Scholar : ΠΑΛΙΝΔΡΟΜΗΣΗ - νέα αποτελέσμ

[PDF] Ανάλυση μεγάλων δεδομένων με χρήση εργαλείων εξόρυξης δεδομένων: η περίπτωση μιας εφαρμογής υποστήριξης αποφάσεων εκλογικής ψήφου.

Μ Μαυροματίδης - 2018

Page 1. ΔΙΑΤΜΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ ΣΤΑ
ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ Διπλωματική Εργασία ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΜΕΓΑΛΩΝ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ
ΜΕ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΕΡΓΑΛΕΙΩΝ ΕΞΟΡΥΞΗΣ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ. Η ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΜΙΑΣ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗΣ …

[PDF] Το περιθώριο βελτίωσης των βασικών χρηματοοικονομικών δεικτών των επιχειρήσεων μέσω του εσωτερικού ελέγχου

Ι Κατσαρού - 2018

… πληροφορίες λόγω της ετερογένειας των δεδομένων. Ως εκ τούτου, χρησιμοποιώντας
την ισομερή παλινδρόμηση παρέχεται μια καλύτερη εκτίμηση για τη σχέση μεταξύ
εξαρτημένων και ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών. Αυτή η μελέτη …

 

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Scholar : Χειρουργική Κεφαλής και Τραχήλου - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Εξαρτήσεις κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης και ο ρόλος του νοσηλευτή

ΝΘ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ - 2018

… Υπό προϋποθέσεις μπορεί να προτιμάται η χειρουργική επέμβαση της
καισαρικής τομής αντί του φυσιολογικού … κάθε συστολή της μήτρας κατεβαίνει
ολοένα και περισσότερο δια μέσω του τραχήλου της μήτρας … κάτω από τις …

 

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Scholar : ΣΤΟΜΑΤΙΚΗ - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Κύηση και εθισμός

Α ΠΑΠΑΧΡΟΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ - 2018

… όγκος. Περαιτέρω ασθένειες που οφείλονται στο κάπνισμα είναι καρκίνος στα χείλη, τη
στοματική κοιλότητα, το λαιμό, το λάρυγγα, την ουροδόχο κύστη, στο πάγκρεας, το στομάχι …
ρινικών ιστών και από τη στοματική κοιλότητα. Η κοκαΐνη σε μορφή σκόνης διαλύεται …

[PDF] Εξαρτήσεις κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης και ο ρόλος του νοσηλευτή

ΝΘ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ - 2018

Page 1. Τ.Ε.Ι ΔΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ Σ.Ε.ΥΠ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΝΟΣΗΛΕΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ
ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΕΞΑΡΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΡΚΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΓΚΥΜΟΣΥΝΗΣ ΚΑΙ Ο ΡΟΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ
ΝΟΣΗΛΕΥΤΗ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΣΤΡΙΑ:ΝΕΦΕΛΗ-ΘΕΟΧΑΡΙΣ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Α/Μ 8783 …

 

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Scholar : ΓΝΑΘΟΣ - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Κύηση και εθισμός

Α ΠΑΠΑΧΡΟΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ - 2018

Page 1. ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ Ι ΣΧΟΛΗ ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΜΑΤΩΝ Υ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΝΟΣΗΛ
ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ Ε «ΚΥΗΣΗ ΚΑΙ Ε ΣΠΟΥΔΑΣΤΡΙΑ ΥΠΕΥΘΥΝΟΣ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ 1 ΚΟ
ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΔΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΜΑΤΩΝ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΝΟΙΑΣ …

 

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Scholar : Πλαστική Χειρουργική - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Σχεδιασμός και ανάπτυξη ηλεκτρονικού καταστήματος εφαρμόζοντας SEO τεχνικές

Χ ΣΠΥΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, ΖΩΗ ΑΛΕΤΡΑ - 2018

Page 1. ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΔΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ
ΚΑΙ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΣΕΩΝ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ
ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΖΟΝΤΑΣ SEO ΤΕΧΝΙΚΕΣ …

 

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Scholar : ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΟ ΝΕΥΡΟ - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Η άνοδος του fitness και η επιρροή στον τρόπο ζωής

Δ ΚΩΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Α ΣΟΥΡΜΠΗ - 2018

… την πρόληψη χρόνιων ασθενειών που αναπτύσσονται παγκόσμια. Και επομένως,
η αύξηση της φυσικής άσκησης αποτελεί, όχι μόνο προσωπικό πρόβλημα αλλά και
κοινωνικό, και απαιτεί την απαραίτητη προσοχή (WHO, 2002).

