Peculiar extensibility of swollen statistical hydrogels with structural nanoheterogeneities

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Ryosuke Mishima, Ayuka Nakao, Shinichi Sakurai, Kenji Urayama
An inherent structural nanoheterogeneity in statistical hydrogels leads to a peculiarity in macroscopic tensile properties. Some types of statistical hydrogels with considerable degrees of non-uniform distribution of cross-link, which are formed via free radical copolymerization of mono- and bi-functional monomers, are unusually extensible: The elongation at break before and after equilibrium swelling remains almost unchanged, although the gels undergo a significant increase in volume by swelling, i.e., a finite degree of pre-stretching of network strands. This peculiar extensibility emerges exclusively in uniaxial stretching whereas it is not observed in biaxial stretching including equi-biaxial and planar extension. The concentration ranges of the mono- and bi-functional monomers which result in the gels with the peculiar extensibility are revealed. The two-dimensional SAXS patterns of the uniaxially stretched swollen gels with marked extensibility show the presence of a spatially long-range structure of ca. 50 nm which results from the significantly non-affine deformation of the networks composed of densely and loosely cross-linked regions.

Graphical abstract

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Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends: The effect of ACN content on morphology, compatibility and mechanical properties

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Mahshid Maroufkhani, AliAsghar Katbab, Wangcheng Liu, Jinwen Zhang
In this study, attempts have been put to prepare toughened polylactide (PLA) through melt blending with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) via melt mixing process. The influences of acrylonitrile (ACN) content on the compatibility, microstructure, tensile properties and impact resistance have been investigated. A matrix-dispersed droplet morphology was noted for all blend samples, and the rubber particle size decreased with decreasing ACN content of NBR. This droplet size, impact strength and elongation all corresponded well to the interfacial interaction that was evidenced by surface tension analysis and melt rheology. It was noted that the interfacial tension decreased with decrease in ACN content, accordingly, the results from both Cole-Cole curves and Han plots indicated high homogeneity of the PLA blend with NBR containing lower ACN contents. On the other hand, all blends exhibited very similar glass transition temperatures and crystallinity. It is concluded that extent of thermodynamic compatibility of PLA and NBR determines the improvement of toughness. Incorporation of only 10 wt% NBR resulted in dramatic improvements of elongation at break and impact strength of PLA and largely retained the high tensile strength of neat PLA.

Graphical abstract

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Symmetric and uniform coalescence of ink-jetting printed polyfluorene ink drops by controlling the droplet spacing distance and ink surface tension/viscosity ratio

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Zhonghui Du, Rubo Xing, Xinxiu Cao, Xinhong Yu, Yanchun Han
The film quality is the core to produce long-life and efficient organic light emitting devices by ink-jetting printing technology which is deeply related to the ink droplet coalescence process, especially the coalescence bead morphology and thickness. However, the fluid flow from impacted drop to the previously deposited drops (drop to bead flow) usually leads to an asymmetry and heterogeneity of coalescence beads during droplets coalescence process in the substrate. Here we reduce the spreading speed of impacted drops to achieve a symmetric and homogeneous coalescence effect, by controlling the drops to deposit firstly and then coalescence. A uniform linear line morphology with a smooth straight edge and symmetric ends was obtained at drop distance 1.35 ≤ y ≤ 1.60. Via adjusting the chloride benzene (CB)/cyclohexylbenzene (ChB) proportion of ink formula, when the γ/η value decreases to 4.73 m/s, the h1/h2 value is nearly 1.04, homogeneous bead obtained. Uniform and homogeneous bead was formed for 80/20 CB/ChB sample with a 4.73 m/s surface tension/viscosity ratio. The appropriate matching of the relationships of the spreading and coalescence speed of impacted drops plays a critical role for the final bead morphology during the droplet coalescence. The spreading and coalescence speed have a finite matching for the 80/20 CB/ChB sample with a 4.73 γ/η value, forming uniform beads.

Graphical abstract

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Mutations in C19orf12 and intronic repeat expansions in C9orf72 not observed in Iranian Parkinson’s disease patients

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging
Author(s): Afagh Alavi, Maryam Malakouti Nejad, Gholamali Shahidi, Elahe Elahi
Various neurodegenerative disorders share some clinical features that sometimes renders differential diagnosis challenging. Genetic based classification also has limitations as mutations in the same gene are sometimes associated with different clinically based diagnoses. In this light, we screened the C19orf12 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) causing gene and the C9orf72 intronic expansion mutation that is cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 186 Iranian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. C19orf12 has previously been screened in PD patients in only one study, and to the best of our knowledge neither gene has ever been screened in a PD cohort from a Middle East population. The study was justified because mutations in C19orf12 had previously been shown to be common in Iranian NBIA patients and all the patients with mutations in this gene had exhibited Parkinsonism features. The C9orf72 intronic expansion mutation was screened because the mother of an Iranian ALS patient with the expansion who had been diagnosed with PD also harbored the expansion. The screenings did not identify disease causing variations in either of the genes among the PD patients screened.



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Sources of Disconnection in Neurocognitive Aging: Cerebral White Matter Integrity, Resting-state Functional Connectivity, and White Matter Hyperintensity Volume

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging
Author(s): David J. Madden, Emily L. Parks, Catherine W. Tallman, Maria A. Boylan, David A. Hoagey, Sally B. Cocjin, Lauren E. Packard, Micah A. Johnson, Ying-hui Chou, Guy G. Potter, Nan-kuei Chen, Rachel E. Siciliano, Zachary A. Monge, Jesse A. Honig, Michele T. Diaz
Age-related decline in fluid cognition can be characterized as a disconnection among specific brain structures, leading to a decline in functional efficiency. The potential sources of disconnection, however, are unclear. We investigated imaging measures of cerebral white matter integrity, resting-state functional connectivity, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume as mediators of the relation between age and fluid cognition, in 145 healthy, community-dwelling adults 19-79 years of age. At a general level of analysis, with a single composite measure of fluid cognition and single measures of each of the three imaging modalities, age exhibited an independent influence on the cognitive and imaging measures, and the imaging variables did not mediate the age-cognition relation. At a more specific level of analysis, resting-state functional connectivity of sensorimotor networks was a significant mediator of the age-related decline in executive function. These findings suggest that different levels of analysis lead to different models of neurocognitive disconnection, and that resting-state functional connectivity, in particular, may contribute to age-related decline in executive function.



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Periorbital melasma: Hierarchical cluster analysis of clinical features in Asian patients

Background

Studies have shown melasma lesions to be distributed across the face in centrofacial, malar, and mandibular patterns. Meanwhile, however, melasma lesions of the periorbital area have yet to be thoroughly described.

Methods

We analyzed normal and ultraviolet light-exposed photographs of patients with melasma. The periorbital melasma lesions were measured according to anatomical reference points and a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed.

Results

The periorbital melasma lesions showed clinical features of fine and homogenous melasma pigmentation, involving both the upper and lower eyelids that extended to other anatomical sites with a darker and coarser appearance. The hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that patients with periorbital melasma can be categorized into two clusters according to the surface anatomy of the face. Significant differences between cluster 1 and cluster 2 were found in lateral distance and inferolateral distance, but not in medial distance and superior distance. Comparing the two clusters, patients in cluster 2 were found to be significantly older and more commonly accompanied by melasma lesions of the temple and medial cheek.

Conclusion

Our hierarchical cluster analysis of periorbital melasma lesions demonstrated that Asian patients with periorbital melasma can be categorized into two clusters according to the surface anatomy of the face.

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Clinical features and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of an atypical presentation of Herpesvirus-2 and Cytomegalovirus co-infection of the intergluteal sulcus

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Deciphering the role of ectosomes in cancer development and progression: focus on the proteome

Abstract

Ectosomes are small heterogeneous membrane vesicles generated by budding from the plasma membrane in a variety of cell types and, more frequently, in tumor cells. They are shed into the extracellular space and are proposed as a novel form of intracellular communication in which information is transmitted from the originating cell to recipient cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. This review focuses on a single population of extracellular vesicles—ectosomes. We summarize recent studies of tumor-derived ectosomes which examine their biogenesis and protein cargo, and their influence on different aspects of cancer progression. We discuss possible clinical implications involving ectosomes as potential biomarkers, diagnostic tools and treatment targets in oncology. The unique composition of the molecules (cargo) that ectosomes carry, and their functional role, depends largely on the state of their originating cell. Through horizontal transfer of a variety of biologically active molecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) between donor and recipient cells, tumor-derived ectosomes may play functional roles in oncogenic transformation, tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis promotion, escape from immune surveillance, and drug resistance, thereby facilitating disease progression. The presence of tumor-derived ectosomes in body fluids such as the blood and urine of cancer patients makes them potentially useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Tumor-derived ectosomes also offer possible targets for multiple therapeutic strategies.

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Effects of laser-arc distance on corrosion behavior of single-pass hybrid welded stainless clad steel plate

Publication date: 5 June 2017
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 123
Author(s): Kai Kang, Yosuke Kawahito, Ming Gao, Xiaoyan Zeng
Single pass laser-arc hybrid welding of stainless clad steel plate was first carried out to develop alternatives to multi-pass welding with low efficient or single pass welding with poor corrosion resistance. The results demonstrated that the weld corrosion resistance increased with the increase of laser-arc distance (DLA), and the corrosion morphologies changed from big and deep 'nail' pits to small and shallow hemispherical pits. The weld with nearly equal corrosion resistance to the base metal (BM) could be obtained at the DLA of 9mm, where the charge transfer resistance increased to 89% of the BM and the corrosion current density decreased by ten times to close to the BM, only 0.13μA·cm⁻² lower. The corrosion resistance improvement had a good agreement with the microstructure homogenization and the increase of Cr content. The microstructure formation was discussed by the molten pool behavior and the laser-arc interaction. The corrosion resistance improvement was explained by the formation and damage mechanism of the passive film.

