A Database for Reproducible Manipulation Research: CapriDB - Capture, Print, Innovate

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Florian T. Pokorny, Yasemin Bekiroglu, Karl Pauwels, Judith Butepage, Clara Scherer, Danica Kragic
We present a novel approach and database which combines the inexpensive generation of 3D object models via monocular or RGB-D camera images with 3D printing and a state of the art object tracking algorithm. Unlike recent efforts towards the creation of 3D object databases for robotics, our approach does not require expensive and controlled 3D scanning setups and aims to enable anyone with a camera to scan, print and track complex objects for manipulation research. The proposed approach results in detailed textured mesh models whose 3D printed replicas provide close approximations of the originals. A key motivation for utilizing 3D printed objects is the ability to precisely control and vary object properties such as the size, material properties and mass distribution in the 3D printing process to obtain reproducible conditions for robotic manipulation research. We present CapriDB - an extensible database resulting from this approach containing initially 40 textured and 3D printable mesh models together with tracking features to facilitate the adoption of the proposed approach.



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An Open Data Repository and a Data Processing Software Toolset of an Equivalent Nordic Grid Model Matched to Historical Electricity Market Data

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): L. Vanfretti, S.H. Olsen, V.S. Narasimham Arava, G. Laera, A. Bidadfar, T. Rabuzin, Sigurd H. Jakobsen, J. Lavenius, M. Baudette, F.J. Gómez-López
This article presents an open data repository, the methodology to generate it and the associated data processing software developed to consolidate an hourly snapshot historical data set for the year 2015 to an equivalent Nordic power grid model (aka Nordic 44), the consolidation was achieved by matching the model's physical response w.r.t historical power flow records in the bidding regions of the Nordic grid that are available from the Nordic electricity market agent, Nord Pool.The model is made available in the form of CIM v14, Modelica and PSS/E (Siemens PTI) files. The Nordic 44 model in Modelica and PSS/E were first presented in the paper titled "iTesla Power Systems Library (iPSL): A Modelica library for phasor time-domain simulations" (L. Vanfretti, T. Rabuzin, M. Baudette, M. Murad, 2016) [1] for a single snapshot. In the digital repository being made available with the submission of this paper [2], a total of 8760 snapshots (for the year 2015) that can be used to initialize and execute dynamic simulations using tools compatible with CIM v14, the Modelica language and the proprietary PSS/E tool are provided. The Python scripts to generate the snapshots (processed data) are also available with all the data in the GitHub repository [2].This Nordic 44 equivalent model was also used in iTesla project [3] to carry out simulations within a dynamic security assessment toolset [4], and has been further enhanced during the ITEA3 OpenCPS project [5]. The raw, processed data and output models utilized within the iTesla platform [4] are also available in the repository. The CIM and Modelica snapshots of the "Nordic 44" model for the year 2015 are available in a Zenodo repository.

Graphical abstract

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Defining the Akt1 Interactome Data and Delineating Alterations in its Composition as a function of Cell Cycle Progression

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Shweta Duggal, Noor Jailkhani, Mukul Kumar Midha, Kanury V.S. Rao, Ajay Kumar
Akt1 is a multi-functional protein implicated in key cellular processes including regulation of proliferation, survival, metabolism and protein synthesis. Its functional diversity results through interactions with other proteins which change with changing context. This study was designed to capture proteins, which interact with Akt1 as the cell cycle progresses from G0 to G1S and then G2 phase. Such an insight might help us understand the role of Akt1 in cell cycle, which as of now is not well explored. Akt1 expressing HEK 293 cells were cultured in light, medium and heavy labeled SILAC media. Normal lysine and arginine were incorporated as light labels; 6Da (Da) heavier isotopes of the same amino acids were used as medium labels; while for heavy labeling the isotopes were 8 and 10Da heavier. Light labeled cells were arrested in G0 phase while medium and heavy labeled cells were arrested in G2 and G1S phases, respectively. Equal number of cells from each phase was pooled, lysed and subjected to Affinity Purification coupled to Mass Spectroscopy (AP-MS). The obtained Akt1 protein partners were observed to change as the cell cycle progressed from G0 to G1S and then to G2 phase. Additionally, SILAC labeling aided in quantitative estimation of changing association of a number of proteins which were common to two or more phases, with Akt1. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005557.



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Dataset demonstrating the modeling of a high performance Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber based thin film photovoltaic cell

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Md. Asaduzzaman, Ali Newaz Bahar, Mohammad Maksudur Rahman Bhuiyan
The physical data of the semiconductor materials used in the design of a CIGS absorber based thin film photovoltaic cell have been presented in this data article. Besides, the values of the contact parameter and operating conditions of the cell have been reported. Furthermore, by conducting the simulation with data corresponding to the device structure: soda-lime glass (SLG) substrate/Mo back-contact/CIGS absorber/CdS buffer/intrinsic ZnO/Al-doped ZnO window/Al-grid front-contact, the solar cell performance parameters such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density Jsc, fill factor (FF), efficiency (η), and collection efficiency ηc have been analyzed.



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Dataset on growth factor levels and insulin use in patients with diabetes mellitus and incident breast cancer

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Zachary A.P. Wintrob, Jeffrey P. Hammel, George K. Nimako, Dan P. Gaile, Alan Forrest, Alice C. Ceacareanu
Growth factor profiles could be influenced by the utilization of exogenous insulin. The data presented shows the relationship between pre-existing use of injectable insulin in women diagnosed with breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the growth factor profiles at the time of breast cancer diagnosis, and subsequent cancer outcomes. A Pearson correlation analysis evaluating the relationship between growth factors stratified by of insulin use and controls is also provided.



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Data on secondary structures and ligand interactions of G-rich oligonucleotides that defy the classical formula for G4 motifs

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Maria Vlasenok, Anna Varizhuk, Dmitry Kaluzhny, Igor Smirnov, Galina Pozmogova
The data provided in this article are related to the research article "The expanding repertoire of G4 DNA structures" [1]. Secondary structures of G-rich oligonucleotides (ONs) that represent "imperfect" G-quadruplex (G4) motifs, i.e., contain truncated or interrupted G-runs, were analyzed by optical methods. Presented data on ON structures include circular dichroism (CD) spectra, thermal difference spectra (TDS) and UV -melting curves of the ONs; and rotational relaxation times (RRT) of ethidium bromide (EtBr) complexes with the ONs. TDS, CD spectra and UV-melting curves can be used to characterize the topologies and thermal stabilities of the ON structures. RRTs are roughly proportional to the hydrodynamic volumes of the complexes and thus can be used to distinguish between inter- and intramolecular ON structures. Presented data on ON interactions with small molecules include fluorescence emission spectra of the G4 sensor thioflavin T (ThT) in complexes with the ONs, and CD-melting curves of the ONs in the presence of G4-stabilizing ligands N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM) and pyridostatin (PDS). These data should be useful for comparative analyses of classical G4s and "defective"G4s, such as quadruplexes with vacancies or bulges.



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Dataset of proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) measured using a novel GeXP multiplex, RT-PCR assay

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Ivan Kutyrev, Beth Cleveland, Timothy Leeds, Gregory D. Wiens
A GeXP multiplex, RT-PCR assay was developed and optimized that simultaneously measures expression of a suite of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), concentrating on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 ligand/receptor systems and acute phase response genes. The dataset includes expression values for drpt, il11a, il1b1, il1b2, il1b3, il1r-like-1(e3-5), il1r-like-1(e9-11), il1r1-like-a, il1r1-like-b, il1r2, saa, tnfa1, tnfa2, tnfa3, tnfrsf1a, tnfrsf1a-like-a, tnfrsf1a-like-b, tnfrsf5, and tnfrsf9. Gene expression was measured at four time-points post-challenge in both a resistant line (ARS-Fp-R) and a susceptible line (ARS-Fp-S) of rainbow trout. In addition, fish body weight, spleen index and the F. psychrophilum load are reported. These data are an extension of information presented and discussed in "Proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression kinetics following challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" [1].



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Data on genotypic distribution and linkage disequilibrium of several ANRIL polymorphisms in hemodialysis patients

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): A. Arbiol-Roca, A. Padró-Miquel, M. Hueso, E. Navarro, P. Alía-Ramos, M.T. González-Álvarez, I. Rama, J. Torras, J.M. Grinyó, J.M. Cruzado, N. Lloberas
A long non-coding RNA called ANRIL located on chromosome 9p21.3 has been identified as a novel genetic factor associated with cardiovascular disease. Investigation of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Noncoding Antisense RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) gene are of particular interest. This article reports data related to the research article entitled: "Association of ANRIL gene polymorphisms with major adverse cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients" (A. Arbiol-Roca, A. Padró-Miquel, Hueso M, et al., 2016) [1]. Data presented show the genotypic distribution of four selected ANRIL SNPs: rs10757278, rs4977574, rs10757274 and rs6475606 in a cohort constituted by 284 hemodialysis patients. This article analyzes the Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium of each studied SNP, and the linkage disequilibrium between them.