[PDF] Εκτίμηση των γνώσεων των εκπαιδευτικών για τη φωνολογική επίγνωση και τη σχέση της με τη δυσλεξία

Ε Παπαδοπούλου - 2018

… διατυπωθεί διάφορες θεωρίες. Οι βασικές θεωρίες που διατυπώθηκαν για την αιτιολογία
της Δυσλεξίας αντιπροσωπεύουν είτε τη νευρο-βιολογική προσέγγιση που έχει ιατρικό
προσανατολισμό και αποδίδει τη Δυσλεξία σε ένα μόνο παράγοντα είτε τη γνωστική …

 

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Scholar : ΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΟ - νέα αποτελέσματα

[PDF] Η επίδραση του ψηφιακού μάρκετινγκ στις αγοραστικές συνήθειες των καταναλωτών

Ε ΑΝΔΡΙΤΣΟΓΙΑΝΝΗ, Μ ΓΙΑΝΝΟΥΚΛΑ, Σ ΝΟΛΑ - 2018

Page 1. Τεχνολογικό Ίδρυμα Σχολή Διοίκησης Κα Τμήμα Διοίκησης Ε Θέμα: «Η επίδραση
του ψηφιακού μάρκετ καταναλωτών. » Επιβλέπων καθηγητής : κος. Παπαδόπουλο
Επιμέλεια εργασίας: Ανδριτσογιάννη Ελέ Γιάννουκλα Μα Νόλα Σουζάνα …

 

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5-year overall survival after early breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: A retrospective case-control multicentre French study

Publication date: May 2018
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 95
Author(s): A. Ploquin, B. Pistilli, E. Tresch, J.S. Frenel, F. Lerebours, A. Lesur, C. Loustalot, T. Bachelot, M. Provansal, J.M. Ferrero, F. Coussy, M. Debled, P. Kerbrat, A. Vinceneux, D. Allouache, F. Morvan, F. Dalenc, S. Guiu, R. Rouzier, L. Vanlemmens
BackgroundBreast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy (BCP) is rare, but the prevalence is expected to rise. Long-term follow-up data regarding this clinically challenging condition are scarce. The main objective of this multicentre case-control French study was to compare the survival between pregnant patients and matched controls.MethodsPatients from 27 centres diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 with histologically proven invasive breast cancer occurring during pregnancy were retrospectively included. Controls were matched to BCP patients on age, clinical T stage, hormone receptor, HER2, administration of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and pathological node involvement in the absence of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Five-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsOne hundred and eleven BCP patients and 253 controls were included. Median age was 33 and 35 years, respectively. Both populations were managed similarly, except for less frequent sentinel node dissection (p = 0.026) and taxane administration (p = 0.03) among BCP patients. Median follow-up was 7.5 years. Survival rates were similar between both BCP and control patients: 5-year OS rates were 83.1% (95% CI: 74.5–89.0) vs 85.5% (95% CI: 80.4–89.4), respectively, p = 0.31; 5-year DFS rates 60.0% (95% CI: 50.1–68.6) vs 68.5% (95% CI: 62.3–73.9), respectively, p = 0.12 and 5-year MFS rates 71.0% (95% CI: 61.3–78.6) and 74.5% (95% CI: 68.6–79.5), respectively, p = 0.21.ConclusionOur study showed that the survival outcomes of patients diagnosed with BCP were not significantly different as compared to those of matched non-pregnant controls. A proper management of women diagnosed with BCP is crucial.



https://ift.tt/2GxpT8k

Temporal effects of ruminal propionic acid infusion on feeding behavior of Holstein cows in the postpartum period

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Gabriela Maldini, Michael S. Allen
ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine the temporal effects of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid at the initiation of meals on feeding behavior of cows in the postpartum period. Propionic acid derived from ruminal fermentation can reduce energy intake of dairy cows. The suppression of appetite by propionic acid is likely caused by a signal related to the hepatic oxidation of fuels. Greater propionate flux to the liver is expected to result in faster oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A, which can stimulate satiety and reduce feed intake. Therefore, the rate of propionate supply to the liver, within the timeframe of meals, might be an important limitation to feed intake. Our hypothesis was that faster rate of propionate infusion during meals would decrease meal size and feed intake by decreasing the time required to stimulate satiety within a meal. Six ruminally cannulated, multiparous Holstein cows in the postpartum period were used in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment balanced for carryover effects. Treatments included control (no infusion) or 1.25 mol of propionic acid infused over 5 min (FST) or 15 min (SLW) at each meal. Infusions were initiated at the conditioned meal at feeding (1200 h) and were triggered at each spontaneous meal for 22 h. Contrary to our hypothesis, SLW decreased meal size 29% (0.87 vs. 1.23 kg of dry matter) compared with FST, and FST decreased meal frequency 27% (8.5 vs. 11.2 per d) compared with SLW. Dry matter intake was similar between FST and SLW, but propionic acid decreased dry matter intake 46% compared with control. A potential explanation is that FST resulted in greater liver bypass of propionate compared with SLW, extending anaplerosis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, hepatic oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A, and satiety over a longer time after meals.