Graphical abstract

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Tribute

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Treatment of Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis with CO2 laser

Summary

Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) is an uncommon lesion characterized by ectopic adipose tissue in the dermis and can be generalized or localized. It presents as a soft skin colored to yellowish papules or cerebriform plaques occurring usually on the buttock or thigh in a segment distribution. We report a case of NLCS in 38-year-old female, which was treated using the ultrapulse mode CO₂ Laser. We describe the scientific logic and clinical results of using the ultrapulse mode in relation to the pathology of NLCS.

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Reconstruction of Wassel Type VI Radial Polydactyly with Triphalangeal Thumb Using an On-top Osteotomy

Background: The purpose of this study was to present a novel surgical technique using an on-top osteotomy and to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes for the triphalangeal Wassel type VI thumb duplication patients. Methods: The surgical technique involves ablation of the radial thumb at distal one-third of the metacarpal, corresponding metacarpal osteotomy of the ulnar thumb, with amalgamation of 2 metacarpals and reconstruction of the ulnar thumb by a series of soft tissue procedures. Clinical and radiologic outcomes were evaluated by using the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand evaluation form at a minimum of 30 months. The size of the metacarpal was measured and compared to the opposite one to assess the growth of the thumb. Results: Five patients, including 4 males and 1 female, were observed for an average of 37 months. All amalgamated metacarpal showed bone union in 6 weeks after surgery and revealed growth with the age. The average length of the metacarpal was 86% of the opposite one at the final follow-up. Motion at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints showed no restriction after surgery, and they reached excellent function for gripping and pinching. According to the JHHS scoring system, the results were excellent in 3 cases, good in 2. Conclusions: This novel surgical technique for the reconstruction of Wassel type VI radial polydactyly with triphalangeal shows encouraging results in both clinical and radiologic evaluations; meanwhile long-term results are under evaluation.

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Obesity-related Risk Factors in Implant-based Breast Reconstruction Using AlloDerm

With a population in which 70% of the patients were overweight or obese, we reviewed retrospectively 135 breasts of 70 consecutive patients who underwent implant-based immediate breast reconstruction using freeze-dried AlloDerm as the acellular dermal matrix. Several obesity-related parameters were evaluated to determine their possible correlation to early postoperative complications. We found that breast width and surface area of AlloDerm usage correlated with the development of infection and mastectomy skin flap necrosis. Increased breast width and size of AlloDerm matrix implanted were correlated with higher rates of both minor and significant skin necrosis and of cellulitis. Body mass index was correlated with the development of cellulitis and minor and major skin necrosis but not with seroma or reconstruction failure. Preexisting breast cup size correlated with the development of seroma but not the other complications. We observed no statistically significant association between reconstruction failure and any of the parameters reviewed, but this is likely due to the small number of failures in our data set (n = 10).

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A simple ImageJ macro tool for analyzing mitochondrial network morphology in mammalian cell culture

Publication date: Available online 15 March 2017
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Andrew J. Valente, Lucas A. Maddalena, Ellen L. Robb, Fereshteh Moradi, Jeffrey A. Stuart
Mitochondria exist in a dynamic cycle of fusion and fission whose balance directly influences the morphology of the 'mitochondrial network', a term that encompasses the branched, reticular structure of fused mitochondria as well as the separate, punctate individual organelles within a eukaryotic cell. Over the past decade, the significance of the mitochondrial network has been increasingly appreciated, motivating the development of various approaches to analyze it. Here, we describe the Mitochondrial Network Analysis (MiNA) toolset, a relatively simple pair of macros making use of existing ImageJ plug-ins, allowing for semi-automated analysis of mitochondrial networks in cultured mammalian cells. MiNA is freely available at http://ift.tt/2nUekdO. The tool incorporates optional preprocessing steps to enhance the quality of images before converting the images to binary and producing a morphological skeleton for calculating nine parameters to quantitatively capture the morphology of the mitochondrial network. The efficacy of the macro toolset is demonstrated using a sample set of images from SH-SY5Y, C2C12, and mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cell cultures treated under different conditions and exhibiting hyperfused, fused, and fragmented mitochondrial network morphologies.



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Increased nuclear localization of substance P in human gastric tumor cells

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Miguel Muñoz, Marisa Rosso, Andrés Carranza, Rafael Coveñas
Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive disease that remains the fourth most common type of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Treatment of advanced or metastatic GC has seen little progress and median overall survival in this group remains <1 year. It is urgent to investigate new mechanisms to understand GC progression. It is known that substance P (SP), after binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, elicits GC proliferation; that GC cells and samples express NK-1 receptors; that NK-1 receptor antagonists, in a concentration dependent manner, inhibit the proliferation of GC cells and that these cells die by apoptosis. However, the presence of SP in GC and normal gastric cells is unknown. In order to know more on the involvement of the SP/NK-1 receptor system in GC, we studied in thirty human GC and normal gastric samples the immunolocalization of SP after using an immunohistochemical technique. SP was observed in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of GC and normal gastric cells. The nuclear expression of SP was higher in GC cells than in normal cells. No significant difference was observed when the cytoplasmatic expression of SP in normal and GC cells was compared. The findings suggest that SP plays an important role in both nuclear function and GC.



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Lanthanide-integrated supramolecular polymeric nanoassembly with multiple regulation characteristics for multidrug-resistant cancer therapy

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 129
Author(s): Weihong Jin, Qiwen Wang, Min Wu, Yang Li, Guping Tang, Yuan Ping, Paul K. Chu
Cancer treatment can in principle be enhanced by the synergistic effects of chemo- and nucleic acid-based combination therapies but the lack of efficient drug nanocarriers and occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) are major obstacles adversely affecting the effectiveness. Herein, a lanthanide-integrated supramolecular polymeric nanoassembly that delivers anticancer drugs and siRNA for more effective cancer therapy is described. This nanotherapeutic system is prepared by loading adamantane-modified doxorubicin (Dox) into polyethylenimine-crosslinked-γ-cyclodextrin (PC) through the supramolecular assembly to form the interior Dox-loaded PC (PCD) followed by electrostatically driven self-assembly of siRNA and PCD to produce the PCD/siRNA nanocomplexes. The PCD/siRNA nanocomplex is further decorated with the exterior neodymium (Nd)-integrated PC (Nd-PC) layer to obtain the PCD/siRNA/Nd-PC nanoassembly in which the interior PC serves as an efficient carrier for simultaneous delivery of Dox and siRNA to the human breast cancer cell line, Dox-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/ADR) both in vitro and in vivo. The exterior Nd-PC layer improves the drug sensitivity to the MCF-7/ADR cells as a result of the improved nanoassembly uptake, reduced drug efflux, and enhanced apoptosis, as evidenced by multiple regulation of a series of intracellular proteins related to MDR. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of the PCD/siRNA/Nd-PC nanoassembly is demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in the mouse model with MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografts as a result of reduced angiogenesis and increased necrosis at the tumor site. This study reveals a simple and universal strategy to transform polymer-based nanoassemblies into advanced organic-inorganic nanotherapeutics suitable for cancer MDR therapy.



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Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations

Abstract

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent disease with significant impact on physical health and quality of life. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been directly correlated to disease severity, and may also be a contributing causal factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The primary aim of the present study was to assess differences in S. aureus colonization in AD patients with and without filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations. Secondarily, to assess disease severity in relation to S. aureus colonization. Exploratory analyses were performed to investigate S. aureus genetic lineages in relation to FLG mutations and disease severity (SCORAD).

Methods

101 adult AD patients were included in the study. Bacterial swabs were taken from lesional skin, non-lesional skin and nose. Swabs positive for S. aureus were characterized by spa and the respective clonal complex (CC) type assigned. Patients were characterized with respect to disease severity (SCORAD) and FLG mutations (n=88). Fischer's exact test was used to analyze differences in S. aureus colonization in relation to FLG mutations.

Results

Of the 101 patients included, 74 patients (73%) were colonized with S. aureus. Of the colonized patients, 70 patients (95%) carried only one CC type in all three different sampling sites. In lesional skin S. aureus was found in 24 patients with FLG mutations (n=31), versus 24 wild-type patients (n=54) (p=0.0004). S. aureus CC1 clonal lineage was more prevalent in patients with FLG mutations (n=10) than in wild-type patients (n=2) (p=0.003). No specific bacterial lineage was linked to disease severity.

Conclusion

Increased S. aureus colonization in AD patients with FLG mutations, and increased prevalence of CC1 in patients with FLG mutations, suggest that host-microbe interactions and clonal differences in S. aureus are important for colonization of AD skin.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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ERα and GnRH co-localize in the hypothalamic neurons of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha)

Abstract

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Estradiol (E₂) affects GnRH synthesis and delivery. Hypothalamic estrogen receptors (ER) modulate GnRH expression acting as transcription factors. The South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, is able to ovulate up to 800 oocytes per reproductive cycle, and shows continuous folliculogenesis with pre-ovulatory follicle formation and an ovulatory event at mid-gestation. The aim of this work was to analyze the hypothalamic expression of ER in the vizcacha at different gestational time-points, and its relationship with GnRH expression, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and E₂. The hormonal pattern of mid-gestating vizcachas was comparable to ovulating-females with significant increases in GnRH, LH and E₂. Hypothalamic protein and mRNA expression of ERα varied during pregnancy with a significant increase at mid-gestation whereas ERβ mRNA expression did not show significant variations. Hypothalamic immunolocalization of ERα was observed in neurons of the diagonal band of Brocca, medial preoptic area (mPOA), periventricular, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic (SON), ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei, and medial eminence, with a similar distribution throughout gestation. In addition, all GnRH neurons of the mPOA and SON showed ERα expression with no differences across the reproductive status. The correlation between GnRH and ERα at mid-gestation, and their co-localization in the hypothalamic neurons of the vizcacha, provides novel information compared with other mammals suggesting a direct action of estrogen as part of a differential reproductive strategy to assure GnRH synthesis during pregnancy.