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Reference datasets of tufA and UPA markers to identify algae in metabarcoding surveys

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Data in Brief
Author(s): Vanessa Rossetto Marcelino, Heroen Verbruggen
The data presented here are related to the research article "Multi-marker metabarcoding of coral skeletons reveals a rich microbiome and diverse evolutionary origins of endolithic algae" [1]. Here we provide reference datasets of the elongation factor Tu (tufA) and the Universal Plastid Amplicon (UPA) markers in a format that is ready-to-use in the QIIME pipeline [2]. In addition to sequences previously available in GenBank, we included newly discovered endolithic algae lineages using both amplicon sequencing [1] and chloroplast genome data [3, 4]. We also provide a script to convert GenBank flatfiles into reference datasets that can be used with other markers. The tufA and UPA reference datasets are made publicly available here to facilitate biodiversity assessments of microalgal communities.



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Vitamin D supplementation guidelines

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Author(s): Pawel Pludowski, Michael F. Holick, William B. Grant, Jerzy Konstantynowicz, Mario R. Mascarenhas, Afrozul Haq, Vladyslav Povoroznyuk, Nataliya Balatska, Ana Paula Barbosa, Tatiana Karonova, Ema Rudenka, Waldemar Misiorowski, Irina Zakharova, Alena Rudenka, Jacek Łukaszkiewicz, Ewa Marcinowska-Suchowierska, Natalia Łaszcz, Pawel Abramowicz, Harjit P. Bhattoa, Sunil J. Wimalawansa
Research carried out during the past two-decades extended the understanding of actions of vitamin D, from regulating calcium and phosphate absorption and bone metabolism to many pleiotropic actions in organs and tissues in the body. Most observational and ecological studies report association of higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with improved outcomes for several chronic, communicable and non-communicable diseases. Consequently, numerous agencies and scientific organizations have developed recommendations for vitamin D supplementation and guidance on optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The bone-centric guidelines recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 20ng/mL (50 nmol/L), and age-dependent daily vitamin D doses of 400-800 IU. The guidelines focused on pleiotropic effects of vitamin D recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 30ng/mL (75 nmol/L), and age-, body weight-, disease-status, and ethnicity dependent vitamin D doses ranging between 400-2,000 IU/day. The wise and balanced choice of the recommendations to follow depends on one's individual health outcome concerns, age, body weight, latitude of residence, dietary and cultural habits, making the regional or nationwide guidelines more applicable in clinical practice. While natural sources of vitamin D can raise 25(OH)D concentrations, relative to dietary preferences and latitude of residence, in the context of general population, these sources are regarded ineffective to maintain the year-round 25(OH)D concentrations in the range of 30–50ng/mL (75-125 nmol/L). Vitamin D self-administration related adverse effects, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria are rare, and usually result from taking extremely high doses of vitamin D for a prolonged time.



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Maternal vitamin D sufficiency and reduced placental gene expression in angiogenic biomarkers related to comorbidities of pregnancy

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Author(s): Elizabeth V. Schulz, Lori Cruze, Wei Wei, John Gehris, Carol L. Wagner
IntroductionMaternal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] has been shown to optimize production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] during pregnancy at approximately 100nmoles/L, which has pronounced effects on fetal health outcomes. Additionally, associations are noted between low maternal 25(OH)D concentrations and vascular pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. To further elucidate the effects of vitamin D activity in pregnancy, we investigated the role of maternal 25(OH)D, the nutritional indicator of vitamin D status, in relation to placental maintenance and, specifically, expression of placental gene targets related to angiogenesis and vitamin D metabolism.MethodsA focused analysis of placental mRNA expression related to angiogenesis, pregnancy maintenance, and vitamin D metabolism was conducted in placentas from 43 subjects enrolled in a randomized controlled trial supplementing 400IU or 4400IU of vitamin D3 per day during pregnancy. Placental mRNA was isolated from biopsies within one hour of delivery, followed by quantitative PCR. We classified pregnant women with circulating concentrations of <100nmoles/L as deficient and those with ≥100nmoles/L as sufficient. The value of each gene's change in the PCR cycle threshold (ΔCT), which is a relative measure of target concentration, was compared with maternal 25(OH)D concentrations <100nmoles/L and ≥100nmoles/L based on a two-sample Wilcoxon test.ResultsSoluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression was significantly downregulated in the maternal subgroup with circulating 25(OH)D ≥100ng/mL compared to the subgroup <100ng/mL.DiscussionHere, we report a significant association between maternal vitamin D status and the expression of sFlt-1 and VEGF at the mRNA level. Achieving maternal circulating 25(OH)D ≥100nmoles/L suggests the impact of maternal vitamin D3 supplementation on gene transcription in the placenta, thereby potentially decreasing antiangiogenic factors that may contribute to vascular pregnancy complications.



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Unusual location of primary hydatid cyst diagnosed on aspiration cytology

Summary

Hydatid cyst (HC) is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It occurs frequently in liver and lungs. Hydatid cyst of neck is extremely rare occurrence, and here, we report it with this unusual location. A 25-year-old male nonhypertensive and nondiabetic presented with slowly growing painless swelling in right side of neck for 4-5 years. The swelling measured 5 × 3 cm and was of soft to firm consistency. Fine needle aspiration cytology yielded fluid aspirate and smear showed features suggestive of HC. The intact cyst was removed surgically, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst.

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Clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of a novel fractional unipolar radiofrequency device on facial tightening: A preliminary report

Summary

Background

Previous studies have shown that radiofrequency (RF) energy is safe and effective for improving skin laxity. Unlike monopolar and bipolar devices, little has been studied with the unipolar hand piece.

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel fractional unipolar RF device on facial tightening.

Patients and Methods

This was a retrospective, single-center study of 14 subjects with age-related facial laxity who underwent five sessions of fractional unipolar RF at an interval of 2 weeks, and then followed-up for 3 months. Standardized photos were taken at baseline and at 3-months follow-up, and were assessed by two independent dermatologists using a 4-point scale (0=no improvement, 1=mild improvement, 2=moderate improvement, 3=significant improvement). Punch biopsies (2 mm) were performed and a questionnaire was used to evaluate the patient's satisfaction and the incidence of adverse reactions.

Results

Fourteen subjects with mild to moderate age-related facial laxity were included in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 49.7 years (range 32-80). 35.7% of the subjects showed significant improvement, 50% moderate improvement, and 14.3% slight improvement of facial laxity in their follow-up photos. About 85.7% of the patients replied that they were either greatly satisfied or satisfied with the results at 3-months follow-up. Skin biopsies revealed an increase in collagen in the dermis. None of the subjects experienced any serious adverse events during or after the procedure.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that fractional Unipolar RF can be safely performed on the face and is effective in skin tightening. It has a great advantage over other forms of RF by being entirely painless.

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Endobronchial brachytherapy for metastasis from extrapulmonary malignancies as an effective treatment for palliation of symptoms

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Brachytherapy
Author(s): E. Donovan, E. Timotin, T. Farrell, B. Donde, S. Puksa, R. Sur
PurposeEndobronchial metastasis (EBM) originating from primary cancers outside the lung is rare. External beam radiotherapy is often attempted for control of symptoms with variable effectiveness and retreatment is challenging if symptoms recur. There is limited documentation of high-dose-rate brachytherapy for EBM in the literature.Methods and MaterialsA prospective database was created from 2006 to 2015. Patients with EBM who received high-dose-rate brachytherapy were included. Cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis were assessed and graded (0-4) at the time of initial consult and in followup. Symptom-free survival and re-expansion were assessed.ResultsThirty-five patients with EBM were identified. Most patients received three fractions of 700 cGy, and 17 patients had prior external beam radiotherapy. Median symptom-free and overall survival were 67 and 117 days. After brachytherapy, improvement in cough was documented in 75.0%, hemoptysis in 76.4%, dyspnea in 60.0% for a median of 3-6 months. Of the 22 patients who had subsequent chest imaging, re-expansion was documented in 32%. There were no significant toxicities reported.ConclusionsBrachytherapy appears effective in achieving durable symptom control of cough hemoptysis, and dyspnea in patients with EBM and should be considered routinely for palliation where available. Further studies are required to better characterize expected symptom improvement, lung re-expansion rates, and efficacy in comparison with other local treatments.



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Structural Insights of SmKDAC8 Inhibitors: Targeting Schistosoma Epigenetics Through a Combined Structure-Based 3D QSAR, in vitro and Synthesis Strategy

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Flavio Ballante, D. Rajasekhar Reddy, Nancy J. Zhou, Garland R. Marshall
A predictive structure-based 3D QSAR (COMBINEr 2.0) model of the Schistosoma mansoni lysine deacetylase 8 enzyme (SmKDAC8) was developed, validated and used to perform virtual screening (VS) of the NCI Diversity Set V database (1593 compounds). Three external datasets (with congeneric structures to those experimentally resolved in complexes by X-ray and previously reported as SmKDAC8 inhibitors) were employed to compose and validate the most predictive model. Two series characterized by 104 benzodiazepine derivatives (BZDs) and 60 simplified largazole analogs (SLA), recently reported by our group as human KDAC inhibitors, were tested for their inhibition potency against SmKDAC8 to probe the predictive capability of the quantitative models against compounds with diverse structures. The SmKDAC8 biochemical results confirmed: 1) the benzodiazepine moiety as a valuable scaffold to further investigate when pursuing SmKDAC8 inhibition; 2) the predictive capability of the COMBINEr 2.0 model towards non-congeneric series of compounds, highlighting the most influencing ligand-protein interactions and refining the structure-activity relationships. From the VS investigations, the first 40 top-ranked compounds were obtained and biologically tested for their inhibition potency against SmKDAC8 and hKDACs 1, 3, 6 and 8. Among them, a non-hydroxamic acid benzothiadiazine dioxide derivative (code NSC163639), showed interesting activity and selectivity against SmKDAC8. To further elucidate the structure-activity relationships of NSC163639, two analogs (herein reported as compounds 3 and 4) were synthesized and biologically evaluated. Results suggest the benzothiadiazine dioxide moiety as a promising scaffold to be used in a next step to derive selective SmKDAC8 inhibitors.

