Randomized, Double-Blinded, Sham-Controlled, Split-Hand Trial Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Triamcinolone Acetate Injection After Calcium Hydroxylapatite Volume Restoration of the Dorsal Hand

BACKGROUND Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) is currently the only FDA-approved soft-tissue filler indicated for augmentation of the dorsal hand. Although the treatment is generally safe and effective, adverse side effects such as swelling and edema postinjection are common and can sometimes be debilitating. OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors explore the utility of triamcinolone acetate coinjection with CaHA to the dorsal hands to mitigate adverse effects and improve patient experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS After obtaining informed consent, 20 subjects were enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, split-hand, sham-controlled clinical trial. Subject hands were randomized to receive either CaHA with triamcinolone acetate or CaHA with sham saline coinjection. Follow-up evaluations were performed by a blinded investigator at Days 7, 14, 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 and consisted of the validated Merz Hand Grading Scale and assessments of erythema, edema, modules, bruising, and skin atrophy. Subjects also kept a daily diary for the first 30 days postinjection documenting bruising, itching, pain, redness, swelling, difficulty in performing activities with hands, and sensory alteration in hands. RESULTS There were no significant differences in treatment efficacy between the 2 groups. Post-treatment swelling was significantly reduced between Days 6 and 19 in the triamcinolone acetate coinjection group. CONCLUSION The addition of triamcinolone acetate coinjection with CaHA for dorsal hand augmentation did not negatively impact treatment efficacy but significantly reduced adverse side effects. This strategy represents a safe and effective way to improve patient experience and treatment tolerability.

https://ift.tt/2Jl7REb

Topical Imiquimod for Melanoma In Situ? A Word of Caveat

No abstract available

https://ift.tt/2q7pYVl

Randomized, Patient/Evaluator-Blinded, Intraindividual Comparison Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler in the Treatment of Nasolabial Folds

BACKGROUND Comparative research on the characteristics of filler products is limited, especially in the preclinical analysis of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to compare the preclinical characteristics, clinical efficacy, and safety of a new HA filler, IDHF-001, with Restylane SubQ in the treatment of nasolabial folds (NLFs). METHODS Viscoelasticity and injection force were evaluated. Ninety-one subjects were enrolled in this randomized, patient/evaluator-blind, intraindividual clinical study. Each subject was randomized to receive injections of IDHF-001 or Restylane SubQ in their left or right NLF. At 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 weeks, all participants were evaluated through Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS). RESULTS The IDHF-001 showed higher viscosity (1,271 Pa·s), lower elastic modulus (G′; 611 Pa), and lower injection force (8.89 N) than Restylane SubQ (464.6 Pa·s; 674.8 Pa; 19.14 N). No significant difference in WSRS was detected between IDHF-001 side and Restylane SubQ side at 24 weeks (mean improvement in WSRS from baseline at Week 24—IDHF-001: 1.85 ± 0.61, Restylane SubQ: 1.88 ± 0.61). The noninferiority was sustained until Week 48. CONCLUSION The novel HA filler IDHF-001 shows suitable characteristics and tolerability, widening the selection possibilities for clinicians and patients in the treatment of NLFs.

https://ift.tt/2GyAaBz

Without Adaptive Immunity, There’s a Cost to Responding STAT

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Eric M. Brown, Ramnik J. Xavier
The relative contributions of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in responding to the intestinal microbiota during ontogeny are largely unknown. A recent study in Nature by Mao et al. (2018) elegantly dissects the role of each cell type in the intestine and further describes the metabolic cost to innate immunity.

Teaser

The relative contributions of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in responding to the intestinal microbiota during ontogeny are largely unknown. A recent study in Nature by Mao et al. (2018) elegantly dissects the role of each cell type in the intestine and further describes the metabolic cost to innate immunity.


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Fighting for Resources: Who Started the Battle? Who Is Winning It?