https://ift.tt/2IoQFfG

Effect of milk cessation method at dry-off on behavioral activity of dairy cows

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): P.J. Rajala-Schultz, P.N. Gott, K.L. Proudfoot, G.M. Schuenemann
ABSTRACTDrying cows off at the end of lactation is a routine management practice in dairy operations. Most dairies in the United States and many other countries dry cows off abruptly (e.g., stop milking cows on a set day), which has been shown to affect cow comfort. Gradually reducing milk production is another approach to dry cows off, routinely used in some countries and herds. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of abrupt and gradual milk cessation and milk yield at the time on cow activity after dry-off. Daily lying time, number of lying bouts per day, average lying bout length, and steps taken per day by abruptly and gradually dried-off cows were monitored by data loggers for 2 wk before and after the final milking at the end of lactation. Gradual cows were milked once daily for the last week of lactation, and abrupt cows were milked as usual (3×/d) until the end of lactation. Gradual cessation of milking significantly reduced milk yield by the day of dry-off. After dry-off, gradual cows tended to have longer lying bouts than abrupt cows, but no other differences in cow activity between the 2 treatments were observed. Regardless of the dry-off method, the average length of a lying bout decreased by 4 min and total daily lying time decreased by 19 min after dry-off for each 5-kg increase in milk yield before dry-off. Lying behavior of primiparous cows was more affected by the level of milk yield at dry-off than that of older cows. A reduction in lying times with increasing milk yield may indicate discomfort due to the accumulating milk in the udder. Using a method that lowers milk production before dry-off and managing primiparous and multiparous cows separately around dry-off are beneficial for cow comfort after dry-off.



https://ift.tt/2GOetwC

News and Announcements

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4





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Phenotypic and genetic relationships between indicators of the mammary gland health status and milk composition, coagulation, and curd firming in dairy sheep

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Michele Pazzola, Claudio Cipolat-Gotet, Giovanni Bittante, Alessio Cecchinato, Maria L. Dettori, Giuseppe M. Vacca
ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the effect of somatic cell count, lactose, and pH on sheep milk composition, coagulation properties (MCP), and curd firming (CF) parameters. Individual milk samples were collected from 1,114 Sarda ewes reared in 23 farms. Milk composition, somatic cell count, single point MCP (rennet coagulation time, RCT; curd firming time, k20; and curd firmness, a30, a45, and a60), and CF model parameters were achieved. Phenotypic traits were statistically analyzed using a mixed model to estimate the effects of the different levels of milk somatic cell score (SCS), lactose, and pH, respectively. Additive genetic, herd, and residual correlations among these 3 traits, and with milk composition, MCP and CF parameters, were inferred using a Bayesian approach. From a phenotypic point of view, higher SCS levels caused a delayed gelification of milk. Lactose concentration and pH were significant for many milk quality traits, with a very intense effect on both coagulation times and curd firming. These traits (RCT, RCT estimated using the curd firming over time equation, and k20) showed an unfavorable increase of about 20% from the highest to the lowest level of lactose. Milk samples with pH values lower than 6.56 versus higher than 6.78 were characterized by an increase of RCT (from 6.00 to 14.3 min) and k20 (from 1.65 to 2.65 min) and a decrease of all the 3 curd firmness traits. From a genetic point of view, the marginal posterior distribution of heritability estimates evidenced a large and exploitable variability for all 3 phenotypes. The mean intra-farm heritability estimates were 0.173 for SCS, 0.418 for lactose content, and 0.206 for pH. Lactose (favorably), and SCS and pH (unfavorably), at phenotypic and genetic levels, were correlated mainly with RCT and RCT estimated using the curd firming over time equation and scarcely with the other curd firming traits. The SCS, lactose, and pH were significantly correlated with each other's. In conclusion, results reported in the present study suggest that SCS, pH, and lactose affect, contemporarily and independently, milk quality and MCP. These phenotypes, easily available during milk recording schemes measured by infrared spectra prediction, could be used as potential indicators traits for improving cheese-making ability of ovine milk.