Graphical abstract

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Green synthesis of novel spiro-indenoquinoxaline derivatives and their cholinesterases inhibition activity

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Ammar Maryamabadi, Alireza Hasaninejad, Najmeh Nowrouzi, Gholamhossein Mohebbi
A convenient synthesis of substituted spiroindenoquinoxalines at mild and green conditions was developed. Multicomponent reaction of substituted phenylene diamines, ninhydrin, malononitrile and N,N'-substituted-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamines produced the target compounds. Twelve new spiroindenoquinoxalines were obtained, and their ability in inhibition of acetyl and butyrylcholinesterases were investigated both in-vitro and in-silico. All compounds showed moderate level activity against both acetyl and butyrylcholinesterases.

Graphical abstract

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Investigating adverse events following immunisation with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine using electronic General Practice data

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Vaccine
Author(s): L. Trinh, K. Macartney, P. McIntyre, C. Chiu, A. Dey, R. Menzies
BackgroundIn early 2011, following an increased number of reports of severe vaccine-related injection site reactions, Australian authorities recommended against administering repeat doses of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPPV) in otherwise healthy adults. The aim of this study was to assess a source of electronic medical record data from primary care providers (General Practitioners, GPs), for validity and ability to retrospectively detect this adverse event signal.MethodsThe General Practice Research Network (GPRN) holds data routinely collected from a representative sample of Australian GPs. Data were extracted on persons 18years or older who had received at least one dose of 23vPPV or influenza vaccine (as comparator) between January 2002 and June 2012. Increases above background levels were assessed using 95% confidence intervals of reaction rates, calculated from the Poisson distribution of counts.ResultsThere was an average of 253 practices and 532 GPs contributing data per year. Over the study period there were 95,760 recorded 23vPPV administrations and 823 reactions, of which 233 were local. For influenza vaccine the numbers were 683,829 doses, 3001 and 387 respectively. Patterns of vaccinations and reactions were consistent with known safety profiles. There were 3 local reactions following 23vPPV in early 2011 (235/100,000 doses, 95% CI 49–717), which was not significantly different to the historical average (260, 225–298). We estimate that this system could have detected a 3-fold increase over background levels.ConclusionsUsing GP consultation data, we were unable to confirm an increase in local reactions detected by passive surveillance, suggesting that this apparent signal was artefactual. GP consultation data captures large numbers of vaccine recipients and medically attended adverse reactions at low cost. If available in a timely manner and expanded, this system has significant potential for use in validation of apparent signals from passive surveillance.



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Effects of melatonin in rats in the initial third stage of pregnancy exposed to sub-lethal doses of herbicides

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Lécio Leone de Almeida, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira, Anísio Francisco Soares, Franklin Magliano da Cunha, Valdemiro Amaro da Silva, Leucio Duarte Vieira Filho, Valéria Wanderley-Teixeira
Exposure to the herbicides Paraquat (PQ) and Roundup^® may cause cell lesions due to an increase in oxidative stress levels in different biological systems, even in the reproductive system.ObjectiveEvaluate the possible changes in reproductive parameters and hepatic, as well as its prevention by simultaneous application of melatonin.MethodsThirty-five female rats at the age of 3 months were divided into seven groups: three groups exposed to sub-lethal doses of the herbicides PQ (50mg/kg) and Roundup^® (500mg/kg) (n=5, G2, G3 and G4); three groups exposed to herbicides and simultaneous treatment with 10mg/kg of Melatonin (n=5, G5, G6 and G7) and control group (n=5, G1) from the first to the seventh day of pregnancy. On the seventh day of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized, followed by laparotomy to remove their reproductive tissues and liver. Body and ovary weights were taken and the number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, preimplantation losses, implantation rates were counted and histopathology of the implantation sites, morphometry of the surface and glandular epithelia of endometrium and hepatic oxidative stress were undertaken.ResultsThe present study shows the decrease in body and ovary weight, decrease in the number of implantation sites, implantation rate, in the total number of corpora lutea and increase of preimplantation percentages were observed when compared to the G1: Fig. 1 and Table 1, (p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey). The histopathological analysis of the implantation sites showed a disorder of the cytotrophoblast and cell degeneration within the blastocyst cavity in Fig. 4. Morphometry revealed a reduction in surface and glandular epithelia and in the diameter of the endometrial glands (Table 2; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey), whereas in liver, serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to be significantly elevated (Fig. 2; p>0.001; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey), and serum level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was significantly lower (Fig. 3; p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey). However, treatments with melatonin exhibited improvements in reproductive parameters, as well as reduced lesions in the implantation sites (Fig. 4.) and in serum levels TBARS (Fig. 2; p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey), serum levels GSH (Fig. 3; p>0.001; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey).ConclusionsThese results reveal that melatonin is a protective agent against experimentally induced maternal/embryo toxicity with herbicides and favoring normalization of reproductive parameters and hepatic.



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Technique: Barcoding the nucleus

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The evolution of tumour phylogenetics: principles and practice

The use of phylogenetics in cancer genomics is increasing owing to a growing appreciation of the importance of evolutionary theory to cancer progression. The authors provide guidance on the design and analysis of tumour phylogeny studies by surveying the range of phylogenetic methods and tools available to the cancer researcher and discussing their key applications and the unsolved problems in the field.

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Three-dimensional growth of human endothelial cells in an automated cell culture experiment container during the SpaceX CRS-8 ISS space mission – The SPHEROIDS project

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 124
Author(s): Jessica Pietsch, Samuel Gass, Stefano Nebuloni, David Echegoyen, Stefan Riwaldt, Christin Baake, Johann Bauer, Thomas J. Corydon, Marcel Egli, Manfred Infanger, Daniela Grimm
Human endothelial cells (ECs) were sent to the International Space Station (ISS) to determine the impact of microgravity on the formation of three-dimensional structures. For this project, an automatic experiment unit (EU) was designed allowing cell culture in space. In order to enable a safe cell culture, cell nourishment and fixation after a pre-programmed timeframe, the materials used for construction of the EUs were tested in regard to their biocompatibility. These tests revealed a high biocompatibility for all parts of the EUs, which were in contact with the cells or the medium used. Most importantly, we found polyether ether ketones for surrounding the incubation chamber, which kept cellular viability above 80% and allowed the cells to adhere as long as they were exposed to normal gravity. After assembling the EU the ECs were cultured therein, where they showed good cell viability at least for 14 days. In addition, the functionality of the automatic medium exchange, and fixation procedures were confirmed. Two days before launch, the ECs were cultured in the EUs, which were afterwards mounted on the SpaceX CRS-8 rocket. 5 and 12 days after launch the cells were fixed. Subsequent analyses revealed a scaffold-free formation of spheroids in space.



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Killing colon cancer cells through PCD pathways by a novel hyaluronic acid-modified shell-core nanoparticle loaded with RIP3 in combination with chloroquine

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 124
Author(s): Xueyan Hou, Chengli Yang, Lijing Zhang, Tingting Hu, Dan Sun, Hua Cao, Fan Yang, Gang Guo, Changyang Gong, Xiaoning Zhang, Aiping Tong, Rui Li, Yu Zheng
Due to extensive apoptosis defects and multidrug resistance, there is great interest regarding non-apoptotic programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, such as lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death (LM-PCD), necroptosis and autophagy. Because there is an intricate effector network among these PCD pathways, it is expected that they may act synergistically in cancer therapy. In this study, chloroquine (CQ) was found to significantly upregulate receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) expression, and RIP3 were involved in CQ-related autophagy. Overexpressed-eGFP-RIP3 co-localized with the selective autophagy receptor p62. mRIP3 overexpression in combination with CQ markedly increased the inhibition rate relative to that observed in the CQ-treatment group. Several experiments, including Hoechst staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release assay, Annexin V/PI staining and immunoblotting of proteins included in PCD pathways, verified that mRIP3 overexpression in combination with CQ induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and necroptosis of cancer cells, leading to cancer cell death. For tumor-targeted delivery, hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified, lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded with mRIP3-pDNA were prepared and characterized using a particle sizer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and TEM. The nanoparticles exhibited ideal biocompatibility and good tumor-targeting efficiency, and the tumor inhibition rate of HA-Lip-PEI-mRIP3-PLGA-NPs + CQ was 80.2% in the CT26 mouse model. In this study, we attempted to treat tumors by inducing several alternative PCD pathways to shed light on the combination therapy of alternative PCD inducers.