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“Effects of exergames on quality of life, pain and disease impact in women with Fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial”

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Daniel Collado-Mateo, Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz, Jose Carmelo Adsuar, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, Narcis Gusi
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of an exergame-based intervention in a population sample of women with fibromyalgia.DesignThis study was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial for 8-week intervention.SettingFibromyalgia center.ParticipantsParticipants (only women) were divided into two groups: an exercise group (n=42; mean age ± SD, 52.52 ± 9.73) and a control group (n=41; mean age ± SD, 52.47 ± 8.75).InterventionWomen in the exercise group completed an 8-week exergame-based training program, which was focused on postural control and coordination of the upper and lower limbs, aerobic conditioning, strength, and mobility. Women (groups of three) were encouraged to exercise for 120 minutes (over two sessions) per week.Main Outcome MeasuresPain and disease impact were assessed with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), a specific measure to be applied in fibromyalgia. Secondary outcome measure included quality of life, which was assessed with the European Quality of life-5 Dimensions-5 Levels generic instrument (EQ-5D-5L).ResultsThe results showed that 97.62% of participants in the exercise group completed the 8-week intervention. The exercise group showed a significant improvement (p < .05) in the EQ-5D-5L utility index, and in three of five dimensions. For the FIQ, significant improvements were observed in the dimensions "pain", "stiffness", "anxiety", and "feel good". FIQ score was also reduced. The mean between-group improvement (95% CI) was 8.25 (2.85-13.65).ConclusionsThe results and levels of compliance/adherence suggest that this exergame-based training program is an effective intervention for reducing pain and increasing health-related quality of life in women with fibromyalgia.



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Increased Seat Dump Angle in a Manual Wheelchair is Associated with Changes in Thoracolumbar Lordosis and Scapular Kinematics during Propulsion

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Beth A. Cloud, Kristin D. Zhao, Arin M. Ellingson, Ahmad Nassr, Anthony J. Windebank, Kai-Nan An
ObjectiveTo quantify and compare spinal curvature and shoulder kinematics throughout the manual wheelchair propulsion cycle for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were seated at 2 different seat dump angles.DesignSingle-group, repeated-measures study.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsTwenty-eight individuals completed the telephone screening; 21 were eligible and completed the study.InterventionsParticipants' personal manual wheelchairs were modified to have seat dump angles of 0° or 14°, with a vertical backrest. Participants completed at least 3 propulsion cycles in each condition, during which spine and shoulder motion data were collected with fiber optic and electromagnetic sensors, respectively.Main Outcome MeasuresThoracolumbar spinal curvature, glenohumeral kinematics, and scapulothoracic kinematics at the start of push (SP), mid push (MP), end of push (EP), and mid recovery (MR).ResultsParticipants had significantly less lordosis in the 14° condition for all propulsion events. Median differences ranged from 2.0° to 4.6°. Lordosis differences were more pronounced in those with low SCI. Scapulothoracic internal rotation was increased in the 14° condition at SP and MP (mean differences of 2.5° and 2.7°, respectively). Relative downward rotation increased in the 14° condition at SP and MP (mean differences of 2.4° and 2.1°, respectively). Scapulothoracic differences were more pronounced in those with high SCI. No glenohumeral rotations were significantly different between the conditions.ConclusionsScapulothoracic kinematics and spinal curvature differences during propulsion may be associated with the position of other body segments or postural stability. Because no differences were observed at the glenohumeral joint, risk of subacromial impingement may not be affected by this seat angle change.



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Feasibility and safety of a powered exoskeleton for assisted walking for persons with multiple sclerosis: a single-group preliminary study

Publication date: Available online 16 March 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Allan J. Kozlowski, Michelle Fabian, Dipan Lad, Andrew Delgado
ObjectiveTo examine the feasibility, safety, and secondary benefit potential of exoskeleton-assisted walking with one device for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS)DesignSingle-group longitudinal preliminary study with 8-week baseline, 8-week intervention, and 4-week follow-up.SettingOutpatient MS clinic at tertiary care hospital.ParticipantsThe 13 participants were mostly female who ranged in age from 38-62 years and on Expanded Disability Status Scale scores from 5.5-7.0.InterventionsExoskeleton-assisted walk trainingMain Outcome MeasuresPrimary outcomes were accessibility (enrollment/screen-pass), tolerability (completion/drop-out), learnability (time to event for standing, walking, and sitting with little or no assistance), acceptability (satisfaction on the device subscale of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology version 2, or QUEST 2.0), and safety (event rates standardized to person-time exposure in the powered exoskeleton). Secondary outcomes were walking without the device (Timed 25 Foot Walk Test and 6 Minute Walk Test distance), spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale), and health-related quality of life (PROMIS Pain Interference and Neuro-QoL fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and positive affect and well-being).ResultsThe device was accessible to 11 and tolerated by 5 participants. Learnability was moderate, with 5-15 sessions required to walk with minimal assistance. Safety was good; the highest adverse event rate was for skin issues at 151/1000 hours exposure. Acceptability ranged from 'not very satisfied' to 'very satisfied.' Participants who walked routinely improved qualitatively on sitting, standing, or walking posture. Two participants improved and 2 worsened on one or more quality of life domain. The pattern of spasticity scores may indicate potential benefit.ConclusionsThe device appeared feasible and safe for about a third of our sample, for whom routine exoskeleton-assisted walking may offer secondary benefits.



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Validation and refinement of prediction models to estimate exercise capacity in cancer survivors using the Steep Ramp Test

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Martijn M. Stuiver, Caroline S. Kampshoff, Saskia Persoon, Wim Groen, Willem van Mechelen, Mai JM. Chinapaw, Johannes Brug, Frans Nollet, Marie-José Kersten, Goof Schep, Laurien M. Buffart
ObjectiveTo further test the validity and clinical usefulness of the Steep Ramp Test (SRT) for estimating exercise tolerance in cancer survivors, by external validation and extension of previously published prediction models for VO2peak and Wpeak.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingMulticenter.ParticipantsCardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) and SRT data from cancer survivors (n=283) in two randomized exercise trials.InterventionNot applicableMain outcome measuresPrediction model accuracy was assessed by intra class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Limits of Agreement (LOA). Multiple linear regression was used for model extension. Clinical performance was judged by the percentage of accurate endurance exercise prescriptions.ResultsICCs of SRT-predicted VO2peak and Wpeak with these values as obtained by CPET were 0.61 and 0.73 respectively, using the previously published prediction models. 95%LOA were +/- 705 ml/min with a bias of 190 mL/min for VO2peak, and +/- 59W with a bias of 5W for Wpeak. Modest improvements were obtained by adding body weight and sex to the regression equation for prediction of VO2peak (ICC= 0.73, 95% LOA +/- 608 ml/min), and age, height and sex for prediction of Wpeak (ICC=0.81, 95%LOA +/- 48W). Accuracy of endurance exercise prescription improved from 57% accurate prescriptions to 68% accurate prescriptions with the new prediction model for Wpeak.ConclusionPredictions of VO2peak and Wpeak based on the SRT are adequate at the group level, but insufficiently accurate in individual patients. The multivariable prediction model for Wpeak can be used cautiously (e.g. supplemented with a Borg score) to aid endurance exercise prescription.



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Response to Growth hormone deficiency in mitochondrial disorders

Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print


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Environmental and genetic determinants of two vitamin D metabolites in healthy Australian children

Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print


http://ift.tt/2nbf6pC

Associations between obesity, adverse behavioral patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among adolescent inhabitants of a Greek island

Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print


http://ift.tt/2nH5rFe

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy combined to periodontal treatment: experimental model

Publication date: Available online 19 March 2017
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Estéfani L. Belinello-Souza, Letícia H. Alvarenga, Cintia Lima-Leal, Patrícia Almeida, Carolina Guimarães Leite, Tairine R. Lima, Jhosepher Previati-Oliveira, Lucas de Pretto, Anderson Zanardi de Freitas, Adjaci U. Fernandes, Rodrigo L. Marcos, Renato A. Prates
BackgroundAntimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been used as an adjuvant treatment for periodontitis. It combines a photosensitizer with a light source to induce reactive oxygen species and kill microbial cells. PpNetNI is a protoporphyrin derivative, and it has a chemical binding site at biofilm and great affinity to microbial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aPDT as an adjuvant treatment for periodontitis.MethodsThirty healthy male rats Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) were used in this study (Approved by UNINOVE Ethical committee AN0029/2015). Periodontitis was induced by placing a cotton ligature around the first mandibular molar in a subgengival position. The contralateral mandibular first molar received neither a ligature nor any treatment, and was used as a control. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and all animals received scaling and root planing (SRP) and were divided according to the following treatments: SRP group (received SRP and irrigation with PpNetNI, 10μM) and aPDT group (PpNetNI 10μM followed by LED irradiation). aPDT was performed with a LED (630nm) with an output power of 400mW (fluence-rate 200mW/cm²; fluence 18J/cm²). Rats were euthanized at 24h, 48h and 7days postoperatively. The area of bone loss in vestibular region of the first molar was evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT, THORLABS LTD., Ely, UK). Data were analyzed statistically (ANOVA and Tukey tests, p<0.05).ResultsThe animals treated by aPDT showed bone gain of approximately 30% compared to the SRP group following 7days from the treatment.ConclusionaPDT promoted bone recover 7days after periodontal periodontal intervention.