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Vanessa Zuzarte-Luis, Maria M. Mota
Several vacuolar bacteria and parasites, such as Legionella, Chlamydia, and Toxoplasma, have been reported to grow associated with host mitochondria. The reason behind this phenomenon remains elusive. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Pernas et al. (2018) propose that fusion of host mitochondria limits the availability of fatty acids needed for Toxoplasma gondii replication.

Teaser

Several vacuolar bacteria and parasites, such as Legionella, Chlamydia, and Toxoplasma, have been reported to grow associated with host mitochondria. The reason behind this phenomenon remains elusive. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Pernas et al. (2018) propose that fusion of host mitochondria limits the availability of fatty acids needed for Toxoplasma gondii replication.


https://ift.tt/2GQVD7U

Senescence Elicits Stemness: A Surprising Mechanism for Cancer Relapse

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Zhixun Dou, Shelley L. Berger
Cellular senescence is traditionally viewed as a permanent form of cell cycle arrest that restrains tumorigenesis. In a recent study in Nature, however, Milanovic et al. (2018) challenge this conventional view, showing that senescence can counterintuitively promote cancer stemness and tumor aggressiveness. This finding suggests that attacking senescence can be exploited in cancer therapy.

Teaser

Cellular senescence is traditionally viewed as a permanent form of cell cycle arrest that restrains tumorigenesis. In a recent study in Nature, however, Milanovic et al. (2018) challenge this conventional view, showing that senescence can counterintuitively promote cancer stemness and tumor aggressiveness. This finding suggests that attacking senescence can be exploited in cancer therapy.


https://ift.tt/2GwFelB

Adipose Tissue Flexes Its Muscles

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Sven Enerbäck
How brown and beige adipocytes activate UCP1-dependent thermogenesis has been studied in great detail. In Cell Metabolism, Tharp et al. (2018) have recently added another interesting dimension to this by demonstrating that actinomyosin-mediated elasticity regulates the thermogenic capacity of UCP1+ adipocytes, opening up new ways by which UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can be stimulated.

Teaser

How brown and beige adipocytes activate UCP1-dependent thermogenesis has been studied in great detail. In Cell Metabolism, Tharp et al. have recently added another interesting dimension to this by demonstrating that actinomyosin-mediated elasticity regulates the thermogenic capacity of UCP1+ adipocytes, opening up new ways by which UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can be stimulated.


https://ift.tt/2GQVvoW

RNA-Targeted Therapeutics

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Stanley T. Crooke, Joseph L. Witztum, C. Frank Bennett, Brenda F. Baker
RNA-targeted therapies represent a platform for drug discovery involving chemically modified oligonucleotides, a wide range of cellular RNAs, and a novel target-binding motif, Watson-Crick base pairing. Numerous hurdles considered by many to be impassable have been overcome. Today, four RNA-targeted therapies are approved for commercial use for indications as diverse as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and by routes of administration including subcutaneous, intravitreal, and intrathecal delivery. The technology is efficient and supports approaching "undruggable" targets. Three additional agents are progressing through registration, and more are in clinical development, representing several chemical and structural classes. Moreover, progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs work has led to steadily better clinical performance and a wide range of mechanisms that may be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Here we summarize the progress, future challenges, and opportunities for this drug discovery platform.

Teaser

Recent progress in RNA-targeted therapeutics suggests that the platform may be a broadly enabling technology for drug discovery. The diversity of structures, chemistries, and mechanisms of action yields a versatile but complex opportunity. In this perspective, a simplified description of the field, summary of data, and future approaches and challenges are discussed.


https://ift.tt/2GBCxzv

Eating the Beast: Dietary Protein and Anticancer Immunity

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Douglas R. Green
Studies on the impact of diet on cancer progression have predominantly focused on the metabolic demands of the tumor. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Rubio-Patiño et al. (2018) examine how a small reduction in dietary protein effectively commandeers the adaptive immune response to attack the tumor, highlighting a role for endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Teaser

Studies on the impact of diet on cancer progression have predominantly focused on the metabolic demands of the tumor. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Rubio-Patiño et al. (2018) examine how a small reduction in dietary protein effectively commandeers the adaptive immune response to attack the tumor, highlighting a role for endoplasmic reticulum stress.