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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Screening, Risk Modification and Physical Therapy to Prevent Falls among the Elderly Recently Discharged from the Emergency Department to the Community: the Steps to Avoid Falls in the Elderly Study

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): David B. Matchar, Pamela W. Duncan, Christopher T.C. Lien, Marcus Eng Hock Ong, Mina Lee, Fei Gao, Rita Sim, Kirsten Eom
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a multifactorial, tailored program of physical therapy to reduce the occurrence of falls among a heterogeneous group of high-risk elderly Singaporeans recently discharged from the Emergency Department (ED).DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingCommunities in Central and East regions in Singapore.Participants354 adults aged at least 65 years who were seen at ED for a fall or fall-related injuries and discharged home.InterventionsThe intervention primarily consisted of a tailored program of physical therapy focused on progressive training in strength, balance, and gait for a period of three months. Participants in the intervention group also received screening and follow up for vision, polypharmacy, and environmental hazards. Participants in the control group received usual care prescribed by a physician and educational materials on falls prevention.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was experiencing at least one fall during the nine-month study period (a three-month active intervention phase and a six-month maintenance phase). Secondary outcome measures were the occurrence of at least one injurious fall during the study period and a change in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. Participants were assessed both after three and nine months.ResultsDuring the nine-month study period, 37.9% of the control group and 30.5% of the intervention group fell at least once, which was not statistically significantly different (odds ratio 0.72 [0.46, 1.12], p=0.146). The intervention group had statistically significantly fewer individuals with injurious falls (odds ratio 0.56 [0.32, 0.98], p=0.041) and less deterioration in physical performance, reflected by a mean difference of 0.6 in SPPB scores (p=0.029). Multivariate analyses indicated a strong interaction effect between the intervention and the presence of two or more major comorbidities; after accounting for this effect, the intervention program reduced the number of people experiencing at least one fall (odds ratio 0.34 [0.17 – 0.67], p=0.002).ConclusionWe observed that, in this heterogeneous population, the proportion of participants experiencing at least one fall during the study period was not statistically significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. Secondary analyses strongly suggest that individuals with two or more major comorbidities do not benefit from a tailored physical therapy program; however, individuals with less comorbidity may substantially benefit.



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Clinicians’ and researchers’ perspectives on manual wheelchair data loggers

Publication date: Available online 13 February 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): François Routhier, Josiane Lettre, William C. Miller, Jaimie F. Borisoff, Kate Keetch, Ian M. Mitchell
Recent studies have employed data loggers to record a wide range of, sometimes differing, objective outcomes associated with the use of manual wheelchairs. To identify which outcomes are broadly perceived to be the most important to measure when objectively documenting manual wheelchair use, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with groups of researchers and clinicians in the field of wheeled mobility. We also surveyed the challenges these groups experienced when using data loggers. The survey was informed by a previous scoping review of the scientific and gray literature. Seventy-four people, with various academic and professional backgrounds, completed the survey: 57 researchers (77.0%) and 17 clinicians (23.0%). Regarding the importance they attributed to commonly measured outcomes, the most highly rated outcome identified by both groups was "distance traveled." There were significant differences between the groups' perspectives in rating and ranking the importance of "pressure-relief activities", "seat pressure" and "acceleration." In terms of challenges or barriers associated with the use of data loggers for monitoring manual wheelchair use, it appears that researchers and clinicians have relatively similar needs and preferences. However, only clinicians reported that the time they wanted to, or could, allocate to review recorded information was a potential hardship. Our hope is that these results will help further development and increase the functionality and applicability of data loggers for manual wheelchairs in research and clinical contexts.



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Contents

Publication date: March–April 2017
Source:Clinical Imaging, Volume 42





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Evaluation of single and stack membraneless enzymatic fuel cells based on ethanol in simulated body fluids

Publication date: 15 June 2017
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 92
Author(s): J. Galindo-de-la-Rosa, N. Arjona, A. Moreno-Zuria, E. Ortiz-Ortega, M. Guerra-Balcázar, J. Ledesma-García, L.G. Arriaga
The purpose of this work is to evaluate single and double-cell membraneless microfluidic fuel cells (MMFCs) that operate in the presence of simulated body fluids SBF, human serum and blood enriched with ethanol as fuels. The study was performed using the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme immobilised by covalent binding through an array composed of carbon Toray paper as support and a layer of poly(methylene blue)/tetrabutylammonium bromide/Nafion and glutaraldehyde (3D bioanode electrode). The single MMFC was tested in a hybrid microfluidic fuel cell using Pt/C as the cathode. A cell voltage of 1.035V and power density of 3.154mWcm⁻² were observed, which is the highest performance reported to date. The stability and durability were tested through chronoamperometry and polarisation/performance curves obtained at different days, which demonstrated a slow decrease in the power density on day 10 (14%) and day 20 (26%). Additionally, the cell was tested for ethanol oxidation in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ionic composition similar to human blood plasma. Those tests resulted in 0.93V of cell voltage and a power density close to 1.237mWcm⁻². The double cell MMFC (Stack) was tested using serum and human blood enriched with ethanol. The stack operated with blood in a serial connection showed an excellent cell performance (0.716mWcm⁻²), demonstrating the feasibility of employing human blood as energy source.



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The majority of patients with metastatic melanoma are not represented in pivotal phase III immunotherapy trials

Publication date: March 2017
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 74
Author(s): Marco Donia, Marie Louise Kimper-Karl, Katrine Lundby Høyer, Lars Bastholt, Henrik Schmidt, Inge Marie Svane
BackgroundRecent randomised phase III trials have led to the approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable or metastatic melanoma (MM). These trials all employed strict patient selection criteria, and it is currently unknown how large proportion of 'real-world' patients diagnosed with MM is not represented in these trials.Patients and methodsThe Danish MM Database contains data on the entire, unselected population of MM within a nationwide geographical area. A total of 276 unselected cases of MM (ocular melanoma excluded), referred for first oncological evaluation in 2014, were included in the analysis. Seven pre-defined eligibility criteria, all used to select patients for enrolment in five recent randomised phase III immunotherapy trials, were analysed.ResultsFifty-five percent of the total population with MM did not meet one or more eligibility criteria ('not eligible' group) at first evaluation. PS ≥ 2 or active/untreated known brain metastases accounted alone for 74% of non-eligibility cases. Median overall survival in the 'not eligible' group was 5.43 months versus 18.3 months for the eligible (p < 0.0001, hazard ratio (HR) 2.44), reflected by significantly worse baseline prognostic features. However, patients treated with immunotherapy had similar survival outcomes regardless of eligibility.ConclusionOver half of the patients evaluated for systemic treatment of MM are not represented in phase III registration immunotherapy trials. The data reveal a huge knowledge gap regarding the usefulness of new immunotherapies in the 'real-world' patient population, and urge additional testing of known regimens in selected poor prognosis cohorts.



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Critical evaluation of strategies for single and simultaneous determinations of As, Bi, Sb and Se by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Publication date: 15 May 2017
Source:Talanta, Volume 167
Author(s): Maja Welna, Anna Szymczycha-Madeja, Pawel Pohl
A systematic study of hydride generation (HG) of As, Bi, Sb and Se from solutions containing As(III), As(V), Bi(III), Sb(III), Sb(V), Se(IV) and Se(VI) was presented. Hydrides were generated in a gas-liquid phase separation system using a continuous flow vapor generation accessory (VGA) by mixing acidified aqueous sample, HCl and sodium borohydride reductant (NaBH4) solutions on-line. For detection, a simultaneous axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was applied. Effects of the HCl concentration (related to sample and additional acid solutions) and type of the pre-reducing agents used for reduction of As(V), Sb(V) and Se(VI) into As(III), Sb(III) and Se(IV) on the analytical responses of As, Bi, Sb and Se were studied and discussed. Two compromised HG reaction conditions for simultaneous measurements of As+Bi+Sb (CC1) or As+Sb+Se (CC2) were established. It was found that choice of the pre-reductant prior to formation of the hydrides is critical in obtaining the dependable results of the analysis. Accordingly, for a As(III)+As(V)+Bi(III)+Sb(III)+Sb(V) mixture and using CC1, thiourea/thiourea–ascorbic acid interfered in Bi determination and hence, total As+Sb could be measured. If L-cysteine/L-cysteine–ascorbic acid were used, measurements of total Bi+Sb was possible in these HG reaction conditions. For a As(III)+As(V)+Sb(III)+Sb(V)+Se(IV)+Se(VI) mixture and using CC2, thiourea/thiourea–ascorbic acid and L-cysteine/L-cysteine–ascorbic acid influenced HG of Se but ensured total As+Sb determination. In contrast, heating a sample solution with HCl, although did not pre-reduce As(V) and Sb(V), assured quantitative reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV). Finally, considering all favorable pre-reducing and HG conditions, methodologies for reliable determination of total As, Bi, Sb and Se by HG-ICP-OES were proposed. Strategies for single-, two- and three-element measurements were evaluated and validated, obtaining the detection limits (DLs) below 0.1ngg⁻¹ and precision typically in the range of 1.4–3.9% RSD.