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ALA-PDT suppressing the cell growth and reducing the lipogenesis in human SZ95 sebocytes by mTOR signaling pathway in vitro

Publication date: Available online 19 March 2017
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Jiang Tuo, Qianqian Wang, Ye Liu, Ying Ma, Li Ma, Jiayi Ying, Chengfeng Zhang, Leihong Xiang
Background5-Aminolevulinic acid mediated −photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is known to be effective in treating acne vulgaris and other sebaceous gland-related diseases. However, thetherapeutic mechanisms of ALA-PDT still remain undetermined. In this study, we aimed to investigate theeffects and mechanisms of ALA-PDTon the cell growth and lipogenesis of human SZ95 sebocytes.Material and methodsHuman SZ95 sebocytes were treated with different concentration of ALA-PDT.CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation activity. Fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry were used to observe the secretion of lipids in SZ95 cells after Nile red staining. Western blotting was used to detect and analyze the protein expression level of P-p70 S6K/p70 S6K, P-4E-BP1/4E-BP1, SREBP-1, PPARγ, P-mTOR/mTOR, and P-Raptor/Raptor. Mean while, mTOR pathway activator IGF-1 and mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin were added to observe the interferences on the ALA-PDT treatment of SZ95 cells.ResultsALA-PDT suppressed the cell growth and reduced the secretion of lipids in a dose-dependent manner in SZ95 cells. ALA-PDT reduced the protein levels of P-p70 S6K (T389), SREBP-1, PPARγ, P-mTOR and P-Raptor. IGF-1 had counter effects on ALA-PDT, and rapamycin enhanced the effects of ALA-PDT in SZ95 cellsin suppressing the cell growth and reducing the secretion of lipids.ConclusionALA-PDT suppressed the cell growth in SZ95 cells by mTOR-p70 S6K(T389) signaling, and reduced the lipogenesis in SZ95 cells by mTOR-SREBP-1/PPARγsignaling. Sebaceous glands atrophy and reduction of sebum secretion after ALA-PDT may be caused by the suppression of lipogenesis and cell growth in sebocytes.



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Feasibility, toxicity and response of upfront metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy therapy followed by German Pediatric Oncology Group Neuroblastoma 2004 protocol in newly diagnosed stage 4 neuroblastoma patients

Publication date: May 2017
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 76
Author(s): K.C.J.M. Kraal, G.M. Bleeker, B.L.F. van Eck-Smit, N.K.A. van Eijkelenburg, F. Berthold, M.M. van Noesel, H.N. Caron, G.A.M. Tytgat
Aim of the studyRadiolabelled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an effective option in treatment of neuroblastoma (NBL) tumours. We studied feasibility, toxicity and efficacy of upfront ¹³¹I-MIBG and induction treatment in stage 4 NBL patients.Patients and methodsRetrospective, multi-centre (AMC and EMC) pilot regimen (1/1/2005–2011). Newly diagnosed stage 4 NBL patients, were treated with 2 courses of ¹³¹I-MIBG, GPOH 2004 NBL protocol, myeloablative therapy (MAT) and autologous stem cell rescue (ASCT). ¹³¹I-MIBG was administered in a fixed dose. Response rate (RR) was defined as complete remission, very good partial response and partial response.ResultsThirty-two patients, (median age [range] 2.9 [0–11.4] years), 21 received ¹³¹I-MIBG therapy, 11 did not because of: MIBG non-avid (N = 5) and poor clinical condition (N = 6). In 95% of eligible patients ¹³¹I-MIBG treatment was feasible within 2 weeks from diagnosis. Interval between chemotherapy courses was 25 days (¹³¹I-MIBG group) versus 22 days (chemotherapy group). No stem cell support was needed after ¹³¹I-MIBG therapy. Stem cell harvest in both groups was feasible, neutrophil recovery was comparable, but platelet recovery post MAT, ASCT was slower for ¹³¹I-MIBG-treated patients. RR post ¹³¹I-MIBG was 38%, post MAT + ASCT was 71% (¹³¹I-MIBG group), 36% (chemotherapy group) and overall 59%.ConclusionsInduction therapy with ¹³¹I-MIBG before the HR GPOH NB 2004 protocol is feasible, tolerable and effective in newly diagnosed stage 4 NBL patients. ¹³¹I-MIBG upfront therapy induces early responses.



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Multi-phase distribution and comprehensive ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollutants in a river affected by acid mine drainage

Publication date: July 2017
Source:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 141
Author(s): Jianbo Liao, Xuan Ru, Binbin Xie, Wanhui Zhang, Haizhen Wu, Chaofei Wu, Chaohai Wei
To date, there is a lack of a comprehensive research on heavy metals detection and ecological risk assessment in river water, sediments, pore water (PW) and suspended solids (SS). Here, the concentrations of heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb and As, and their distribution between the four phases was studied. Samples for analysis were taken from twelve sites of the Hengshi River, Guangdong Province, China, during the rainy and dry seasons. A new comprehensive ecological risk index (CERI) based on considering metal contents, pollution indices, toxicity coefficients and water categories is offered for prediction of potential risk on aquatic organisms. The results of comprehensive analysis showed that the highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Mn of 6.42, 87.17 and 98.74mg/L, respectively, in PW were comparable with those in water, while concentrations of Cd, Pb and As of 609.5, 2757 and 96.38μg/L, respectively, were 2–5 times higher. The sum of the exchangeable and carbonate fractions of target metals in sediments followed the order of Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > As. The distribution of heavy metals in phases followed the order of sediment > SS > water > PW, having the sum content in water and PW lower than 2% of total. The elevated ecological risk for a single metal and the phase were 34,585 for Cd and 1160 for water, respectively, implied Cd as a priority pollutant in the considered area. According to the CERI, the maximum risk value of 769.3 was smaller than 1160 in water, but higher than those in other phases. Out of considering the water categories and contribution coefficients, the CERI was proved to be more reliable for assessing the pollution of rivers with heavy metals. These results imply that the CERI has a potential of adequate assessment of multi-phase composite metals pollution.

Graphical abstract

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Mineral transformation and emission behaviors of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn during the co-combustion of dried waste activated sludge and lignite

Publication date: 1 July 2017
Source:Fuel, Volume 199
Author(s): Ruikun Wang, Zhenghui Zhao, Qianqian Yin, Jianzhong Liu
Co-combustion of dried waste activated sludge (WAS) and lignite was conducted in a horizontal tube furnace system. The mineral transformation and emission behaviors of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn during combustion were examined. The above heavy metals (HMs) were selected because they are more abundant in WAS than in lignite. In the combustion condition of 1000°C–21% O2–30min, the minerals in lignite ash were mainly anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), quartz (SiO2), pyroxene [Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6], and albite (NaAlSi3O8). By contrast, the minerals in WAS ash were mainly quartz (SiO2), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and hematite (Fe2O3). When 90% lignite and 10% WAS were co-combusted, hematite was hardly detected in the combustion product because hematite reacted with quartz and calcium oxide, which are abundant in lignite ash, and generated a large amount of pyroxene. Anorthite and pyroxene were generated continuously during the combustion process, but albite was mainly generated during the first 5min of combustion. High temperature promoted the generation of complex components, such as sodian anorthite [(Ca, Na)(Si, Al)2Si2O8 or (Ca, Na)(Si, Al)4O8]. High O2 concentration promoted the reaction among the three main mineral elements, i.e., silicon, aluminum, and calcium, and generated a large amount of anorthite. During the co-combustion of WAS and lignite, the volatilization percentages of Cd, Pb, and Zn exceeded 30% after a combustion time of 30min, and the order was Cd>Pb>Zn. By contrast, the volatilization percentages of Cr and Ni were lower than 15%. High temperature caused an increase in the volatility of HMs, especially Zn and Ni, although the volatilization percentage of Ni remained low. High O2 concentration also caused an increase in the volatility of HMs, except for Cr and Ni, which showed a slight increase or decrease with increasing O2 concentration in the inlet atmosphere.



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Multi-focus Beamforming for Thermal Strain Imaging Using a Single Ultrasound Linear Array Transducer

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
Author(s): Man M. Nguyen, Xuan Ding, Steven A. Leers, Kang Kim
Ultrasound-induced thermal strain imaging (TSI) has been used successfully to identify lipid- and water-based tissues in atherosclerotic plaques in some research settings. However, TSI faces several challenges to be realized in clinics. These challenges include motion artifacts and displacement tracking accuracy, as well as limited heating capability, which contributes to low thermal strain signal-to-noise ratio, and a limited field of view. Our goal was to address the challenge in heating tissue in TSI. Current TSI systems use separate heating and imaging transducers, which require physical alignment of the heating and imaging beams and result in a bulky setup that limits in vivo operation. We evaluated a new design for heating beams that can be implemented on a linear array imaging transducer and can provide improved heating area and efficiency as compared with previous implementations. The heating beams designed were implemented with a clinical linear array imaging transducer connected to a research ultrasound platform. In vitro experiments using tissue-mimicking phantoms with no blood flow revealed that the new design resulted in an effective heating area of approximately 0.85 cm² and a 0.3°C temperature rise in 2 s of heating, which compared well with in silico finite-element simulations. With the new heating beams, TSI was found to be able to detect a lipid-mimicking rubber inclusion with a diameter of 1 cm from the water-based gelatin background, with a strain contrast of 2.3 (+0.14% strain in the rubber inclusion and −0.06% strain in the gelatin background). Lastly, lipid-based tissue in a 1-cm-diameter human carotid endarterectomy (CEA) sample was identified in good agreement with histology.



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Role of MicroRNAs in endocrine cancer metastasis

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Cilene Rebouças Lima, Cibele Crastequini Gomes, Marinilce Fagundes Santos
The deregulation of transcription and processing of microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as their function, has been involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including cancer. Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, cancer still represents one of the major health problems worldwide. Cancer metastasis is an aggravating factor in tumor progression, related to increased treatment complexity and a worse prognosis. After more than one decade of extensive studies of miRNAs, the fundamental role of these molecules in cancer progression and metastasis is beginning to be elucidated. Recent evidences have demonstrated a significant role of miRNAs on the metastatic cascade, acting either as pro-metastatic or anti-metastatic. They are involved in distinct steps of metastasis including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration/invasion, anoikis survival, and distant organ colonization. Studies on the roles of miRNAs in cancer have focused mainly on two fronts: the establishment of a miRNA signature for different tumors, which may aid in early diagnosis using these miRNAs as markers, and functional studies of specific miRNAs, determining their targets, function and regulation. Functional miRNA studies on endocrine cancers are still scarce and represent an important area of research, since some tumors, although not frequent, present a high mortality rate. Among the endocrine tumors, thyroid cancer is the most common and best studied. Several miRNAs show lowered expression in endocrine cancers (i.e. miR-200s, miR-126, miR-7, miR-29a, miR-30a, miR-137, miR-206, miR-101, miR-613, miR-539, miR-205, miR-let7f, miR-145, miR-9, miR-195), while others are commonly overexpressed (i.e. miR-21, miR-183, miR-31, miR-let7b, miR-584, miR-146b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-25, miR-595). Additionally, some miRNAs were found in serum exosomes (miR-151, miR-145, miR-31), potentially serving as diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarize studies concerning the discovery and functions of miRNAs and their regulatory roles in endocrine cancer metastasis, which may contribute for the finding of novel therapeutic targets. The review focus on miRNAs with at least some identified targets, with established functions and, if possible, upstream regulation.