https://ift.tt/2GLT0nQ

Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): P. Kairenius, H. Leskinen, V. Toivonen, S. Muetzel, S. Ahvenjärvi, A. Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, R.J. Wallace, K.J. Shingfield
ABSTRACTFish oil (FO) alters ruminal biohydrogenation causing trans fatty acid (FA) intermediates to accumulate, but the effects of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA supply on ruminal long-chain FA metabolism and microbial communities in cattle fed FO are not well established. Four cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of FO alone or in combination with plant oils high in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 on rumen microbial ecology and flow of FA at the omasum. Treatments comprised a basal grass silage-based diet containing no additional oil (control) or supplements of FO (200 g/d) or FO (200 g/d) plus 500 g/d of sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LFO). Flow of FA was determined using the omasal sampling technique. The relative abundance of key biohydrogenating bacteria was assessed by quantitative PCR on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta. Fish oil-supplemented treatments increased the amounts of trans-18:1, trans-18:2, and 20- to 22-carbon polyunsaturated FA escaping the rumen. Relative to the control, oil supplements had no effect on the amount of 18:0 leaving the rumen, but LFO decreased the flow of 18:0 at the omasum compared with SFO. Both SFO and LFO increased trans-18:1 relative to FO, whereas LFO resulted in the highest trans-18:2 and 20- to 22-carbon FA flow. Supplements of FO plus plant oils shifted biohydrogenation toward trans-10 18:1 formation. Compared with FO alone, the ruminal metabolism of 22:6n-3 in the rumen of lactating cows is more extensive on diets containing higher amounts of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA. However, the biohydrogenation of 22:5n-3 was less extensive in LFO than SFO, but showed no difference between FO and diets containing plant oils. Ruminal outflow of 20:5n-3 was not altered when plant oils were added to FO. Alterations in the amount of intermediates at the omasum or ruminal biohydrogenation pathways were not accompanied by major changes in analyzed bacterial populations. In conclusion, dietary supplements of FO alone or in combination with plant oils increase the amount of biohydrogenation intermediates containing 1 or more trans double bonds escaping the rumen, which may have implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.



https://ift.tt/2IpymHx

Short communication: Field study to investigate the associations between herd-level risk factors for milk fat depression and bulk tank milk fat percent in dairy herds feeding monensin

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): M.M. McCarthy, T.R. Overton, G.D. Mechor, D.E. Bauman, T.C. Jenkins, D.V. Nydam
ABSTRACTFat is the most variable milk component, and maintaining milk fat continues to be a challenge on commercial dairy farms. Our objectives were to establish associations between herd-level risk factors for milk fat depression and bulk tank milk fat content in commercial dairy herds feeding monensin. Seventy-nine Holstein commercial dairy herds in the northeast and Upper Midwest United States were enrolled in an observational study. Data were collected on herd characteristics, total mixed ration (TMR) samples, all component silage samples, and bulk tank milk samples. The unconditional univariable association of each explanatory variable and bulk tank milk fat percentage was evaluated using simple linear regression and multivariable regression models. Milk fat content of trans-10 C18:1 had an exponentially negative relationship to herd milk fat percentage. In general, milk fat content of fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland were positively related to herd milk fat, and the content of several trans-C18:1 fatty acids, which would be products of alternate pathways of ruminal biohydrogenation, were negatively related to herd milk fat. Variables related to TMR composition did not have univariable relationships with herd milk fat percentage. Herds that had >49.8% of the TMR particles on the middle screen of the Penn State particle separator had higher milk fat percentage than those with ≤49.8%, and herds with >54.0% of TMR particles in the bottom pan had lower milk fat percentage than herds with ≤54.0%. Dietary content of monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1) had negative relationships with herd milk fat percentage; however, no single diet component accounted for more than 11% of the variation in herd-level milk fat percentage. Univariable monensin dose was not associated with herd milk fat percentage. The relative lack of significant univariate relationships with herd-level milk fat suggests many factors contribute to milk fat content, and herds experiencing low milk fat will need to examine many potential risk factors when working to troubleshoot this challenge.



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Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial of the blood pressure–lowering effect of fermented milk with Lactococcus lactis: A pilot study12

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Lilia M. Beltrán-Barrientos, Aarón F. González-Córdova, Adrián Hernández-Mendoza, Eduardo H. Torres-Inguanzo, Humberto Astiazarán-García, Julián Esparza-Romero, Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
ABSTRACTThe blood pressure–lowering effect of fermented milk with Lactococcus lactis NRRL B-50571 was evaluated in a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial with prehypertensive subjects. Participants were randomized into 2 groups (n = 18 each group): one group treated with fermented milk with Lactococcus lactis NRRL B-50571 and a control group treated with artificially acidified milk. Results revealed that during daily consumption of fermented milk for 5 wk, systolic [(116.55 ± 12.26 mmHg vs. 124.77 ± 11.04 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (80.7 ± 9 vs. 84.5 ± 8.5 mmHg)] from the fermented milk group was lower than the control group. Additionally, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in blood serum were lower in the fermented milk group than in the control group. Results demonstrated that daily consumption of fermented milk with Lactococcus lactis (NRRL B-50571) had a blood pressure–lowering effect on prehypertensive subjects. Regular consumption of this product may be used as a potential functional food.