Graphical abstract

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The roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy in the survival and death of leukemia cells

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
Author(s): Yong-Feng Chen, Hao Liu, Xin-Jing Luo, Zhiqiang Zhao, Zhen-You Zou, Jing Li, Xiao-Jing Lin, Yong Liang
As a clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the etiology and pathogenesis of leukemia is not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that cellular homeostasis plays an essential role in maintaining the function of HSCs because dysregulation of cellular homeostasis is one of the major factors underlying the malignant transformation of HSCs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy, key factors regulating cellular homeostasis, are commonly observed in the human body. Autophagy can be induced by ROS through a variety of signaling pathways, and conversely inhibits ROS-induced damage to cells and tissues. ROS and autophagy coordinate to maintain cellular homeostasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that both of ROS and autophagy play important roles in the development of leukemia and are closely involved in drug resistance in leukemia. Interference with cellular homeostasis by promoting programmed leukemia cell death via ROS and autophagy has been verified to be an efficient technique in the treatment of leukemia. However, the critical roles of ROS and autophagy in the development of leukemia are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the roles of ROS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of leukemia, which may allow the identification of novel targets and drugs for the treatment of leukemia based on the regulation of HSCs homeostasis through ROS and autophagy.



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High strength Mg-Zn-Y alloys reinforced synergistically by Mg12ZnY phase and Mg3Zn3Y2 particle

Publication date: 5 May 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 703
Author(s): J. Zhu, X.H. Chen, L. Wang, W.Y. Wang, Z.K. Liu, J.X. Liu, X.D. Hui
Eight Mg100-x-yZnxYy (at.%, x = 2–7.2, y = 4–7) alloys with atomic ratios of Y/Zn = 0.75–2 were designed and prepared by rapidly solidified powder metallurgy technology. The atomized powders with the Y/Zn atomic ratios larger than 1 contain α-Mg dendrite and network-like X-Mg12ZnY compound, but those with the Y/Zn atomic ratios of 1 and 0.75 have W-Mg3Zn3Y2 particle besides the above two phases. After hot extrusion, network-like Mg12ZnY phase was changed into acicular and plate-like shape. These as-extruded alloys exhibit excellent mechanical properties at room and elevated temperature. Especially, the ultimate tensile strength of as-extruded Mg86Zn7Y7 alloy reaches up to 541 MPa at room temperature and 297 MPa at 250 °C. HRTEM study reveals that Mg12ZnY phase is composed of 18R LPSO structures. These sub-micrometer Mg3Zn3Y2 particles bring about dispersion strengthening to Mg12ZnY phases, resulting in a synergistic strengthening of Mg12ZnY phase and Mg3Zn3Y2 particle in the alloy which has the Y/Zn atomic ratio equal to or larger than 1. Therefore, the excellent mechanical properties of Mg86Zn7Y7 alloy are attributed to the second phase strengthening of LPSO phase and synergistic strengthening of Mg12ZnY phase and Mg3Zn3Y2 particle.



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One step self-heating synthesis and their excellent anticorrosion performance of zinc phosphate/benzotriazole composite pigments

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Dyes and Pigments, Volume 141
Author(s): Min Miao, Xiao-Yu Yuan, Xiao-Gang Wang, Yi Lu, Jin-Ku Liu
Zinc phosphate/benzotriazole (ZPB) corrosion pigments were synthesized by one step self-heating method. The ZPB pigments showed visible anticorrosion performance by enhancing the corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating effectively through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test. The impedance activity of ZPB pigments was increased by 1275.5% and 196.5% compared to pure zinc phosphate (ZP) and benzotriazole (BTA) pigments, respectively. The super effect of anticorrosion mostly contributed to the one step self-heating method, which improved the stability of the pigments and reinforced the combination of pigments and epoxy coating by the plank martensite structure of ZPB pigment. This method could transfer the heat released during the synthesis of ZP to the dissolving of BTA by directly co-precipitation, realizing the heat of self-sufficient in one step. Moreover, ZPB pigments achieved complementary anticorrosion effect, for making up the loopholes of the single anticorrosion and achieving superior property in the initial of anticorrosion process. It is instructive for the synthesis and development of the anticorrosive pigment in the future.

Graphical abstract

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Antimicrobial property, cytocompatibility and corrosion resistance of Zn-doped ZrO2/TiO2 coatings on Ti6Al4V implants

Publication date: 1 June 2017
Source:Materials Science and Engineering: C, Volume 75
Author(s): Ruoyun Wang, Xiaojing He, Yuee Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Xiaohong Yao, Bin Tang
Zn-doped ZrO2/TiO2 porous coatings (Zn-ZrO2/TiO2) were prepared on the surface of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) by a hybrid approach of magnetron sputtering and micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The microstructures, phase constituents and elemental states of the coating were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate that the Zn-ZrO2/TiO2 coatings are porous and its thickness is approximately 13μm. The major phases in the oxidation coating are tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2), cubic ZrO2 (c-ZrO2) and rutile TiO2. XPS result reveals that Zn exists as ZnO in the Zn-ZrO2/TiO2 coatings. The biological experiments indicate that Zn-ZrO2/TiO2 coatings exhibit not only excellent antibacterial property against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), but also favorable cytocompatibility. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the coating is also appreciably improved in the simulated body fluids (SBF), which can ensure better biocompatibility in body fluids.



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Strengthening effect of nano and micro-sized precipitates in the hot-extruded Mg-5Sn-3Zn alloys with Ca addition

Publication date: 5 May 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 703
Author(s): L.L. Chang, H. Tang, J. Guo
In this study, enhancement of mechanical properties of Mg-5Sn-3Zn alloy was achieved by alloying with Ca, and the strengthening response due to coarse CaMgSn, nano and micro-sized Mg2Sn precipitates in hot-extruded Mg-5Sn-3Zn based alloys was reported. As the content of Ca increases, the amount of Mg2Sn and CaMgSn precipitates in Mg-5Sn-3Zn based alloys increases while the average particle size of those precipitates decreases. Mg2Sn phases in both micrometer and nanometer scale are observed in Mg-5Sn-3Zn alloys with and without Ca. Besides micro-sized and nano-sized Mg2Sn, coarse precipitates of CaMgSn are observed in Mg-5Sn-3Zn with Ca addition. By alloying with Ca, grains are refined and fiber {0002} texture in hot-extruded Mg-5Sn-3Zn based alloys is weakened. The Mg-5Sn-3Sn-1Ca alloys show the largest YS of 118 MPa, UTS of 275 MPa and elongation of 21.9%. Improvement in combined strength and ductility of Mg-5Sn-3Sn-1Ca alloys is attributed to less coarse CaMgSn precipitates, more and finer nano-sized Mg2Sn precipitates, and a weak {0002} fiber texture.



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What worries parents of a child with Autism? Evidence from a biomarker for chronic stress

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities
Author(s): Vicki Bitsika, Christopher F. Sharpley, Nicholas M. Andronicos, Linda L. Agnew
BackgroundPrevious studies have reported correlations between various aspects of the behaviour and symptomatology of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their parents' self-reports of stress via standardised scales.AimsTo extend that literature, a physiological index of parental chronic stress was used instead of their self-reports—dysregulation of the Diurnal Rhythm (DR) of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis.MethodsA sample of 149 parents of a child with ASD provided salivary cortisol at the predicted time of daily maximum cortisol concentration and at a time of daily lower concentration. Adherence to the predicted DR was assessed via a dichotomous (present/not-present) as well as a continuous measure, and MANOVA and linear regression were used to detect significant associations between ASD-related variables in their children and parents' DR.ResultsIdentified only a single significant correlate of DR dysregulation in both statistical procedures—Self-Injurious Behaviour (SIB) exhibited by their child and observed by the parents.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings extend previous data using self-report indices of parental stress and should be included in parent-support settings to alert parents to the long-term health effects of the stress they experience in regard to their child's SIB.



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B cell activating factor (BAFF) selects IL-10−B cells over IL-10+B cells during inflammatory responses

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 85
Author(s): Ning Ma, Yu Zhang, Qilin Liu, Zhiding Wang, Xiaoling Liu, Gaizhi Zhu, Dandan Yu, Gencheng Han, Guojiang Chen, Chunmei Hou, Tianxiao Wang, Yuanfang Ma, Beifen Shen, Yan Li, He Xiao, Renxi Wang
B cell activating factor (BAFF) regulates B cell maturation, survival, function, and plays a critical pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. It remains unclear how BAFF affects IL-10⁻B cells versus regulatory B cells (Bregs) in inflammatory responses. In this study, we found that IL-10-expressing Bregs decreased in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. On blockade of the effects of BAFF with TACI-IgG, IL-10⁺ Bregs were upregulated in MRL/lpr and EAE mice. In addition, BAFF expanded IL-10⁺B cells over IL-10⁻B cells under noninflammatory conditions in vitro, whereas it expanded IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺B cells during inflammatory responses, such as stimulation with autoantigen and LPS. Finally, the selection of IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺B cells by BAFF was dependent on BAFF receptors (BAFFR, TACI, and BCMA) that were upregulated by inflammatory responses. This study suggests that BAFF selects IL-10⁻B cells over IL-10⁺ regulatory B cells via BAFF receptors in inflammatory responses.