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Correcting bias due to missing stage data in the non-parametric estimation of stage-specific net survival for colorectal cancer using multiple imputation

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Cancer Epidemiology, Volume 48
Author(s): Milena Falcaro, James R. Carpenter
BackgroundPopulation-based net survival by tumour stage at diagnosis is a key measure in cancer surveillance. Unfortunately, data on tumour stage are often missing for a non-negligible proportion of patients and the mechanism giving rise to the missingness is usually anything but completely at random. In this setting, restricting analysis to the subset of complete records gives typically biased results. Multiple imputation is a promising practical approach to the issues raised by the missing data, but its use in conjunction with the Pohar-Perme method for estimating net survival has not been formally evaluated.MethodsWe performed a resampling study using colorectal cancer population-based registry data to evaluate the ability of multiple imputation, used along with the Pohar-Perme method, to deliver unbiased estimates of stage-specific net survival and recover missing stage information. We created 1000 independent data sets, each containing 5000 patients. Stage data were then made missing at random under two scenarios (30% and 50% missingness).ResultsComplete records analysis showed substantial bias and poor confidence interval coverage. Across both scenarios our multiple imputation strategy virtually eliminated the bias and greatly improved confidence interval coverage.ConclusionsIn the presence of missing stage data complete records analysis often gives severely biased results. We showed that combining multiple imputation with the Pohar-Perme estimator provides a valid practical approach for the estimation of stage-specific colorectal cancer net survival. As usual, when the percentage of missing data is high the results should be interpreted cautiously and sensitivity analyses are recommended.



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Structure and function of the bacterial communities during rhizoremediation of hexachlorobenzene in constructed wetlands

Abstract

Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VF CWs) are considered to be effective for treating organic pollutants. The rhizosphere of macrophytes such as Phragmites sp., Typha sp. serves as an active and dynamic zone for the microbial degradation of organic pollutants. However, it is still not clear how soil bacterial communities respond to macrophytes and pollutants during the process. For this purpose, the seedlings of Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia were planted respectively in the VF CWs added with HCB at a dose of 2 mg/kg. During 96 days of cultivation, we monitored hexachlorobenzene (HCB) removal efficiency by GC/MS and the structure of the rhizosphere bacterial communities in the different VF CWs by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and constructed bacterial clone library based on PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. As expected, the rhizosphere bacterial communities also remained insensitive to HCB exposure in the wetland soil. The diversity of these microbes presented two stages, from the varied up and down to equilibrium in the entire experimental period. Molecular analysis revealed that the phylum Firmicutes dominated over the bacterial communities. The genera that increased under HCB stress included the well-known HCB-degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and Alcaligenes sp.) and other common bacteria found in contaminated soil but with lesser known practical functions (Burkholderia sp., Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Bacillus cereus). Furthermore, there was a certain variance in the relative abundances of the bacterial phyla and HCB removal efficiency among different VF CW treatments. The degradation of HCB in T. angustifolia microcosms was faster than that in P. australis and unvegetated wetlands, and the highest bacterial diversity and richness was found in the VF CWs comprising T. angustifolia.

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Pathogenic multiple antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli serotypes in recreational waters of Mumbai, India: a potential public health risk

Abstract

Globally, coastal waters have emerged into a pool of antibiotic resistance genes and multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms, and pathogenicity of these resistant microorganisms in terms of serotypes and virulence genes has made the environment vulnerable. The current study underscores the presence of multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic serotypes and pathotypes of Escherichia coli, the predominant faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), in surface water and sediment samples of famous recreational beaches (Juhu, Versova, Mahim, Dadar, and Girgaon) of Mumbai. Out of 65 faecal coliforms (FC) randomly selected, 38 isolates were biochemically characterized, serotyped (for 'O' antigen), antibiogram-phenotyped (for 22 antimicrobial agents), and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (for virulence factors). These isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes (UT, O141, O2, O119, O120, O9, O35, O126, O91, O128, O87, O86, R, O101, O118, and O15) out of which UT (18.4%), O141 (15.7%), and O2 (13.1%) were predominant, indicating its remarkable diversity. Furthermore, the generated antibiogram profile revealed that 95% of these isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant. More than 60% of aminoglycoside-sensitive E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin, extended penicillin, quinolone, and cephalosporin classes of antibiotic while resistance to other antibiotics was comparatively less. Antibiotic resistance (AR) indexing indicated that these isolates may have rooted from a high-risk source of contamination. Preliminary findings revealed the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2 specific for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, heat-stable toxin enterotoxin specific for enterotoxigenic E. coli) in pathogenic serotypes. Thus, government authorities and environmental planners should create public awareness and adopt effective measures for coastal management to prevent serious health risks associated with these contaminated coastal waters.

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Adsorption and desorption characteristics of endosulfan in two typical agricultural soils in Southwest China

Abstract

Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide widely used in Southwest China. In this paper, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of endosulfan in two typical agricultural soils (latosol and lateritic red soil) in this area were studied. The results showed that Langmuir isothermal equation could well describe the adsorption thermodynamic characteristics of endosulfan in latosol and lateritic red soil, and the maximum adsorption capacities of α-endosulfan were 0.186 and 0.209 mg/g, while those of β-endosulfan were 0.140 and 0.148 mg/g, respectively. Endosulfan adsorption in the two soils was an exothermic physicochemical process, but dominated by physical process. The adsorption kinetic characteristics of endosulfan in the two soils could be well described by second-order kinetic equation, and the initial rate constants were 0.228 and 0.325 mg/(g min) for α-endosulfan, while those were 0.119 and 0.125 mg/(g min) for β-endosulfan, respectively. The adsorbed endosulfan in the two soils was difficult to be desorbed into the liquid phase, and showed weak desorption hysteresis. These results implied that endosulfan could be firmly adsorbed by the two soils, and their adsorption and desorption abilities may be related to the contents of soil clay and organic matter.

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Role of 18F-Choline PET/CT in guiding biopsy in patients with risen PSA levels and previous negative biopsy for prostate cancer

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): G.A. Jiménez Londoño, A.M. García Vicente, M. Amo-Salas, F. Fúnez Mayorga, M.A. López Guerrero, M.P. Talavera Rubio, P. Gutierrez Martin, B. González García, J.A. de la Torre Pérez, Á.M. Soriano Castrejón
ObjectivesTo study ¹⁸F-Choline PET/CT in the diagnosis and biopsy guide of prostate cancer (pCa) in patients with persistently high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and previous negative prostate biopsy. To compare the clinical risk factors and metabolic variables as predictors of malignancy.MethodsPatients with persistently elevated PSA in serum (total PSA >4ng/mL) and at least a previous negative or inconclusive biopsy were consecutively referred for a whole body ¹⁸F-Choline PET/CT.Patient age, PSA level, PSA doubling time (PSAdt) and PSA velocity (PSAvel) were obtained.PET images were visually (positive or negative) and semiquantitatively (SUVmax) reviewed. ¹⁸F-Choline uptake prostate patterns were defined as focal, multifocal, homogeneous or heterogeneous. Histology on biopsy using transrectal ultrasound-guided approach was the gold standard.Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and accuracy (Ac) of PET/CT for diagnosis of pCa were evaluated using per-patient and per-prostate lobe analysis. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the value of SUVmax to diagnose pCa.Correlation between PET/CT and biopsy results per-prostate lobe was assessed using the Chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to compare clinical risk factors and metabolic variables as predictors of malignancy.ResultsThirty-six out of 43 patients with histologic confirmation were included. In 11 (30.5%) patients, pCa was diagnosed (Gleason score from 4 to 9). The mean values of patient age, PSA level, PSAdt and PSAvel were: 65.5 years, 15.6ng/ml, 28.1 months and 8.5ng/mL per year, respectively.Thirty-three patients had a positive PET/CT; 18 had a focal pattern, 7 multifocal, 4 homogeneous and 4 heterogeneous. Se, Sp and Ac of PET/CT were of 100%, 12% and 38% in the patient based analysis, and 87%, 29% and 14% in the prostate lobe based analysis, respectively. The ROC curve analysis of SUVmax showed an AUC of 0.568 (p=0.52).On a lobe analysis, poor agreement was observed between PET/CT findings and biopsy results (p=0.097). In the univariate/multivariate analysis, none of clinical and metabolic variables were statistically significant as predictor of pCa.ConclusionCholine PET/CT is a suitable procedure for the detection of pCa in highly selected patients, however, a high rate of false positive should be expected.



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Hibernoma intramuscular, falso positivo de recidiva tumoral en PET/TC con 18F-FDG

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): C.M. Hernández Heredia, A. Seva Delgado, R.J. Ávila Martínez, P.C. Gálvez Diez, L.F. Villares




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La directiva ya está aquí. ¿Estamos preparados?