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Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Daniel J. Drucker
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from gut enteroendocrine cells controls meal-related glycemic excursions through augmentation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 also inhibits gastric emptying and food intake, actions maximizing nutrient absorption while limiting weight gain. Here I review the circuits engaged by endogenous versus pharmacological GLP-1 action, highlighting key GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-positive cell types and pathways transducing metabolic and non-glycemic GLP-1 signals. The role(s) of GLP-1 in the benefits and side effects associated with bariatric surgery are discussed and actions of GLP-1 controlling islet function, appetite, inflammation, and cardiovascular pathophysiology are highlighted. Refinement of the risk-versus-benefit profile of GLP-1-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity has stimulated development of orally bioavailable agonists, allosteric modulators, and unimolecular multi-agonists, all targeting the GLP-1R. This review highlights established and emerging concepts, unanswered questions, and future challenges for development and optimization of GLP-1R agonists in the treatment of metabolic disease.

Teaser

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has emerged as a gut-derived peptide with pleiotropic actions and has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for cardiometabolic disorders, principally diabetes and obesity. Herein, Drucker provides an updated perspective on the physiological importance, mechanisms, and pathways underlying the efficacy and safety of native GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists.


https://ift.tt/2GxZ540

The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): George A. Brooks
Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. "Lactate shuttle" (LS) concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signaling. In medicine, it has long been recognized that the elevation of blood lactate correlates with illness or injury severity. However, with lactate shuttle theory in mind, some clinicians are now appreciating lactatemia as a "strain" and not a "stress" biomarker. In fact, clinical studies are utilizing lactate to treat pro-inflammatory conditions and to deliver optimal fuel for working muscles in sports medicine. The above, as well as historic and recent studies of lactate metabolism and shuttling, are discussed in the following review.

Teaser

Though originally thought of as a metabolic waste product and fatigue agent, lactate can now be regarded as the link between glycolytic and aerobic pathways. From its discovery to more recent clinical applications, Brooks provides a comprehensive look at lactate metabolism and shuttling in both basic physiology and medicine.


https://ift.tt/2GW4fKz

AIDA Selectively Mediates Downregulation of Fat Synthesis Enzymes by ERAD to Retard Intestinal Fat Absorption and Prevent Obesity

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Hui Luo, Ming Jiang, Guili Lian, Qing Liu, Meng Shi, Terytty Yang Li, Lintao Song, Jing Ye, Ying He, Luming Yao, Cixiong Zhang, Zhi-Zhong Lin, Chen-Song Zhang, Tong-Jin Zhao, Wei-Ping Jia, Peng Li, Shu-Yong Lin, Sheng-Cai Lin
The efficiency of intestinal absorption of dietary fat constitutes a primary determinant accounting for individual vulnerability to obesity. However, how fat absorption is controlled and contributes to obesity remains unclear. Here, we show that inhibition of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) increases the abundance of triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes and fat absorption in small intestine. The C2-domain protein AIDA acts as an essential factor for the E3-ligase HRD1 of ERAD to downregulate rate-limiting acyltransferases GPAT3, MOGAT2, and DGAT2. Aida^−/− mice, when grown in a thermal-neutral condition or fed high-fat diet, display increased intestinal fatty acid re-esterification, circulating and tissue triacylglycerol, accompanied with severely increased adiposity without enhancement of adipogenesis. Intestine-specific knockout of Aida largely phenocopies its whole-body knockout, strongly indicating that increased intestinal TAG synthesis is a primary impetus to obesity. The AIDA-mediated ERAD system may thus represent an anti-thrifty mechanism impinging on the enzymes for intestinal fat absorption and systemic fat storage.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

How fat is absorbed in the intestine and contributes to obesity is not well understood. Here, Luo et al. show that the ERAD-pathway protein AIDA downregulates triacylglycerol synthesis rate-limiting enzymes in the small intestine by enhancing their degradation. Deficiency of AIDA leads to increased intestinal fat absorption and severe obesity.