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Removal of Pb, Zn, and Cd from contaminated soil by new washing agent from plant material

Abstract

Soil washing is an effective approach to remove soil heavy metals, and the washing agent is generally regarded as one of the primary factors in the process, but there is still a lack of efficient and eco-friendly agents for this technique. Here, we showed that four plant washing agents—from water extracts of Coriaria nepalensis (CN), Clematis brevicaudata (CB), Pistacia weinmannifolia (PW), and Ricinus communis (RC)—could be feasible agents for the removal of soil lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd). The metal removal efficiencies of the agents increased with their concentrations from 20 to 80 g L⁻¹, decreased with the increasing solution pH, and presented different trends with the reaction time increasing. CN among the four agents had the highest removal efficiencies of soil Pb (62.02%) and Zn (29.18%) but owned the relatively low Cd removal efficiencies (21.59%). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the abilities of plant washing agents for the removal of soil heavy metals may result from bioactive substances with specific functional groups such as –COOH, −NH₂, and −OH. Our study provided CN as the best washing agents for the remediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals.

http://ift.tt/2kHUwLS

Trace element measurement for assessment of dog food safety

Abstract

The quality of dog diets depends on adequate ingredients capable of providing optimal nutrition and free of contaminants, for promoting long-term health. Trace elements in 95 samples of dry food for dog puppies (n = 32) and adults (n = 63) of various brands were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The mass fractions of most elements were within the permissible limits for dogs. Aluminum, antimony, and uranium presented fairly high levels in some samples, which may imply health risks. Aluminum mass fractions ranged from <21 to 11,900 mg/kg, in same brand, super-premium dog food. Antimony mass fractions ranged up to 5.14 mg/kg, with the highest values measured in six samples of dog food from the same producer. The mass fractions of uranium was found up to 4 mg/kg in commercial brands from five different producers.

http://ift.tt/2kWYbE5

Characterization of PM 2.5 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its deposition in Populus tomentosa leaves in Beijing

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous constituents of air particulate matter and can be taken up by plants from the atmosphere. However, the purification of particulate-bound PAHs in the atmosphere by greening tree species has not been reported. In this study, we assess the concentrations, distribution, and sources of PM_2.5-bound PAHs at three representative sites of Beijing in April, July, and November (non-heating period) and analyze the correlation between PAHs in Populus tomentosa leaves and in atmospheric PM_2.5. The total PAH concentrations in PM_2.5 were in the range of 19.85 ± 13.59–42.01 ± 37.17 ng/m³ with mean value of 31.35 ng/m³ at the three sites, and the PM_2.5-bound PAHs concentrations in the two suburban sites (YF and YQ) were significantly higher than that in urban site (XZM) in November (autumn). At the three sites, the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in PM_2.5 were dominant, accounting for 54.09–64.90% of total PAHs and the concentration of HMW PAHs was, on average, 9.1 times higher than that of low molecular weight (LWM) PAHs. Principal component analysis combined with diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that vehicle emission, wood combustion, and industrial processes were the main sources for PM_2.5-bound PAHs in the non-heating period of Beijing. However, the LMW PAHs were dominant in P. tomentosa leaves. The concentrations of HMW PAHs (BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and BghiP) in P. tomentosa leaves reached 26.11 ± 2.39, 41.42 ± 7.77, and 55.70 ± 12.33 ng/g at YQ, XZM, and YF in autumn, respectively, and were, on average, 2.1 times higher than those in April (spring) at the three sites. The ∑5PAHs concentration in P. tomentosa leaves accumulatively increased from spring to autumn, which was not related to the temporal variation of PM_2.5-bound PAHs. Nevertheless, the ∑5PAHs mean concentrations followed the order of YF > XZM > YQ. This trend was consistent with spatial distribution of atmosphere PM_2.5, indicating that HMW PAHs in leaves increased with the increase of atmosphere PM_2.5 concentration. Our results indicated that P. tomentosa may be used as a useful species for removing PAHs from the air and biomonitoring PAHs in atmosphere.

http://ift.tt/2kHJRku

Electrochemical anodization of graphite oxide-TiO 2 nanotube composite for enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

Abstract

The electrochemical anodization method was used to dope graphite oxide (GO) onto TiO₂ nanotubes (TNTs). This study focused on enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TNTs in the visible light region. In this study, we have checked the effect of different GO concentrations and effect of GO doping time on photocatalytic efficiency of composite. The photocatalytic activity of the GO-TNT composite was tested by degradation of an organic compound. The organic compound was most severely degraded (95%) when the GO-TNT catalyst was doped at an anodization of 60 V for 13 min and GO concentration of 0.25 g L⁻¹. This degradation was 5.6 times higher than that of bare TiO₂. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, AES, PL, UV-Vis DRS, and Raman analysis. Recycling of the GO-TNT composite was also performed in order to examine the stability of the visible light catalyst. We observed that the doping of GO on the TNT surface can enhance the photocatalytic efficiency under visible light. Graphene acts as an electron transport; therefore, GO-TNTs were favorable for the separation of e⁻ and h⁺ charges. This promoted the formation of OH radicals, h⁺, and superoxides, all of which degrade organics.

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Effectiveness of a constructed wetland for treating alkaline bauxite residue leachate: a 1-year field study

Abstract

Increasing volumes of bauxite residues and their associated leachates represent a significant environmental challenge to the alumina industry. Constructed wetlands have been proposed as a potential approach for leachate treatment, but there is limited data on field-scale applications. The research presented here provides preliminary evaluation of a purpose-built constructed wetland to buffer leachate from a bauxite residue disposal site in Ireland. Data collected over a 1-year period demonstrated that the pH of bauxite residue leachates could be effectively reduced from ca. pH 10.3 to 8.1 but was influenced by influent variability and temporal changes. The wetland was also effective in decreasing elemental loading, and sequential extractions suggested that the bulk of the sediment-bound metal inventory was in hard-to-leach phases. Elemental analysis of Phragmites australis showed that although vegetation displayed seasonal variation, no trace elements were at concentrations of concern.

http://ift.tt/2kHL5vS

Duration of Androgen Deprivation in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Update of NRG Oncology RTOG 9202

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
Author(s): Colleen A.F. Lawton, Xiaolei Lin, Gerald E. Hanks, Herbert Lepor, David J. Grignon, Harmar D. Brereton, Meena Bedi, Seth A. Rosenthal, Kenneth L. Zeitzer, Varagur M. Venkatesan, Eric M. Horwitz, Thomas M. Pisansky, Harold Kim, Matthew B. Parliament, Rachel Rabinovitch, Mack Roach, Young Kwok, James J. Dignam, Howard M. Sandler
PurposeTrial**** was a phase III randomized trial designed to determine the optimal duration of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) when combined with definitive radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of locally advanced non-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Long-term follow-up results of this study now available are relevant to the management of this disease.Materials and MethodsMen (N=1,554) with adenocarcinoma of the prostate (cT2c-T4, N0-Nx) with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) <150ng/ml and no evidence of distant metastasis were randomized (June 1992 to April 1995) to short term ADT (STAD: 4 months of flutamide 250mg three times per day and goserelin 3.6mg per month) and definitive RT verses long term ADT (LTAD: STAD with definitive RT plus an additional 24 months of monthly goserelin).ResultsAmong 1,520 protocol eligible and evaluable patients, median follow up for this analysis was 19.6 years. In analysis adjusted for prognostic covariates, LTAD improved disease free survival (29% relative reduction in failure rate, p<0.0001), local progression (46% relative reduction, p=0.02), distant metastases (36% relative reduction, p<0.0001), disease specific survival (30% relative reduction, p=0.003), and overall survival (12% relative reduction, p=0.03). Other cause (non-prostate cancer) mortality did not differ (5% relative reduction, p=0.48).ConclusionsLTAD and RT is superior to STAD and RT for the treatment of locally advanced non-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate and should be considered the standard of care.

Teaser

Several clinical trials have shown a benefit to adding androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to definitive radiation therapy (RT) to treat locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The length of time on ADT varied resulting in a question of the optimal timing. Trial**** addressed this question in a phase III randomized trial of RT and 4 months of ADT versus 28 months. Longer ADT was superior to shorter ADT.


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Medical Device Recalls in Radiation Oncology: Analysis of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Data, 2002-2015

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
Author(s): Michael J. Connor, Kathryn Tringale, Vitali Moiseenko, Deborah C. Marshall, Kevin Moore, Laura Cervino, Todd Atwood, Derek Brown, Arno J. Mundt, Todd Pawlicki, Abram Recht, Jona A. Hattangadi-Gluth
PurposeMedical devices in radiation oncology have undergone remarkable technological advancement over the last two decades. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) administers recalls of medical devices posing safety risks. We analyzed all recalls involving radiation oncology devices (RODs) from the FDA's recall database, comparing these to non-radiation oncology device recalls to identify discipline-specific trends that may inform improvements in device safety.Methods and MaterialsRecall data on RODs from 2002-2015 were sorted into four product categories (external beam, brachytherapy, planning systems, and simulation systems). Outcomes included determined cause of recall, recall class (severity), quantity in commerce, time until recall termination (date FDA determines recall is complete), and time since 510(k) approval. Descriptive statistics were performed with linear regression of time-series data. Results for RODs were compared to those for other devices by Pearson's Chi-squared test for categorical data and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for distributions.ResultsThere were 502 ROD recalls and 9,534 other class II device recalls from 2002-2015. Most recalls were for external beam devices (66.7%) and planning systems (22.9%), and recall events peaked in 2011. RODs differed significantly from other devices in all recall outcomes (p≤0.04). Recall cause was commonly software-related (49% vs. 10% for other devices). Recall severity was more often moderate among RODs (97.6% vs. 87.2%) instead of severe (0.2% vs. 4.4%; p<0.001). Time from 510(k) market approval to recall was shorter among RODs (p<0.001), and progressively shortened over time. RODs had fewer recalled devices in commerce than other devices (p<0.001).ConclusionsCompared to other class II devices, RODs experience recalls sooner after market approval and are trending sooner still. Most of these recalls were moderate in severity and software issues are prevalent. Comprehensive analysis of recall data can identify areas for device improvement, such as better system design among RODs.