https://ift.tt/2EfQ5hX

Peptidomic screening of bitter and nonbitter casein hydrolysate fractions for insulinogenic peptides

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Niamh M. Murray, Dolores O'Riordan, Jean-Christophe Jacquier, Michael O'Sullivan, Thérèse A. Holton, Kieran Wynne, Randall C. Robinson, Daniela Barile, Søren D. Nielsen, David C. Dallas
ABSTRACTSodium caseinate hydrolysates (NaCaH) contain biologically active peptides that can positively influence human health. However, their intense bitterness hinders their inclusion in food products. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated whether a correlation between bitterness and bioactivity exists in NaCaH, so it is not yet known what effect selective removal of bitterness has on NaCaH bioactivity. A deeper understanding of the physicochemical characteristics affecting both bitterness and bioactivity is therefore needed. The aim of this study was to use in silico analysis to elucidate the relationship between bitterness and bioactivity of the insulinogenic NaCaH. The NaCaH fractions were generated by membrane filtration and flash chromatography and were subsequently evaluated for bitterness by a sensory panel. In this present study, peptidomic and bioinformatic processing of these NaCaH fractions allowed for the identification of insulinogenic peptides as well as other literature-identified peptides in each of the fractions. The results showed that the most bitter fraction contained the highest abundance of insulinogenic peptides, whereas another bitter fraction contained the highest abundance of other literature-identified bioactive peptides exhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme–inhibition activity. Although some bioactive peptides were identified in the least bitter fractions, the abundance of these peptides was very low. These observations show a correlation between bitter taste and bioactivity, highlighting potential complications in removing bitterness while maintaining bioactivity. However, as the most bitter fraction contained the highest abundance of insulinogenic peptides, there is potential for using a lower dose of this enriched bioactive fraction to exert health benefits. The second most bitter fraction contained a very low abundance of insulinogenic peptides and other bioactive peptides. Therefore, removal of this fraction could reduce the NaCaH product's bitterness without significantly altering overall bioactive potential.



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Interpretive Summaries, April 2018

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4





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Long-term palmitic acid supplementation interacts with parity in lactating dairy cows: Production responses, nutrient digestibility, and energy partitioning

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): J. de Souza, A.L. Lock
ABSTRACTThe objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of long-term palmitic acid (C16:0) supplementation and parity on production, nutrient digestibility, and energy partitioning of mid-lactation dairy cows. Forty mid-lactation Holstein cows (18 primiparous and 22 multiparous) were used in a block design. Cows were assigned to receive either a control diet containing no supplemental fat (CON) or a C16:0-enriched supplemented diet (PA; 1.5% diet dry matter) fed for 10 wk. Compared with CON, PA increased dry matter intake, milk yield, cumulative milk yield, milk fat content, milk fat yield, 16-carbon milk fatty acid (FA) yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, and energy-corrected milk yield. Additionally, PA increased body weight change, but did not affect body condition score change compared with CON. A tendency for a treatment by parity interaction was observed for milk yield due to PA increasing milk yield in multiparous but not in primiparous cows. In addition, we observed interactions between treatment and parity for fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk fat yield due to PA increasing these variables to a greater extent in multiparous compared with primiparous cows. Interestingly, we observed an interaction between treatment and parity for body weight change, due to PA increasing body weight change in primiparous but not in multiparous cows. The PA treatment increased dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities compared with CON. Although PA did not affect 18-carbon FA digestibility, compared with CON, PA decreased 16-carbon and total FA digestibilities and increased total FA intake by 470 g/d and absorbed total FA by 316 g/d. We also observed an interaction between treatment and parity for total absorbed FA due to PA increasing it to a greater extent in multiparous than in primiparous cows. Compared with CON, PA increased apparent energy intake and milk energy output. We observed an interaction between treatment and parity for milk energy output due to PA increasing milk energy output to a greater extent in multiparous than primiparous cows. Additionally, an interaction between treatment and parity was observed for energy output in body reserves due to PA increasing energy output in body reserves in primiparous but not in multiparous cows. In conclusion, production responses of dairy cows to PA were consistent throughout the 10-wk treatment period. In addition, PA supplementation interacted with parity, with production responses increased to a greater extent in multiparous than primiparous cows and energy partitioned to body reserves only increased in primiparous cows.