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): F.J. de Haro del Moral, R. Barquero




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Unexpected detection of non-palpable breast ductal invasive carcinoma with 99mTc-HYNIC-TOC (Tektrotyd®)

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): S. Prado-Wohlwend, R. Sánchez-Vañó, P. Sopena-Novales, E. Uruburu-García, C. Martínez-Carsí




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High dose vitamin d may improve lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Author(s): Johanna Oberg, Margareta Verelst, Rolf Jorde, Kevin Cashman, Guri Grimnes
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in postmenopausal women, and have been reported inversely associated with vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D levels. The aim of this study was to investigate if high dose vitamin D supplementation would affect LUTS in comparison to standard dose. In a randomized controlled study including 297 postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density, the participants were allocated to receive capsules of 20 000 IU of vitamin D3 twice a week (high dose group) or similar looking placebo (standard dose group). In addition, all the participants received 1g of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D daily. A validated questionnaire regarding LUTS was filled in at baseline and after 12 months. At baseline, 76 women in the high dose group and 82 in the standard dose group reported any LUTS. Levels of serum 25(OH)D increased significantly more in the high dose group (from 64.7 to 164.1 nmol/l compared to from 64.1 to 81.8 nmol/l, p<0.01). No differences between the groups were seen regarding change in LUTS except for a statistically significant reduction in the reported severity of urine incontinence in the high dose group as compared to the standard dose group after one year (p<0.05). The results need confirmation in a study specifically designed for this purpose.



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Intact non-word repetition and similar error patterns in language-matched children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Journal of Communication Disorders
Author(s): Aparna Nadig, Anjali Mulligan
PurposeWe investigated whether enhanced auditory short-term memory may contribute to the learning of novel word forms in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. We also evaluated whether delayed but qualitatively normal, versus atypical, cognitive processes underlie non-word repetition in this population via a detailed error analysis.MethodEnglish-speaking children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (and significant language delay) and typically-developing children matched pairwise on language ability were compared on the Syllable Repetition Task (Shriberg et al., 2009).ResultsAll children exhibited better performance on stimuli of shorter vs. longer syllable length. In addition there was a significant interaction whereby children with Autism Spectrum Disorder performed better than typically-developing children at the longest syllable length. Repetition accuracy was significantly correlated with language level in both groups. In contrast, the relationship between Repetition accuracy and age was only marginally significant in the Autism Spectrum Disorder group and did not reach significance in the typically-developing group. This underscores the importance of language level to non-word repetition performance, and supports the practice of matching on language rather than age alone. An error analysis (Shriberg et al., 2012) showed many similarities between groups in terms of number of consonants deleted, encoding accuracy, and transcoding accuracy components of the task. However the Autism Spectrum Disorder group tended to display better auditory short-term memory with a medium effect size, though this did not reach significance given the small sample size.ConclusionThese findings extend evidence of delayed but qualitatively normal non-word repetition previously described in preadolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Williams et al., 2013) to younger kindergarten-age children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and language delay, indicating that non-word repetition is not an area of specific difficulty for this population. With respect to enhanced auditory short-term memory, we found preliminary evidence of better memory for longer nonwords in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder compared to younger typically developing children who were matched on language.



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CK2-dependent phosphorylation positively regulates stress-induced activation of Msn2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Publication date: Available online 19 March 2017
Source:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Bo-Ram Cho, Ji-Sook Hahn
CK2 is a highly conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in a large number of cellular processes. Here, we demonstrate that CK2-dependent phosphorylation positively regulates Msn2/4, the general stress response transcriptional activators in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in response to various types of environmental stress conditions. CK2 overexpression elicits hyperactivation of Msn2/4, whereas deletion of one of the CK2 catalytic subunits, especially CKA2, leads to reduced transcriptional activity of Msn2/4 in response to glucose starvation, H2O2, and lactic acid. The CKA2 deletion mutant also shows increased stress sensitivity. CK2 phosphorylates Ser194 and Ser638 in Msn2 and replacement of Ser638 with alanine leads to reduced Msn2 activity upon stress and reduced tolerance to H2O2 and lactic acid. CKA2 deletion mutant shows shorter nuclear retention time of Msn2 upon lactic acid stress, suggesting that CK2 might regulate nuclear localization of Msn2. However, Msn2^{S194A, S638A} mutant shows normal nuclear import and export patterns upon stress, suggesting that CK2 might positively regulate the general stress response not only by direct phosphorylation of Msn2/4, but also by regulating cellular translocation machinery.



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User recommendation in healthcare social media by assessing user similarity in heterogeneous network

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Author(s): Ling Jiang, Christopher C. Yang
ObjectiveThe rapid growth of online health social websites has captured a vast amount of healthcare information and made the information easy to access for health consumers. E-patients often use these social websites for informational and emotional support. However, health consumers could be easily overwhelmed by the overloaded information. Healthcare information searching can be very difficult for consumers, not to mention most of them are not skilled information searcher. In this work, we investigate the approaches for measuring user similarity in online health social websites. By recommending similar users to consumers, we can help them to seek informational and emotional support in a more efficient way.MethodsWe propose to represent the healthcare social media data as a heterogeneous healthcare information network and introduce the local and global structural approaches for measuring user similarity in a heterogeneous network. We compare the proposed structural approaches with the content-based approach.ResultsExperiments were conducted on a dataset collected from a popular online health social website, and the results showed that content-based approach performed better for inactive users, while structural approaches performed better for active users. Moreover, global structural approach outperformed local structural approach for all user groups. In addition, we conducted experiments on local and global structural approaches using different weight schemas for the edges in the network. Leverage performed the best for both local and global approaches. Finally, we integrated different approaches and demonstrated that hybrid method yielded better performance than the individual approach.ConclusionThe results indicate that content-based methods can effectively capture the similarity of inactive users who usually have focused interests, while structural methods can achieve better performance when rich structural information is available. Local structural approach only considers direct connections between nodes in the network, while global structural approach takes the indirect connections into account. Therefore, the global similarity approach can deal with sparse networks and capture the implicit similarity between two users. Different approaches may capture different aspects of the similarity relationship between two users. When we combine different methods together, we could achieve a better performance than using each individual method.



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Early prediction of radiotherapy-induced parotid shrinkage and toxicity based on CT radiomics and fuzzy classification

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Author(s): Marco Pota, Elisa Scalco, Giuseppe Sanguineti, Alessia Farneti, Giovanni Mauro Cattaneo, Giovanna Rizzo, Massimo Esposito
MotivationPatients under radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer often suffer of long-term xerostomia, and/or consistent shrinkage of parotid glands. In order to avoid these drawbacks, adaptive therapy can be planned for patients at risk, if the prediction is obtained timely, before or during the early phase of treatment. Artificial intelligence can address the problem, by learning from examples and building classification models. In particular, fuzzy logic has shown its suitability for medical applications, in order to manage uncertain data, and to build transparent rule-based classifiers.In previous works, clinical, dosimetric and image-based features were considered separately, to find different possible predictors of parotid shrinkage. On the other hand, a few works reported possible image-based predictors of xerostomia, while the combination of different types of features has been little addressed.ObjectiveThis paper proposes the application of a novel machine learning approach, based on both statistics and fuzzy logic, aimed at the classification of patients at risk of i) parotid gland shrinkage and ii) 12-months xerostomia. Both problems are addressed with the aim of individuating predictors and models to classify respective outcomes.MethodsKnowledge is extracted from a real dataset of radiotherapy patients, by means of a recently developed method named Likelihood-Fuzzy Analysis, based on the representation of statistical information by fuzzy rule-based models. This method enables to manage heterogeneous variables and missing data, and to obtain interpretable fuzzy models presenting good generalization power (thus high performance), and to measure classification confidence.Numerous features are extracted to characterize patients, coming from different sources, i.e. clinical features, dosimetric parameters, and radiomics-based measures obtained by texture analysis of Computed Tomography images. A learning approach based on the composition of simple models in a more complicated one allows to consider the features separately, in order to identify predictors and models to use when only some data source is available, and obtaining more accurate results when more information can be combined.ResultsRegarding parotid shrinkage, a number of good predictors is detected, some already known and confirmed here, and some others found here, in particular among radiomics-based features. A number of models are also designed, some using single features and others involving models composition to improve classification accuracy. In particular, the best model to be used at the initial treatment stage, and another one applicable at the half treatment stage are identified.Regarding 12-months toxicity, some possible predictors are detected, in particular among radiomics-based features. Moreover, the relation between final parotid shrinkage rate and 12-months xerostomia is evaluated.The method is compared to the naïve Bayes classifier, which reveals similar results in terms of classification accuracy and best predictors.The interpretable fuzzy rule-based models are explicitly presented, and the dependence between predictors and outcome is explained, thus furnishing in some cases helpful insights about the considered problems.ConclusionThanks to the performance and interpretability of the fuzzy classification method employed, predictors of both parotid shrinkage and xerostomia are detected, and their influence on each outcome is revealed. Moreover, models for predicting parotid shrinkage at initial and half radiotherapy stages are found.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Brain and Development, Volume 39, Issue 4





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Dramatic response after functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy carrying a de novo COL4A1 mutation

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Brain and Development, Volume 39, Issue 4
Author(s): Naomi Hino-Fukuyo, Atsuo Kikuchi, Masaki Iwasaki, Yuko Sato, Yuki Kubota, Tomoko Kobayashi, Tojo Nakayama, Kazuhiro Haginoya, Natsuko Arai-Ichinoi, Tetsuya Niihori, Ryo Sato, Tasuku Suzuki, Hiroki Kudo, Ryo Funayama, Keiko Nakayama, Yoko Aoki, Shigeo Kure
We describe the first case of a successful functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy and a de novo collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) mutation. A 4-year-old girl was COL4A1 mutation-positive and suffered from drug-resistant epilepsy, hemiplegia, and developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging detected no porencephaly, and she had no cataract or renal abnormality. Following a presurgical evaluation for epilepsy, she underwent a functional hemispherectomy. She has been seizure free with no intracranial hemorrhage or other perioperative complications. Patients with a COL4A1 mutation have an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage because of disrupted integrity in the vascular basement membrane due to the mutation. After weighing the risks and benefits to these patients, epilepsy surgery may not be absolutely contraindicated. Furthermore, pediatric neurologists should be aware of an undiagnosed COL4A1 mutation when a patient presents with an unexplained neurological phenotype, such as mild hemiparesis, even in the absence of porencephaly.



