblage suggests that raw material selectivity was not entirely based on rock texture, and other factors, such as blank shape and availability of natural angles suitable for flaking, played a major role in Oldowan reduction sequences.



http://ift.tt/2Dp9xgL

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal cancer

Abstract

Introduction

To retrospectively analyze the outcome of patients with esophageal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

Methods

A total of 41 patients received neoadjuvant intent chemoradiation for esophageal cancer. Most patients had a locally advanced disease (T3/4: 82%, N+: 83%, M0: 100%) and squamous cell carcinoma (83%). All patients received concurrent chemotherapy with cisplatin/5-fluorouracil or mitomycin/5-fluorouracil. Median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy in the 25 patients who proceeded to surgery and 57.4 Gy in 16 patients who did not undergo surgery. FDG-PET/CT was used for treatment planning in 24 patients. A second FDG-PET/CT was available for response evaluation in 18 patients.

Results

Median follow-up was 16 months in all patients and 30 months in survivors. Radiotherapy was completed without interruptions >3 days in 90% of patients, and chemotherapy was carried out to >80% in 85% of patients. The 2‑year locoregional control rate was 60%, distant control rate 54% and overall survival rate 50%. Hematological toxicity grade 3/4 was observed in 34%/10% of patients and non-hematological toxicity grade 3/4 in 46%/2% of patients. Perioperative 30-day mortality was 4%. Subgroup analyses revealed that surgery significantly improved locoregional control (74% vs. 39%, p = 0.034), but not the 2‑year survival rate (54% vs. 43%, p = 0.246). In contrast, response based on FDG-PET/CT prior and after chemoradiation significantly predicted improved overall survival (2-year overall survival 61% vs. 40%, p = 0.048).

Conclusion

Outcomes of our cohort were comparable to other series using similar treatments. Surgery significantly improved locoregional control but not survival. Response based on FDG-PET/CT predicted survival and might be used for treatment stratification.

http://ift.tt/2DioME2

Association of Treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma With Estrogen Receptor Status of Subsequent Breast Cancers

This population-based cohort study examines the association of radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma with risk of ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers using data from the US National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.

http://ift.tt/2EULZwz

Use of SNPs and Mammographic Density for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction

This study of a subcohort of women in the PROCAS study evaluates a panel of 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in combination with mammographic density for ability to improve classic breast cancer risk prediction.

http://ift.tt/2DskRYw

Enasidenib-Induced Differentiation Syndrome in IDH2 -Mutant AML

For the past 40 years, the standard of care for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been cytotoxic chemotherapy of cytarabine and an anthracycline. The year 2017 has seen milestones in AML treatment with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of novel therapies, including the anti–CD33-calicheamicin conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin, a liposome-encapsulated formulation of daunorubicin-cytarabine, the FLT3 inhibitor midostaurin, and the mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (mIDH2) inhibitor enasidenib mesylate. The FDA approval of enasidenib in August 2017 represents a critical breakthrough for targeted therapy and precision medicine for AML.

http://ift.tt/2EUXe89

Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men and Women

This cohort study followed participants for 26 years to determine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased colorectal cancer risk.

http://ift.tt/2DrduR1

Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Selected Cancers

This cohort study uses data from the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study to examine whether associations between duration of contraceptive use and ovarian, endometrial, breast, and colorectal cancer risk are altered by modifiable lifestyle characteristics.

http://ift.tt/2EVMvKO

Differentiation Syndrome Associated With Enasidenib

This analysis of data from a phase 1/2 study evaluates potential cases of isocitrate dehydrogenase differentiation syndrome among patients treated with enasidenib for relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

http://ift.tt/2Due3to

ICT, openness and CO 2 emissions in Africa

Abstract

This study investigates how information and communication technology (ICT) complements globalisation in order to influence CO₂ emissions in 44 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2000–2012. ICT is measured with internet penetration and mobile phone penetration whereas globalisation is designated in terms of trade and financial openness. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments. The findings broadly show that ICT can be employed to dampen the potentially negative effect of globalisation on environmental degradation like CO₂ emissions. Practical, policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

http://ift.tt/2DivnOC

Does the interval from tumour surgery to radiotherapy influence survival in paediatric high grade glioma?

Abstract

Purpose

Paediatric high grade glioma (pHGG) are rare. Following maximum safe resection, children >3 years with HGG receive radiotherapy as standard of care. Whether the interval from tumour surgery to radiotherapy (ISRT) influences survival is disputed in adults with glioblastoma, data for children are lacking. This retrospective single-centre analysis investigates a possible impact of ISRT on survival in paediatric patients with HGG.

Methods

Survival was analysed in patients aged 3–19 years with non-pontine HGG.

Results

Thirty-eight patients were included (female:male 19:19) with a median age of 11.0 years (3.4–17.7). Seventeen patients had grade 3 and 21 grade 4 glioma. Gross total resection was achieved in 26.3%, partial resection in 36.8% and 36.8% underwent biopsy only. All patients received concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy. Fifty percent (n = 19) started irradiation ≤17 days (median interval 12 days [range 5–17]), 50% thereafter (median 28 days [range 19–78]). More patients with grade 4 tumours were irradiated shortly after surgery. ISRT (as a continuous variable and dichotomised into two groups by the median ISRT of 18 days) did not significantly influence overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). Higher extent of resection (EOR), lower tumour grade as well as chemotherapy with temozolomide had a significant positive impact on OS and PFS in univariate analysis and (except for the effect of temozolomide on PFS) also in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

ISRT did not influence survival in pHGG. In view of upcoming targeted treatment options in pHGG the present data suggest that it is safe to perform molecular analyses within a 4-week timeframe before radiotherapy.

http://ift.tt/2DuvQR8

Mechanisms of {beta}-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes: recent findings and future research directions

Like all the cells of an organism, pancreatic β-cells originate from embryonic stem cells through a complex cellular process termed differentiation. Differentiation involves the coordinated and tightly controlled activation/repression of specific effectors and gene clusters in a time-dependent fashion thereby giving rise to particular morphological and functional cellular features. Interestingly, cellular differentiation is not a unidirectional process. Indeed, growing evidence suggests that under certain conditions, mature β-cells can lose, to various degrees, their differentiated phenotype and cellular identity and regress to a less differentiated or a precursor-like state. This concept is termed dedifferentiation and has been proposed, besides cell death, as a contributing factor to the loss of functional β-cell mass in diabetes. β-cell dedifferentiation involves: (1) the downregulation of β-cell-enriched genes, including key transcription factors, insulin, glucose metabolism genes, protein processing and secretory pathway genes; (2) the concomitant upregulation of genes suppressed or expressed at very low levels in normal β-cells, the β-cell forbidden genes; and (3) the likely upregulation of progenitor cell genes. These alterations lead to phenotypic reconfiguration of β-cells and ultimately defective insulin secretion. While the major role of glucotoxicity in β-cell dedifferentiation is well established, the precise mechanisms involved are still under investigation. This review highlights the identified molecular mechanisms implicated in β-cell dedifferentiation including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and hypoxia. It discusses the role of Foxo1, Myc and inhibitor of differentiation proteins and underscores the emerging role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, it proposes a novel hypothesis of β-cell dedifferentiation as a potential adaptive mechanism to escape cell death under stress conditions.

http://ift.tt/2mM5Iab