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Characterization and milk coagulating properties of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. proteases

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Jie Luo, Chen Xiao, Hao Zhang, Fazheng Ren, Xingen Lei, Zibiao Yang, Zhengquan Yu
ABSTRACTThe herbaceous plant Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. is widely used as a milk coagulant to make a Chinese traditional milk product, milk cake. However, the milk-clotting compounds and their mechanism remain unclear. In this study, crude proteases were extracted from the dried leaves of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. using citric acid-phosphate buffer and then partially purified by weak anion exchange chromatography. Two proteases, QA and QC, with molecular weights of 14 and 27 kDa, respectively, were shown to exhibit milk-clotting activity. A study of the effects of pH and temperature on the milk-clotting activity and proteolytic activity of the proteases showed that they exhibited good pH stability from pH 5.5 to 7.5 and good thermal stability at temperatures from 50 to 70°C. The QA and QC were the cysteine proteases, able to hydrolyze β-casein and κ-casein completely, and α-casein partially. The cleavage site on κ-casein determined by Orbitrap (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA) analysis showed that QA and QC could cleave κ-casein at Ser132-Thr133. Overall, the results suggest that the Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. proteases are a promising milk-clotting enzyme that could be used for manufacturing milk cake and cheese.



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Effect of milk protein composition of a model infant formula on the physicochemical properties of in vivo gastric digestates

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): N. Rafiee Tari, M.Z. Fan, T. Archbold, E. Kristo, A. Guri, E. Arranz, M. Corredig
ABSTRACTWe investigated the effect of protein composition and, in particular, the presence of whey proteins or β-casein on the digestion behavior of a model infant formula using an in vivo piglet model. Three isocaloric diets optimized for piglets were prepared with the same concentrations of protein. For protein source, 1 diet contained only whey proteins and 2 contained a casein:whey protein ratio of 40:60 but differed in the amount of β-casein. To obtain the desired protein compositions, skim milk was microfiltered at 7 or 22°C, and retentates and permeates were combined with whey protein isolate. The diets were optimized to the nutritional needs of the piglets and fed to 24 newborn piglets for 18 d. Eight piglets were also fed ad libitum with sow milk and considered only as reference (not included in the statistical analysis). The study was carried out in 2 blocks, killing the animals 60 and 120 min after the last meal. All gastric contents, regardless of diet, showed a wide range of pH. Postprandial time did not affect the pH or physical properties of the gastric digesta. The digesta from whey protein-casein formulas showed significantly higher viscosity, a higher storage modulus, and a denser microstructure than digesta obtained from piglets fed whey protein formula. The β-casein:total casein ratio at the level used in this study did not significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of the stomach digestate. Although caseins showed extensive gastric hydrolysis, whey proteins remained largely intact at both postprandial times. The results indicate that the presence of different concentrations of milk proteins can be critical to the digestion properties of the food matrix and may affect the nutritional properties of the components.



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Genome-wide association analyses based on a multiple-trait approach for modeling feed efficiency

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Y. Lu, M.J. Vandehaar, D.M. Spurlock, K.A. Weigel, L.E. Armentano, E.E. Connor, M. Coffey, R.F. Veerkamp, Y. de Haas, C.R. Staples, Z. Wang, M.D. Hanigan, R.J. Tempelman
ABSTRACTGenome-wide association (GWA) of feed efficiency (FE) could help target important genomic regions influencing FE. Data provided by an international dairy FE research consortium consisted of phenotypic records on dry matter intakes (DMI), milk energy (MILKE), and metabolic body weight (MBW) on 6,937 cows from 16 stations in 4 counties. Of these cows, 4,916 had genotypes on 57,347 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We compared a GWA analysis based on the more classical residual feed intake (RFI) model with one based on a previously proposed multiple trait (MT) approach for modeling FE using an alternative measure (DMI|MILKE,MBW). Both models were based on a single-step genomic BLUP procedure that allowed the use of phenotypes from both genotyped and nongenotyped cows. Estimated effects for single SNP markers were small and not statistically important but virtually identical for either FE measure (RFI vs. DMI|MILKE,MBW). However, upon further refining this analysis to develop joint tests within nonoverlapping 1-Mb windows, significant associations were detected between either measure of FE with a window on each of Bos taurus autosomes BTA12 and BTA26. There was, as expected, no overlap between detected genomic regions for DMI|MILKE,MBW and genomic regions influencing the energy sink traits (i.e., MILKE and MBW) because of orthogonal relationships clearly defined between the various traits. Conversely, GWA inferences on DMI can be demonstrated to be partly driven by genetic associations between DMI with these same energy sink traits, thereby having clear implications when comparing GWA studies on DMI to GWA studies on FE-like measures such as RFI.