Teaser

Summary: FDA recalls among radiation oncology devices peaked in 2011 and mostly reflected software issues. These recalls differ significantly from other devices in cause of recall, recall class (severity), quantity in commerce, and time from 510(k) market clearance to recall. The field should demand better design of these systems as well as improved regulatory requirements, software quality efforts, and enhanced post-market surveillance.


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Cyclodextrin modified PLLA parietal reinforcement implant with prolonged antibacterial activity

Publication date: Available online 12 February 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): G. Vermet, S. Degoutin, F. Chai, M. Maton, C. Flores, C. Neut, P.E. Danjou, B. Martel, N. Blanchemain
The use of textile meshes in hernia repair is widespread in visceral surgery. Though, mesh infection is a complication that may prolong the patient recovery period and consequently presents an impact on public health economy. Such concern can be avoided thanks to a local and extended antibiotic release on the operative site. In recent developments, poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) has been used in complement of polyethyleneterephthalate (Dacron^®) (PET) or polypropylene (PP) yarns in the manufacture of semi-resorbable parietal implants. The goal of the present study consisted in assigning drug reservoir properties and prolonged antibacterial effect to a 100% PLLA knit through its functionalization with a cyclodextrin polymer (polyCD) and activation with ciprofloxacin. The study focused i) on the control of degree of polyCD functionalization of the PLLA support and on its physical and biological characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and cell viability, ii) on the understanding of drug/meshes interaction using mathematic model and iii) on the correlation between drug release studies in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and microbiological evaluation of meshes and release medium against E. coli and S. aureus. All above mentioned tests highlighted the contribution of polyCD on the improved performances of the resulting antibacterial implantable material.Statement of significance1.We managed for the first time, with well-defined parameters in terms of temperature and time of treatment, to functionalize a bio-absorbable synthetic material to improve drug sorption and drug release properties without affecting its mechanical properties2.we analyzed for the first time the degradation of our coating products by mass spectroscopy to show that only citrate and cyclodextrin residues (and glucose units) without any cytotoxicity are formed3.We managed to improve the mechanical properties of the PLA with the cyclodextrin polymer to form a composite. The assembly (cyclodextrin polymer and PLLA) remains biodegradable.

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Enhanced ozone loss by active inorganic bromine chemistry in the tropical troposphere

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 155
Author(s): Michael Le Breton, Thomas J. Bannan, Dudley E. Shallcross, M. Anwar Khan, Mathew J. Evans, James Lee, Richard Lidster, Stephen Andrews, Lucy J. Carpenter, Johan Schmidt, Daniel Jacob, Neil R.P. Harris, Stephane Bauguitte, Martin Gallagher, Asan Bacak, Kimberley E. Leather, Carl J. Percival
Bromine chemistry, particularly in the tropics, has been suggested to play an important role in tropospheric ozone loss although a lack of measurements of active bromine species impedes a quantitative understanding of its impacts. Recent modelling and measurements of bromine monoxide (BrO) by Wang et al. (2015) have shown current models under predict BrO concentrations over the Pacific Ocean and allude to a missing source of BrO. Here, we present the first simultaneous aircraft measurements of atmospheric bromine monoxide, BrO (a radical that along with atomic Br catalytically destroys ozone) and the inorganic Br precursor compounds HOBr, BrCl and Br2 over the Western Pacific Ocean from 0.5 to 7 km. The presence of 0.17–1.64 pptv BrO and 3.6–8 pptv total inorganic Br from these four species throughout the troposphere causes 10–20% of total ozone loss, and confirms the importance of bromine chemistry in the tropical troposphere; contributing to a 6 ppb decrease in ozone levels due to halogen chemistry. Observations are compared with a global chemical transport model and find that the observed high levels of BrO, BrCl and HOBr can be reconciled by active multiphase oxidation of halide (Br⁻ and Cl⁻) by HOBr and ozone in cloud droplets and aerosols. Measurements indicate that 99% of the instantaneous free Br in the troposphere up to 8 km originates from inorganic halogen photolysis rather than from photolysis of organobromine species.



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Reduction of air pollution levels downwind of a road with an upwind noise barrier

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 155
Author(s): Faraz Enayati Ahangar, David Heist, Steven Perry, Akula Venkatram
We propose a dispersion model to estimate the impact of a solid noise barrier upwind of a highway on air pollution concentrations downwind of the road. The model, based on data from wind tunnel experiments conducted by Heist et al. (2009), assumes that the upwind barrier has two main effects: 1) it creates a recirculation zone behind the barrier that sweeps the emissions from the highway back towards the wall, and 2) it enhances vertical dispersion and initial mixing. By combining the upwind barrier model with the mixed wake model for a downwind barrier described in Schulte et al. (2014), we are able to model dispersion of emissions from a highway with noise barriers on both sides. The model provides a good description of measurements made in the wind tunnel. The presence of an upwind barrier causes reductions in concentrations relative to those measured downwind of a road with no barriers. The reduction can be as large as that caused by a downwind barrier if the recirculation zone covers the width of the highway. Barriers on both sides of the highway result in larger reductions downwind of the barriers than those caused by a single barrier either upwind or downwind. As expected, barrier effects are small beyond 10 barrier heights downwind of the highway. We also propose a tentative model to estimate on-road concentrations within the recirculation zone induced by the upwind barrier.



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Promising anticancer activities of Justicia simplex D. Don. in cellular and animal models

Publication date: 6 March 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 199
Author(s): Litty Joseph, Jesil Mathew Aranjani, K. Sreedhara Ranganath Pai, K.K. Srinivasan
Ethnopharmacological relevanceJusticia simplex D. Don. belonging to the family of Acanthaceae has been traditionally used for treatment of rheumatism, inflammation and bronchitis. The plant is traditionally considered as an anticancer medicine and is used by healers of Karnataka to treat various types of cancers.Aim of the studyThe present study aims at the elucidation of anticancer activity of various extracts of J. simplex, isolation of its active constituents and assessment of the role in growth inhibition and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methodsExtracts of J. simplex was evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxic effect by Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, Trypan Blue dye exclusion assay and antiproliferative assay. In vivo cytotoxicity of the extracts were determined by liquid tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Tumor prognosis, metastasis and angiogenesis were assessed by VEGF expression of the solid tumor. Phytochemical analysis afforded the isolation of a compound, the chemical structure of which was established using IR, NMR and TOF-MS spectral method. The compound was also evaluated for the growth inhibitory and angiogenic effects.Results and conclusionThe petroleum ether extract revealed potent anticancer activity in in vitro and in vivo studies. The anti-angiogenic effect is due to the down regulation of VEGF expression. The growth inhibitory assay revealed that the isolated compound namely triacontanoic ester of 5ʹʹ-hydroxyjustisolin is responsible for the anticancer activity.

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A rational approach to elucidate human monoamine oxidase molecular selectivity

Publication date: 1 April 2017
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 101
Author(s): Giuseppe Felice Mangiatordi, Domenico Alberga, Leonardo Pisani, Domenico Gadaleta, Daniela Trisciuzzi, Roberta Farina, Andrea Carotti, Gianluca Lattanzi, Marco Catto, Orazio Nicolotti
Designing highly selective human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibitors is a challenging goal on the road to a more effective treatment of depression and anxiety (inhibition of hMAO-A isoform) as well as neurodegenerative diseases (inhibition of hMAO-B isoform). To uncover the molecular rationale of hMAOs selectivity, two recently prepared 2H-chromene-2-ones, namely compounds 1 and 2, were herein chosen as molecular probes being highly selective toward hMAO-A and hMAO-B, respectively. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) studies on four different complexes, cross-simulating one at a time the two hMAO-isoforms (dimer embedded in a lipid bilayer) with the two considered probes. Our comparative analysis on the obtained 100ns trajectories discloses a stable H-bond interaction between 1 and Gln215 as crucial for ligand selectivity toward hMAO-A whereas a water-mediated interaction might explain the observed hMAO-B selectivity of compound 2. Such hypotheses are further supported by binding free energy calculations carried out applying the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method and allowing us to evaluate the contribution of each residue to the observed isoform selectivity. Taken as whole, this study represents the first attempt to explain at molecular level hMAO isoform selectivity and a valuable yardstick for better addressing the design of new and highly selective MAO inhibitors.

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Can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Silently Travel From the Gut to the Wound and Cause Postoperative Infection? Modeling the "Trojan Horse Hypothesis".