https://ift.tt/2IrQq3w

A Transcriptional Circuit Filters Oscillating Circadian Hormonal Inputs to Regulate Fat Cell Differentiation

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Zahra Bahrami-Nejad, Michael L. Zhao, Stefan Tholen, Devon Hunerdosse, Karen E. Tkach, Sabine van Schie, Mingyu Chung, Mary N. Teruel
Glucocorticoid and other adipogenic hormones are secreted in mammals in circadian oscillations. Loss of this circadian oscillation pattern correlates with obesity in humans, raising the intriguing question of how hormone secretion dynamics affect adipocyte differentiation. Using live, single-cell imaging of the key adipogenic transcription factors CEBPB and PPARG, endogenously tagged with fluorescent proteins, we show that pulsatile circadian hormone stimuli are rejected by the adipocyte differentiation control system. In striking contrast, equally strong persistent signals trigger maximal differentiation. We identify the mechanism of how hormone oscillations are filtered as a combination of slow and fast positive feedback centered on PPARG. Furthermore, we confirm in mice that flattening of daily glucocorticoid oscillations significantly increases the mass of subcutaneous and visceral fat pads. Together, our study provides a molecular mechanism for why stress, Cushing's disease, and other conditions for which glucocorticoid secretion loses its pulsatility may lead to obesity.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Bahrami-Nejad et al. elucidate how adipocytes filter out normal pulsatile circadian hormone stimuli, while strong persistent signals trigger differentiation. Flattening of daily glucocorticoid oscillations in mice results in significant increases in fat mass, providing a molecular mechanism for why chronic stress, Cushing's disease, and other conditions that disrupt pulsatile glucocorticoid secretion lead to obesity.


https://ift.tt/2GQVlOm

Mitochondria Bound to Lipid Droplets Have Unique Bioenergetics, Composition, and Dynamics that Support Lipid Droplet Expansion

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Ilan Y. Benador, Michaela Veliova, Kiana Mahdaviani, Anton Petcherski, Jakob D. Wikstrom, Essam A. Assali, Rebeca Acín-Pérez, Michaël Shum, Marcus F. Oliveira, Saverio Cinti, Carole Sztalryd, William D. Barshop, James A. Wohlschlegel, Barbara E. Corkey, Marc Liesa, Orian S. Shirihai
Mitochondria associate with lipid droplets (LDs) in fat-oxidizing tissues, but the functional role of these peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) is unknown. Microscopic observation of interscapular brown adipose tissue reveals that PDM have unique protein composition and cristae structure and remain adherent to the LD in the tissue homogenate. We developed an approach to isolate PDM based on their adherence to LDs. Comparison of purified PDM to cytoplasmic mitochondria reveals that (1) PDM have increased pyruvate oxidation, electron transport, and ATP synthesis capacities; (2) PDM have reduced β-oxidation capacity and depart from LDs upon activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and β-oxidation; (3) PDM support LD expansion as Perilipin5-induced recruitment of mitochondria to LDs increases ATP synthase-dependent triacylglyceride synthesis; and (4) PDM maintain a distinct protein composition due to uniquely low fusion-fission dynamics. We conclude that PDM represent a segregated mitochondrial population with unique structure and function that supports triacylglyceride synthesis.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Benador et al. report on a distinct mitochondrial population associated with lipid droplets in the interscapular brown adipose tissue. Peridroplet mitochondria have enhanced bioenergetic capacity, reduced β-oxidation capacity, support lipid droplet expansion by providing ATP for triacylglyceride synthesis, and maintain a distinct protein composition due to low fusion-fission dynamics.


https://ift.tt/2GxEVHb

Mitochondria Restrict Growth of the Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii by Limiting Its Uptake of Fatty Acids