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Short communication: Development of a rapid laboratory method to polymerize lactose to nondigestible carbohydrates

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): A.F. Kuechel, T.C. Schoenfuss
ABSTRACTNondigestible carbohydrates with a degree of polymerization between 3 and 10 (oligosaccharides) are commonly used as dietary fiber ingredients in the food industry, once they have been confirmed to have positive effects on human health by regulatory authorities. These carbohydrates are produced through chemical or enzymatic synthesis. Polylactose, a polymerization product of lactose and glucose, has been produced by reactive extrusion using a twin-screw extruder, with citric acid as the catalyst. Trials using powdered cheese whey permeate as the lactose source for this reaction were unsuccessful. The development of a laboratory method was necessary to investigate the effect of ingredients present in permeate powder that could be inhibiting polymerization. A Mars 6 Microwave Digestion System (CEM Corp., Matthews, NC) was used to heat and polymerize the sugars. The temperatures had to be lowered from extrusion conditions to produce a caramel-like product and not decompose the sugars. Small amounts of water had to be added to the reaction vessels to allow consistent heating of sugars between vessels. Elevated levels of water (22.86 and 28.57%, vol/wt) and calcium phosphate (0.928 and 1.856%, wt/wt) reduced the oligosaccharide yield in the laboratory method. Increasing the citric acid (catalyst) concentration increased the oligosaccharide yield for the pure sugar blend and when permeate powder was used. The utility of the laboratory method to predict oligosaccharide yields was confirmed during extrusion trials of permeate when this increased acid catalyst concentration resulted in similar oligosaccharide concentrations.



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Characterization of a cryptic plasmid isolated from Lactobacillus casei CP002616 and construction of shuttle vectors based on its replicon

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Xin Song, He Huang, Zhiqiang Xiong, Yongjun Xia, Guangqiang Wang, Boxing Yin, Lianzhong Ai
ABSTRACTThe cryptic plasmid pLC2W was isolated from Lactobacillus casei CP002616. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that 4 putative open reading frames (ORF) were responsible for DNA replication. Four Escherichia coli-Lactobacillus shuttle vectors were constructed using different lengths of the pLC2W replicon to identify the shortest functional replicon. The length of the pLC2W replicon did not affect the stability of the plasmids. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter was expressed successfully in several lactobacilli using our constructed vectors. The results suggested that the expression vectors pUE-F0GFP and pUE-F1GFP are potential molecular tools for heterologous gene cloning and expression in lactobacilli. Moreover, 2 plasmid-curing methods were used to eliminate pLC2W from L. casei. We detected no difference between L. casei CP002616 and L. casei CP002616 pLC2WΔ-IC (mutant strain cured by plasmid incompatibility method) in production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) or acid. However, EPS and acid production were both reduced in L. casei CP002616 pLC2WΔ-HT (mutant strain cured by high-temperature heat treatment method), demonstrating a difference between these 2 curing methods. Sequence analysis of pLC2W and plasmid curing data suggest that plasmid pLC2W is not involved in EPS synthesis.



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Differential effects of a single dose of oral calcium based on postpartum plasma calcium concentration in Holstein cows

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): B.M. Leno, R.C. Neves, I.M. Louge, M.D. Curler, M.J. Thomas, T.R. Overton, J.A.A. McArt
ABSTRACTOur objectives were to determine (1) the effect of a single dose of an oral Ca bolus within 24 h after parturition on plasma Ca concentration, (2) the response of primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows to this supplementation strategy, and (3) differential responses based on plasma Ca at enrollment. For objective 1, cows from 1 commercial dairy in New York State were enrolled within 19 h after parturition (mean ± standard deviation = 8.3 ± 5.3 h) and randomized within parity group (first, second, and ≥third) to control [CON (n = 25); no placebo] or a single dose bolus treatment [BOL (n = 25); 3 oral Ca boluses supplying 54 to 64 g of Ca]. Plasma Ca was measured repeatedly between 1 and 24 h following treatment. For objectives 2 and 3, cows on 6 commercial farms in New York State were assigned to treatment as for objective 1 (CON, n = 1,973; BOL, n = 1,976). Herd records for health, reproduction, and Dairy Herd Improvement Association test day milk production were collected. Mixed effect multivariable models were developed using repeated measures ANOVA, Poisson regression, or proportional hazard models. Objective 2 analyses considered treatment with periparturient risk factors, whereas objective 3 analyses also considered Ca status. No difference was observed for plasma Ca between 1 and 24 h after treatment. Primiparous cows assigned to BOL calving at >712 d old had decreased risk of one or more health disorders [≤30 d in milk; risk ratio (RR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51 to 0.84] and those with body condition score >3.5 responded to BOL with increased milk production (CON = 31.7 ± 1.1, BOL = 35.1 ± 1.1 kg/d), as did those with days carried calf >277 (CON = 31.9 ± 1.0, BOL = 34.7 ± 1.0 kg/d). Reduced risk of one or more health disorders was observed in parity ≥3 (RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.89) and MP cows with body condition score >3.5 (retained placenta; RR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.84) or that were lame (displaced abomasum; RR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.75). Differential responses for PP cows by Ca status were minimal. For MP cows with low plasma Ca, BOL decreased risk of additional Ca treatment (≤1.8 mmol/L; RR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.80) as well as risk of one or more health disorders (≤2.15 mmol/L; RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.95). Supplementation with a single oral dose of Ca could be targeted to periparturient risk groups for improved health. Calcium status did not differentiate responses of PP cows, but MP cows with low Ca at parturition had improved health status when supplemented.