Related Articles

Can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Silently Travel From the Gut to the Wound and Cause Postoperative Infection? Modeling the "Trojan Horse Hypothesis".

Ann Surg. 2017 Feb 09;:

Authors: Krezalek MA, Hyoju S, Zaborin A, Okafor E, Chandrasekar L, Bindokas V, Guyton K, Montgomery CP, Daum RS, Zaborina O, Boyle-Vavra S, Alverdy JC

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intestinal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be the source of surgical site infections (SSIs).
BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that gut-derived MRSA may cause SSIs via mechanisms in which circulating immune cells scavenge MRSA from the gut, home to surgical wounds, and cause infection (Trojan Horse Hypothesis).
METHODS: MRSA gut colonization was achieved by disrupting the microbiota with antibiotics, imposing a period of starvation and introducing MRSA via gavage. Next, mice were subjected to a surgical injury (30% hepatectomy) and rectus muscle injury and ischemia before skin closure. All wounds were cultured before skin closure. To control for postoperative wound contamination, reiterative experiments were performed in mice in which the closed wound was painted with live MRSA for 2 consecutive postoperative days. To rule out extracellular bacteremia as a cause of wound infection, MRSA was injected intravenously in mice subjected to rectus muscle ischemia and injury.
RESULTS: All wound cultures were negative before skin closure, ruling out intraoperative contamination. Out of 40 mice, 4 (10%) developed visible abscesses. Nine mice (22.5%) had MRSA positive cultures of the rectus muscle without visible abscesses. No SSIs were observed in mice injected intravenously with MRSA. Wounds painted with MRSA after closure did not develop infections. Circulating neutrophils from mice captured by flow cytometry demonstrated MRSA in their cytoplasm.
CONCLUSIONS: Immune cells as Trojan horses carrying gut-derived MRSA may be a plausible mechanism of SSIs in the absence of direct contamination.

PMID: 28187042 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Pre-transplantation 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quality assessment of human pancreatic grafts – A feasibility study

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume 39
Author(s): Lina Carlbom, Jan Weis, Lars Johansson, Olle Korsgren, Håkan Ahlström
ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of using ³¹P-MRS for objective non-invasive quality assessment of human pancreas grafts prior to transplantation or islet isolation.Materials and methodsPancreata from 5 human donors, 3 males and 2 females, aged 49–78years, with body mass index (BMI) 22–31kg/m², were included. Pancreata were perfused with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution during procurement and stored in hypothermic condition (4°C) for 21–44h. During the period of hypothermic storage repeated spectra were obtained for each graft by ³¹P-MRS (1.5Tesla) to measure the cold ischemia time (CIT) dependent changes of the phosphorous metabolites adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphomonoesters (PME), phosphodiesters (PDE) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), in the grafts. Graft temperature was measured immediately before and after MR-examination. Reference spectrum for non-viable tissue was obtained after graft exposure to room temperature.ResultsPME/Pi, PDE/Pi and ATP/Pi spectral intensities ratios decreased with increasing CIT, reflecting the decreased viability of the grafts. PME/Pi ratio was the most discriminatory variable at prolonged CIT. ³¹P-MRS could be performed without significantly increasing graft temperature.Conclusions³¹P-MRS may provide quantitative parameters for evaluating graft viability ex vivo, and is a promising tool for objective non-invasive assessment of the quality of human pancreas grafts prior to transplantation or islet isolation.



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An improved FSL-FIRST pipeline for subcortical gray matter segmentation to study abnormal brain anatomy using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume 39
Author(s): Xiang Feng, Andreas Deistung, Michael G. Dwyer, Jesper Hagemeier, Paul Polak, Jessica Lebenberg, Frédérique Frouin, Robert Zivadinov, Jürgen R. Reichenbach, Ferdinand Schweser
Accurate and robust segmentation of subcortical gray matter (SGM) nuclei is required in many neuroimaging applications. FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST) is one of the most popular software tools for automated subcortical segmentation based on T1-weighted (T1w) images. In this work, we demonstrate that FIRST tends to produce inaccurate SGM segmentation results in the case of abnormal brain anatomy, such as present in atrophied brains, due to a poor spatial match of the subcortical structures with the training data in the MNI space as well as due to insufficient contrast of SGM structures on T1w images. Consequently, such deviations from the average brain anatomy may introduce analysis bias in clinical studies, which may not always be obvious and potentially remain unidentified. To improve the segmentation of subcortical nuclei, we propose to use FIRST in combination with a special Hybrid image Contrast (HC) and Non-Linear (nl) registration module (HC-nlFIRST), where the hybrid image contrast is derived from T1w images and magnetic susceptibility maps to create subcortical contrast that is similar to that in the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template. In our approach, a nonlinear registration replaces FIRST's default linear registration, yielding a more accurate alignment of the input data to the MNI template. We evaluated our method on 82 subjects with particularly abnormal brain anatomy, selected from a database of >2000 clinical cases. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that HC-nlFIRST provides improved segmentation compared to the default FIRST method.



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Rapid whole brain myelin water content mapping without an external water standard at 1.5T

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume 39
Author(s): Thanh D. Nguyen, Pascal Spincemaille, Susan A. Gauthier, Yi Wang
The objective of this study is to develop rapid whole brain mapping of myelin water content (MWC) at 1.5T. The Fast Acquisition with Spiral Trajectory and T2prep (FAST-T2) pulse sequence originally developed for myelin water fraction (MWF) mapping was modified to obtain fast mapping of T1 and receiver coil sensitivity needed for MWC computation. The accuracy of the proposed T1 mapping was evaluated by comparing with the standard IR-FSE method. Numerical simulations were performed to assess the accuracy and reliability of the proposed MWC mapping. We also compared MWC values obtained with either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or an external water tube attached to the subject's head as the water reference. Our results from healthy volunteers show that whole brain MWC mapping is feasible in 7min and provides accurate brain T1 values. Regional brain WC and MWC measurements obtained with the internal CSF-based water standard showed excellent correlation (R>0.99) and negligible bias within narrow limits of agreement compared to those obtained with an external water standard.



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Improved traveling-wave efficiency in 7T human MRI using passive local loop and dipole arrays

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume 39
Author(s): Xinqiang Yan, Xiaoliang Zhang, John C. Gore, William A. Grissom
Traveling-wave MRI, which uses relatively small and simple RF antennae, has robust matching performance and capability for large field-of-view (FOV) imaging. However, the power efficiency of traveling-wave MRI is much lower than conventional methods, which limits its application. One simple approach to improve the power efficiency is to place passive resonators around the subject being imaged. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated in previous works using a single small resonant loop. In this work, we aim to explore how much the improvements can be maintained in human imaging using an array design, and whether electric dipoles can be used as local elements. First, a series of electromagnetic (EM) simulations were performed on a human model. Then RF coils were constructed and the simulation results using the best setup for head imaging were validated in MR experiments. By using the passive local loop and transverse dipole arrays, respectively, the transmit efficiency (B1⁺) of traveling-wave MRI can be improved by 3-fold in the brain and 2-fold in the knee. The types of passive elements (loops or dipoles) should be carefully chosen for brain or knee imaging to maximize the improvement, and the enhancement depends on the local body configuration.



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Delayed expansion of an intracranial cyst induced by ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a patient with Chiari malformation type 2

Publication date: Available online 11 February 2017
Source:Brain and Development
Author(s): Yoshinori Maki, Tsuyoshi Ohta, Hirokazu Onishi, Naoki Fukui, Masanori Morimoto
A male neonate was referred to our hospital for the treatment of myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus related to Chiari malformation type 2. After the placement of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt for hydrocephalus, an intracranial cyst, which was asymptomatic at first, expanded and caused clinical symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure. The expansion of the cyst was confirmed dominantly in the right lateral ventricle where the VP shunt was inserted. Intraoperative findings through a neuroendoscope suggested that the expanded cyst was an isolated lesion. The pressure reduction in the lateral ventricle through the shunt tube, not the malfunction of the VP shunt, might have attributed to increased intracranial pressure with the expanded cyst. The authors present this rare case, speculating the cause of the expansion of the cyst.



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Microstructure and surface oxides of rapidly solidified Nb-Si based alloy powders

Publication date: 15 April 2017
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 120
Author(s): Yueling Guo, Lina Jia, Bin Kong, Shengnan Zhang, Fengxiang Zhang, Hu Zhang
Spherical pre-alloyed Nb-20Si-24Ti-2Cr-2Al powders were prepared by plasma rotating electrode processing (PREP). The microstructure and surface oxides of Nb-Si based alloy powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Results showed that the main phases of Nb-Si based alloy powders were Nbss, βNb5Si3 and Nb3Si. Fine lamellar eutectic structure was formed during solidification, taking the central parts of eutectic branches. Anomalous eutectics were distributed at the edges of eutectic branches. The lamellar spacing (λ) ranged from 0.12μm to 0.38μm, increasing with the increase of powder diameter. An oxygen-enriched layer with 5.14nm in thickness, consisting of Nb2O5, SiO2, TiO2, Cr2O3 and Al2O3, was formed on the surface of a powder with 120μm in diameter. The amount of oxygen in the oxygen-enriched layer accounted for 49.66% of that in the whole single powder. Formation mechanism of eutectic structures and the surface oxidation mechanism were discussed.

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