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Announcements and reports

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Brain and Development, Volume 39, Issue 4





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Cover

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Brain and Development, Volume 39, Issue 4





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Contents

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Brain and Development, Volume 39, Issue 4





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Clinical heterogeneity of glycine encephalopathy in three Palestinian siblings: A novel mutation in the glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) gene

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Brain and Development
Author(s): Waseem Khraim, Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Suhail Ayesh, Imad Dweikat
IntroductionGlycine encephalopathy (GE), also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is a rare inborn error of glycine metabolism caused by a defect in glycine cleavage system, a multi-enzyme complex located in mitochondrial membrane. This defect results in elevated glycine concentration in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Clinical manifestations vary from severe lethargy, hypoactivity and apneic episodes in the neonatal form, mild or moderate psychomotor delay and seizures in the infantile form, and abnormal behaviors, ataxia and choreoathetoid movements in late onset form. More than 50 GLDC mutations were found, reflecting large heterogeneity of the gene.MethodsWe describe the clinical, biochemical and molecular characteristics of three Palestinian siblings who have distinct clinical phenotypes. Molecular study was performed utilizing standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification then direct DNA sequencing for the affected family members.ResultsTheir phenotypes included severe symptoms in neonatal period, infantile onset of seizure and psychomotor delay and a mild late-onset form with speech delay at age 20months. All siblings were homozygous for a novel mutation Y164H in exon 4 of GLDC gene. The described novel homozygous variant in our study is predicted deleterious and pathogenic.ConclusionsThis article further expands the genetic spectrum of glycine encephalopathy and adds an evidence of the clinical heterogeneity of glycine encephalopathy even in siblings with identical mutation.



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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces anxiety symptoms, drug cravings, and elevates 1H-MRS brain metabolites: a case report

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): Antoine Hone-Blanchet, Marine Mondino, Shirley Fecteau




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Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images: Within volume movement

Publication date: 15 May 2017
Source:NeuroImage, Volume 152
Author(s): Jesper L.R. Andersson, Mark S. Graham, Ivana Drobnjak, Hui Zhang, Nicola Filippini, Matteo Bastiani
Most motion correction methods work by aligning a set of volumes together, or to a volume that represents a reference location. These are based on an implicit assumption that the subject remains motionless during the several seconds it takes to acquire all slices in a volume, and that any movement occurs in the brief moment between acquiring the last slice of one volume and the first slice of the next. This is clearly an approximation that can be more or less good depending on how long it takes to acquire one volume and in how rapidly the subject moves. In this paper we present a method that increases the temporal resolution of the motion correction by modelling movement as a piecewise continous function over time. This intra-volume movement correction is implemented within a previously presented framework that simultaneously estimates distortions, movement and movement-induced signal dropout. We validate the method on highly realistic simulated data containing all of these effects. It is demonstrated that we can estimate the true movement with high accuracy, and that scalar parameters derived from the data, such as fractional anisotropy, are estimated with greater fidelity when data has been corrected for intra-volume movement. Importantly, we also show that the difference in fidelity between data affected by different amounts of movement is much reduced when taking intra-volume movement into account. Additional validation was performed on data from a healthy volunteer scanned when lying still and when performing deliberate movements. We show an increased correspondence between the "still" and the "movement" data when the latter is corrected for intra-volume movement. Finally we demonstrate a big reduction in the telltale signs of intra-volume movement in data acquired on elderly subjects.



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Biodegradable cationic poly(carbonates): effect of varying side chain hydrophobicity on key aspects of gene transfection

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Zhan Yuin Ong, Chuan Yang, Wei Cheng, Zhi Xiang Voo, Willy Chin, James L. Hedrick, Yi Yan Yang
The degree of hydrophobicity in cationic polymers plays an important but often underappreciated role in the safety and efficacy of gene delivery processes. In order to further elucidate structure-activity relationships of biodegradable cationic poly(carbonate) gene carriers, we synthesized a series of narrowly dispersed homo-polymers via metal-free organocatalytic living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic carbonate monomers bearing either alkyl (propyl, hexyl or nonyl) or 4-methyl benzyl halide side chains. The polymers were then quaternized using bis-tertiary amines to install both quaternary ammoniums and tertiary amines for DNA binding and endosomal escape, respectively. Among the polymers with similar molecular lengths and charge densities, it was found that an increase in side chain alkyl spacer length from 3 to 6 carbons significantly enhanced cellular uptake and luciferase gene expression in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines without causing overt hemolysis and cytotoxicity. A further increase of side chain alkyl length to 9 carbons, however, led to a drastic decline in gene expression due to increased cellular toxicity, which was correlated with an increased disruption and lysis of red blood cell membranes. Interestingly, the incorporation of an aromatic 4-methyl benzyl spacer increased DNA binding strength, reduced particle sizes of resultant DNA complexes, and enhanced cellular uptake, leading to improved luciferase gene expression, albeit with higher levels of hemolysis and cytotoxicity. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that a delicate balance between cationic charge density and hydrophobicity could be achieved by utilizing a hexyl spacer in the side chains of cationic poly(carbonates), hence providing insights on the future development of non-viral cationic polymeric gene delivery systems.Statement of SignificanceOwing to their ease of synthesis and well-controlled polymerization, biodegradable cationic poly(carbonates) have emerged as a highly promising class of biomaterials for gene delivery. The hydrophobicity of side chains in cationic polymers plays an important but often underappreciated role in influencing key aspects of gene transfection. In our efforts to improve gene transfection and understand structure-activity relationships, we synthesized a series of cationic polymers bearing a common poly(carbonate) backbone, and with side chains containing various hydrophobic spacers (propyl, hexyl, 4-methyl benzyl or nonyl) before the cationic moiety. A moderate degree of hydrophobicity was optimal as the cationic poly(carbonate) with hexyl side chains mediated high gene transfection efficiencies while causing low cytotoxicities. (111 words)

Graphical abstract

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Study on the deformations of the lamina cribrosa during glaucoma

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Hanjing Tian, Long Li, Fan Song
The lamina cribrosa is the primary site of optic nerve injury during glaucoma, and its deformations induced by elevated intraocular pressure are associated directly with the optic nerve injury and visual field defect. However, the deformations in a living body have been poorly understood yet so far. It is because that integral observation and precise measurement of the deformations in vivo are now almost impossible in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. In the present study, a new mechanical model of the lamina cribrosa is presented by using Reissner's thin plate theory. This model accurately displays the stress and deformation states in the lamina cribrosa under elevated intraocular pressure, in which the shear deformation is not presented by the previous models, however, is demonstrated to play a key role in the optic nerve injury. Further, the deformations of the structures, involving the optic nerve channels and the laminar sheets in the lamina cribrosa, are first investigated in detail. For example, the dislocation of the laminar sheets reaches 18.6 μm under the intraocular pressure of 40 mmHg, which is large enough to damage the optic nerve axons. The results here confirm some previously proposed clinical speculations on the deformations of the pore shape in the lamina cribrosa under elevated intraocular pressure during glaucoma. Finally, some essentially clinical questions existed during glaucoma, such as the pathological mechanism of the open-angle glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure, are discussed. The present study is beneficial to deeply understanding the optic nerve injury during glaucoma.Statement of SignificanceThe lamina cribrosa is the primary site of the optic nerve injury induced by elevated intraocular pressure during glaucoma. Under high intraocular pressure, the optic nerve channel near to the periphery of the lamina cribrosa (Channel A) is deformed to become into a tortuous elliptical horn from a straight cylinder, while the optic nerve channel near to the center of the lamina cribrosa (Channel B) is deformed to become into a straight horn from a straight cylinder. These deformations cause both the axoplasm flow obstacle in the axon fibers and the blocked blood flow in the capillaries which pass through the channels, and trigger the visual field defect during glaucoma.

Graphical abstract

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Evaluation of oral manifestations of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV and VI: clinical and imaging study

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess oral manifestations in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV (MPS IVA) and mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI).

Materials and methods

Seventeen patients were assessed, nine with MPS IVA and eight with MPS VI, treated at the Medical Genetics Outpatient Clinic of Hospital Universitário Alcides Carneiro (HUAC) in Campina Grande, Paraíba State, Brazil. Assessments included clinical and intraoral examinations, analysis of occlusal function, and panoramic X-rays.

Results

Among all, 64.7% of the patients had unerupted teeth and 52.9% of them had enamel hypoplasia. Regarding the temporomandibular joint, 88.2% of the patients showed flattening of the mandibular condyle, 52.9% showed condylar hypoplasia, and all of them showed decreased mobility. Enamel hypoplasia was observed only in patients with MPS IVA (p < 0.05). On the other hand, only MPS VI patients presented with anterior open bite, restricted mouth opening (p < 0.05), and a higher rate of unerupted teeth, hyperplastic tooth follicle, and condylar defects (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Enamel hypoplasia was observed only in patients with MPS IVA, whereas anterior open bite was observed only in patients with MPS VI. Abnormal findings in the maxillomandibular complex were more frequent in patients with MPS VI.

Clinical relevance

The relevant frequency of MPS VI and IVA in the sample allows us to compare the changes occurring in both groups of patients, therefore enabling us to further comprehend the oral manifestations in specific types of MPS.

