Tracheostomy decreases continuous analgesia and sedation requirements

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Tracheostomy decreases continuous analgesia and sedation requirements via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue BACKGROUND The goals of sedation in the critically ill surgical patient are to minimize pain, anxiety, and agitation without hindering cardiopulmonary function. One potential benefit of tracheostomy during endotracheal intubation is the reduction of sedation and analgesia; however, there are little data to support this supposition. We hypothesized that patients undergoing tracheostomy would have a rapid reduction in sedation and analgesia following tracheostomy. METHODS A retrospective review of tracheostomies performed at a single Level I trauma center from January 2013 to June 2018 was completed. An evaluation of Glasgow Coma Scale, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, and Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit 72 hours pretracheostomy to 72 hours posttracheostomy was performed. The total daily dose of sedation, anxiolytic, and analgesic medications administered were recorded. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate longitudinal drug does over time (hours). RESULTS Four hundred sixty-eight patients included for analysis with a mean age of 58.8 ± 18.3 years. There was a significant decrease in propofol and fentanyl utilization from 24 hours pretracheostomy to 24 hours posttracheostomy in both dose and number of patients receiving these continuous intravenous medications. Similarly, total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) use and continuous midazolam significantly decreased from 24 hours pretracheostomy to 24 hours posttracheostomy. By contrast, intermittent enteral quetiapine and methadone administration increased after tracheostomy. Importantly, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, and Confusion Assessment Method scoring were also significantly improved as early as 24 hours posttracheostomy. Total MME use was significantly elevated in patients younger than 65 years and in male patients pretracheostomy compared with female patients. Patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit had significantly higher MME use compar ed with those in the surgical intensive care unit pretracheostomy. CONCLUSION Tracheostomy allows for a rapid and significant reduction in intravenous sedation and analgesia medication utilization. Posttracheostomy sedation can transition to intermittent enteral medications, potentially contributing to the observed improvements in postoperative mental status and agitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III. View on Web

Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Hydrogen sulfide inhibits human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) protein expression via regulation of ATG4B

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Hydrogen sulfide inhibits human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) protein expression via regulation of ATG4B via Journal of Medical Virology Abstract Hydrogen sulfide（H2S）is a redox gasotransmitter. It has been shown that H2S has a key role in host antiviral defense by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-6 production and S-sulfhydrating Keap1 lead to Nrf2/ARE pathway activation. However, it is yet unclear whether H2S can play an antiviral role by regulating autophagy. In this research, we found that exogenous H2S decreased the expression of HTLV-1 protein and HTLV-1 induced autophagosomes accumulation. Transmission electron microscope assays indicated that autophagosomes accumulation decreased after H2S administration. HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines had a high level of CSE (H2S endogenous enzyme) which could be induced in Hela by HTLV-1 infection. Immunoblot demonstrated that overexpression of CSE inhibited HTLV-1 protein expression and autophagy. And we got the opposite after CSE knockdown. Meanwhile, H2S could not restrain the aut ophagy when ATG4B had a mutant at its site of 89. In a word, these results suggested that H2S modulated HTLV-1 protein expression via ATG4B. Therefore, our findings suggested a new mechanism by which H2S defended against virus infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. View on Web

Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Using Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Associations Between Gestational Chemical Mixtures and Child Neurodevelopment

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Using Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Associations Between Gestational Chemical Mixtures and Child Neurodevelopment via Epidemiology - Published Ahead-of-Print Background: Unsupervised machine learning techniques have become increasingly popular for studying associations between gestational exposure mixtures and human health. Latent profile analysis is one method that has not been fully explored. Methods: We estimated associations between gestational chemical mixtures and child neurodevelopment using latent profile analysis. Using data from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) research platform, a longitudinal cohort of pregnant Canadian women and their children, we generated latent profiles from 27 gestational exposure biomarkers. We then examined the associations between these profiles and child Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full-Scale IQ, measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III). We validated our findings using k-means clustering. Results: Latent profile analysis detected five latent profiles of exposure: a reference profile containing 61% of the study participants, a high Mono-ethyl Phthalate (MEP) profile with moderately low persistent organic pollutants (POPs) containing 26%, a high POP profile containing 6%, a low POP profile containing 4%, and a smoking chemicals profile containing 3%. We observed negative associations between both the smoking chemicals and high MEP profiles and all IQ scores, and between the high POP profile and Full-Scale and Verbal IQ scores. We also found a positive association between the low POP profile and Full-Scale and Performance IQ scores. All associations had wide 95% confidence intervals. Conclusion: Latent profile analysis is a promising technique for identifying patterns of chemical exposure, and is worthy of further study for its use in examining complicated exposure mixtures. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. View on Web

Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Accounting for misclassification and selection bias in estimating effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Accounting for misclassification and selection bias in estimating effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion via Epidemiology - Published Ahead-of-Print Background: Studies on the effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion may suffer from misclassification and selection bias due to self-reported outcomes and loss to follow-up. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis can estimate self-managed abortion effectiveness accounting for these potential biases. Methods: We conducted a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis based on data from the Studying Accompaniment model Feasibility and Effectiveness Study (the SAFE Study), to generate bias-adjusted estimates of effectiveness of self-managed abortion with accompaniment group support. Between July 2019 and April 2020, we enrolled a total of 1051 callers who contacted accompaniment groups in Argentina and Nigeria for self-managed abortion information; 961 took abortion medications and completed at least one follow-up. Using these data, we calculated measures of effectiveness adjusted for ineligibility, misclassification, and selection bias across 50,000 simulations with bias parameters drawn from pre-specified Beta distributions in R. Results: After accounting for potential influence of various sources of bias, bias-adjusted estimates of effectiveness were similar to observed estimates, conditional on chosen bias parameters: 92.68% (95% simulation interval: 87.80%, 95.74%) for mifepristone in combination with misoprostol (versus 93.7% in the observed data) and 98.47% (95% simulation interval: 96.79%, 99.39%) for misoprostol alone (versus 99.3% in the observed data). Conclusions: After adjustment for multiple potential sources of bias, estimates of self-managed medication abortion effectiveness remain high. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis may be useful in studies measuring an epidemiologic proportion (i.e., effectiveness, prevalence, cumulative incidence), while accounting for possible selection or misclassification bias. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. View on Web

Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.