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Technological characterization of Lactobacillus in semihard artisanal goat cheeses from different Mediterranean areas for potential use as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Zhaoxu Meng, Lanwei Zhang, Liang Xin, Kai Lin, HuaXi Yi, Xue Han
ABSTRACTThe potential of 25 Lactobacillus isolates from 8 semihard artisanal goat cheeses manufactured in 4 different Mediterranean areas was examined for use as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria. The isolates were identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Sixteen strains belonged to Lactobacillus paracasei and 9 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The isolates were first screened for salt tolerance, exopolysaccharide and diacetyl production, proteolytic and lipolytic activity, and acidification and autolyzing capacities. Most of the lactobacilli displayed strong salt tolerance [20 strains, including 13 of Lb. paracasei and 7 of Lb. rhamnosus, could grow at 6% (wt/vol) salt], low acidification activity (16 strains, including 9 of Lb. paracasei and 7 of Lb. rhamnosus, presented change in pH ≤0.4 U after 6 h of growth), and high autolytic activity (14 strains, including 9 of Lb. paracasei and 5 of Lb. rhamnosus, showed autolysis values ranging between 25 and 65%). Eleven Lb. paracasei and 6 Lb. rhamnosus produced exopolysaccharide, whereas 8 Lb. paracasei and 4 Lb. rhamnosus produced diacetyl. Moreover, 9 Lb. paracasei and 6 Lb. rhamnosus showed proteolytic activity; none of the isolates showed lipolytic activity. Based on the above characteristics, 8 strains were further evaluated for peptidase activity, including aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase activities. The results indicated that all strains showed peptidase activity toward selected substrates. The substrate specificity and extent of peptidase activities were strain-dependent. Four strains (A-3, B-4, D-3, and D-8) presented the best characteristics and represented the most promising nonstarter lactic acid bacteria candidates for use in industrial manufacturing of goat cheese.



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Effect of adding clay with or without a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on the health and performance of lactating dairy cows challenged with dietary aflatoxin B1

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 4
Author(s): Y. Jiang, I.M. Ogunade, D.H. Kim, X. Li, A.A. Pech-Cervantes, K.G. Arriola, A.S. Oliveira, J.P. Driver, L.F. Ferraretto, C.R. Staples, D. Vyas, A.T. Adesogan
ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing bentonite clay with or without a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; 19 g of NutriTek + 16 g of MetaShield, both from Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) on the performance and health of dairy cows challenged with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (64 ± 11 d in milk) were stratified by parity and milk production and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment sequences. The experiment had a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design with 6 replicate squares, four 33-d periods, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Cows were fed a total mixed ration containing 36.1% corn silage, 8.3% alfalfa hay, and 55.6% concentrate (dry matter basis). Treatments were (1) control (no additives), (2) toxin (T; 1,725 µg of AFB1/head per day), (3) T + clay (CL; 200 g/head per day; top-dressed), and (4) CL+SCFP (CL+SCFP; 35 g/head per day; top-dressed). Cows were adapted to diets from d 1 to 25 (predosing period) and then orally dosed with AFB1 from d 26 to 30 (dosing period), and AFB1 was withdrawn from d 31 to 33 (withdrawal period). Milk samples were collected twice daily from d 21 to 33, and plasma was sampled on d 25 and 30 before the morning feeding. Transfer of ingested AFB1 into milk aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was greater in T than in CL or CL+SCFP (1.65 vs. 1.01 and 0.94%, respectively) from d 26 to 30. The CL and CL+SCFP treatments reduced milk AFM1 concentration compared with T (0.45 and 0.40 vs. 0.75 µg/kg, respectively), and, unlike T, both CL and CL+SCFP lowered AFM1 concentrations below the US Food and Drug Administration action level (0.5 µg/kg). Milk yield tended to be greater during the dosing period in cows fed CL+SCFP compared with T (39.7 vs. 37.7 kg/d). Compared with that for T, plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentration, indicative of aflatoxicosis and liver damage, was reduced by CL (85.9 vs. 95.2 U/L) and numerically reduced by CL+SCFP (87.9 vs. 95.2 U/L). Dietary CL and CL+SCFP reduced transfer of dietary AFB1 to milk and milk AFM1 concentration. Only CL prevented the increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentration, and only CL+SCFP prevented the decrease in milk yield caused by AFB1 ingestion.



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