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In vitro biphasic dissolution tests and their suitability for establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations: A historical review

Publication date: 1 May 2017
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 102
Author(s): Aude Pestieau, Brigitte Evrard
For many decades, one of the most critical issues in the pharmaceutical industry has been the poor solubility of some drugs. Indeed, a prerequisite for drug absorption is the presence of dissolved drug at the absorption site and this can be challenging for compounds with low aqueous solubility such as BCS class II (low solubility, high permeability) and IV (low solubility, low permeability) compounds. If the development of oral delivery formulations of these compounds is frequently challenging to formulation scientists in the pharmaceutical industry, the in vitro evaluation of these new formulations is also a great challenge. One alternative approach to overcome the problems encountered with conventional dissolution methods is the use of biphasic dissolution systems. This review provides an overview of the origin and the evolution over time of the biphasic systems and the growing interest among scientists regarding their suitability for establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations. The evolution of these systems and their applications from the 1960s to the present day, such as in system variants and improvements, analysis of complex formulations, discriminatory power, bio-relevance, precipitation and supersaturation visualization, etc. will be discussed.

Graphical abstract

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Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: Genetic variations, clinical manifestations and therapeutic interventions

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research
Author(s): Younis Mohammad Hazari, Arif Bashir, Mudasir Habib, Samirul Bashir, Huma Habib, M. Abul Qasim, Naveed Nazir Shah, Ehtishamul Haq, Jeffrey Teckmane, Khalid Majid Fazili
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is an acute phase secretory glycoprotein that inhibits neutrophil proteases like elastase and is considered as the archetype of a family of structurally related serine protease inhibitors termed serpins. Serum AAT predominantly originates from liver and increases three to five fold during host response to tissue injury and inflammation. The AAT deficiency is unique among the protein misfolding diseases in that it causes target organ injury by both loss-of-function and gain-of-toxic function mechanisms. Lack of its antiprotease activity is associated with premature development of pulmonary emphysema and loss of function due to accumulation of resultant aggregates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This in turn markedly reduces the amount of AAT that is available to protect lungs against proteolytic attack by the enzyme neutrophil elastase. The coalescence of AAT deficiency, its reduced efficacy, and cigarette smoking or poor ventilation conditions have devastating effect on lung function. On the other hand, the accumulation of retained mutant proteins in endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells in a polymerized form rather than secreted into the blood in its monomeric form is associated with chronic liver disease and predisposition to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by gain of toxic function. Liver injury resulting from this gain-of-toxic function mechanism in which mutant AAT retained in the ER initiates a series of pathologic events, eventually culminating at liver cirrhosis and HCC. Here in this review, we underline the structural, genetic, polymorphic, biochemical and pathological advances made in the field of AAT deficiency and further comprehensively emphasis on the therapeutic interventions available for the patient.



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Evaluation of low immunization coverage among the Amish population in rural Ohio

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:American Journal of Infection Control
Author(s): Christine Kettunen, John Nemecek, Olivia Wenger
BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review included childhood immunizations among the 10 great public health achievements in the United States in the 20th century. Despite this acknowledged success, childhood immunization rates continue to be much lower in select populations. Amish communities have persistently lower immunization rates. Recent outbreaks in Amish communities include a 2014 measles outbreak in Ohio, resulting in 368 cases reported. A recent outbreak of pertussis in an Amish community in Ohio resulted in the death of a 6-week-old Amish baby.MethodsA study was designed to determine the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of Amish parents relative to the immunization of Amish children. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Each potential participant was mailed a copy of a letter describing the proposed study. The questionnaire, a copy of the current immunization schedule, and a return stamped envelope were also included in the mailed packet. The study sample consisted of 84 Amish individuals who voluntarily filled out and returned questionnaires.ResultsThe findings from the data analysis demonstrated that fear, especially concern over too many recommended immunizations and immunizations overwhelming the child's system, was the most frequent reported reasons for not having children immunized according to recommendations.ConclusionsReligious factors and access to care were not among reasons most reported. Designing an educational campaign for educating Amish parents on the risks and benefits of immunizations with focus on specific concerns may improve immunization rates.



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A population based statistical model for daily geometric variations in the thorax

Publication date: Available online 17 March 2017
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Yenny Z. Szeto, Marnix G. Witte, Marcel van Herk, Jan-Jakob Sonke
PurposeTo develop a population based statistical model of the systematic interfraction geometric variations between the planning CT and first treatment week of lung cancer patients for inclusion as uncertainty term in future probabilistic planning.Materials and methodsDeformable image registrations between the planning CT and first week CBCTs of 235 lung cancer patients were used to generate deformation vector fields (DVFs) representing the geometric variations of lung cancer patients. Using a second deformable registration step, the average DVF per patient was mapped to an average patient CT. Subsequently, the dominant modes of systematic geometric variations were extracted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For evaluation a leave-one-out cross-validation was performed.ResultsThe first three PCA components mainly described cranial–caudal, anterior–posterior, and left–right variations, respectively. Fifty and 112 components were needed to describe correspondingly 75% and 90% of the variance. An overall systematic variation of 3.6mm SD was observed and could be described with an accuracy of about 1.0mm with the PCA model.ConclusionsA PCA based model for systematic geometric variations in the thorax was developed, and its accuracy determined. Such a model can serve as a basis for probability based treatment planning in lung cancer patients.



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Effectiveness of temporary control measures for lowering PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and the implications

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 157
Author(s): Yong Wang, Yifeng Xue, Hezhong Tian, Jian Gao, Ying Chen, Chuanyong Zhu, Huanjia Liu, Kun Wang, Shenbing Hua, Shuhan Liu, Panyang Shao
In order to investigate the effects of the temporary strengthening of air quality assurance controlling measures during the Beijing 2015 IAAF World Championships and the Military Parade Assurance Period (MPAP) in China, we collected daily PM2.5 aerosol samples at three typical sites (urban downtown, suburban and rural background area, respectively) in Beijing and investigated the variations of concentration of the water-soluble ions, elemental constituents, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 from Aug.15 to Sept.10, 2015. Simultaneously, 1-h high-resolution continuous monitoring results of PM2.5 mass concentration as well as the chemical components which were measured at another online monitoring urban site were incorporated. The concentrations of PM2.5 and other gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) during the parade control period (Aug.20-Sept.3) exhibited a substantially decrease compared with the concentrations during both the non-control (August 15 to August 19 and September 4 to September 10) period and the same period in 2014. According to the CMC results, the major components were identified as secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA, the combination of sulfate, ammonium and nitrate), mineral dust and particular organic matter (POM), which together accounted for more than 80% of PM2.5 in urban and suburban sites. POM is found to account for the largest proportion, and the obviously higher proportion of POM in the urban area revealed the significance contribution from vehicles. Compared with the non-control period, the mass concentrations of SIA and secondary organic carbon (SOC) decreased obviously. However, SIA and SOC are observed to play an important role in contributing to the rapid growth process of PM2.5 under unfavorable meteorological conditions during the control period. In view of the gradual improvement of air quality in Beijing, as well as the contribution of secondary aerosol formations in total PM2.5, effective control of primary gaseous pollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will be very significant for further lowering the concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing in normal time.

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Characterizing CH4, CO2 and N2O emission from barn feeding Tibetan sheep in Tibetan alpine pastoral area in cold season

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 157
Author(s): Tianwei Xu, Na Zhao, Linyong Hu, Shixiao Xu, Hongjin Liu, Li Ma, Xinquan Zhao
Herein, methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from different aged barn feeding Tibetan sheep were characterized using a respiration chamber in combination with gas chromatograph method in cold season of 2013. This work was based on measuring the increase of gas concentration inside respiration chamber by the means of gas chromatograph. Results indicated that diurnal CH4 emission patterns for barn feeding Tibetan sheep were driven by feeding schedule, diurnal CO2 emission patterns were relatively stable with two slight emission peaks, diurnal N2O emission patterns were driven by the variation of temperature inside chamber. Diurnal CH4 emission rates were 17.65, 19.49 and 21.06 g sheep⁻¹ d⁻¹ for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, account for 6.15%, 5.76% and 5.45% of their daily gross energy intakes, respectively. Diurnal CO2 emission rates were 526.88, 588.43 and 640.66 g sheep⁻¹ d⁻¹ for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, respectively. Diurnal N2O emission rates were 1.64, 1.25 and 1.05 mg sheep⁻¹ d⁻¹ for yearling, two-year and three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep, respectively. Three-year barn feeding Tibetan sheep released more CO2-eq on per unit BW and BW^0.75 gain basis.



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Analysis of the characteristics of single atmospheric particles in Chengdu using single particle mass spectrometry

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 157
Author(s): Junke Zhang, Bin Luo, Jianqiang Zhang, Feng Ouyang, Hongyi Song, Peichuan Liu, Pan Cao, Klaus Schäfer, Shigong Wang, Xiaojuan Huang, Yongfu Lin
Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province and the main city in Sichuan basin, is one of the heavily polluted cities in China. The characteristics of single particles in the atmosphere over Chengdu are critical for the in-depth understanding of their sources, formation mechanisms, and effects. In this study, a continuous ambient aerosol measurement was performed in summer in Chengdu with a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and other monitoring instruments. The particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations were low during our study period: PM2.5 and PM10 (aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 or 10 μm) were 40.5 ± 23.6 μg m⁻³ and 67.0 ± 38.1 μg m⁻³, respectively. This was mainly caused by the favorable meteorological conditions during the summer season. Twelve particle types were identified and classified as dust particles (Dust), four types of carbonaceous particles, organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN), four types of secondary particles, Na-K-containing particles (NaK), and metal-containing particles (Metal). The highest contribution of particles was from potassium with elemental carbon (KEC; 23.0%), and the lowest from elemental carbon (EC; 0.2%). All types of particles showed different diurnal variations and size distributions, which were closely related to their sources and reactions in the atmosphere. The eastern and southern air masses corresponded with high PM2.5 mass concentrations. The contributions of KEC and K-sulfate (KSO4) particles to PM2.5 were clearly higher than those in air masses from the southeast. During polluted days, the contributions of KEC and KSO4 particles increased, while the contributions of organic carbon (OC), combined OC and EC particles (OCEC), and K-nitrate (KNO3) particles decreased. This shows the importance of biomass burning and industrial emissions for the PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu. These results will be useful for the in-depth understanding of the PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu, even in Sichuan basin.



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