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Lena Pernas, Camilla Bean, John C. Boothroyd, Luca Scorrano
How intracellular pathogens acquire essential non-diffusible host metabolites and whether the host cell counteracts the siphoning of these nutrients by its invaders are open questions. Here we show that host mitochondria fuse during infection by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii to limit its uptake of fatty acids (FAs). A combination of genetics and imaging of FA trafficking indicates that Toxoplasma infection triggers lipophagy, the autophagy of host lipid droplets (LDs), to secure cellular FAs essential for its proliferation. Indeed, Toxoplasma FA siphoning and growth are reduced in host cells genetically deficient for autophagy or triglyceride depots. Conversely, Toxoplasma FA uptake and proliferation are increased in host cells lacking mitochondrial fusion, required for efficient mitochondrial FA oxidation, or where mitochondrial FA oxidation is pharmacologically inhibited. Thus, mitochondrial fusion can be regarded as a cellular defense mechanism against intracellular parasites, by limiting Toxoplasma access to host nutrients liberated by lipophagy.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Intracellular microbes harness essential metabolites from the host cell. In this issue, Pernas et al. show that mitochondria mount a metabolic defense against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii by fusing around its vacuole and siphoning fatty acids that Toxoplasma liberates by activating autophagy of host lipid droplets.


https://ift.tt/2GW45mr

The Factor Inhibiting HIF Asparaginyl Hydroxylase Regulates Oxidative Metabolism and Accelerates Metabolic Adaptation to Hypoxia

Publication date: 3 April 2018
Source:Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Issue 4
Author(s): Jingwei Sim, Andrew S. Cowburn, Asis Palazon, Basetti Madhu, Petros A. Tyrakis, David Macías, David M. Bargiela, Sandra Pietsch, Michael Gralla, Colin E. Evans, Thaksaon Kittipassorn, Yu C.J. Chey, Cristina M. Branco, Helene Rundqvist, Daniel J. Peet, Randall S. Johnson
Animals require an immediate response to oxygen availability to allow rapid shifts between oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. These metabolic shifts are highly regulated by the HIF transcription factor. The factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) is an asparaginyl hydroxylase that controls HIF transcriptional activity in an oxygen-dependent manner. We show here that FIH loss increases oxidative metabolism, while also increasing glycolytic capacity, and that this gives rise to an increase in oxygen consumption. We further show that the loss of FIH acts to accelerate the cellular metabolic response to hypoxia. Skeletal muscle expresses 50-fold higher levels of FIH than other tissues: we analyzed skeletal muscle FIH mutants and found a decreased metabolic efficiency, correlated with an increased oxidative rate and an increased rate of hypoxic response. We find that FIH, through its regulation of oxidation, acts in concert with the PHD/vHL pathway to accelerate HIF-mediated metabolic responses to hypoxia.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Cells transition between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism when adapting to changes in oxygen supply. Sim et al. find that the enzyme FIH is expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle and decreases in activity under hypoxia. With the loss of FIH, cells have increased aerobic metabolism, which paradoxically accelerates other adaptations to hypoxia.


https://ift.tt/2GxZ4gs

Editorial Board

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Microbiological Research, Volume 210





https://ift.tt/2uJYk6z

Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of an unique indigenous hypersaline unicellular cyanobacterium, Euhalothece sp.nov

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Microbiological Research
Author(s): Trisha Mogany, Feroz M. Swalaha, Mushal Allam, Phillip Senzo Mtshali, Arshad Ismail, Sheena Kumari, Faizal Bux
A novel halotolerant species of cyanobacterium of the order Chroococcales was isolated from hypersaline estuary in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. A comprehensive polyphasic approach viz., cell morphology, pigment composition and complete genome sequence analysis was conducted to elucidate the taxonomic position of the isolated strain. The blue-green oval to rod-shaped cells were 14–18 μm in size, and contained a high amount of phycocyanin pigments. The strain was moderate thermotolerant/alkalitolerant halophile with the optimum conditions for growth at 35 °C, pH 8.5 and 120 g/l of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny, the strain was related to members of the 'Euhalothece' subcluster (99%). The whole genome sequence was determined, and the annotated genes showed a 90% sequence similarity to the gas-vacuolate, spindle-shaped Dactylococcopsis salina PCC 8305. The size of the genome was determined to be 5,113,178 bp and contained 4332 protein-coding genes and 69 RNA genes with a G + C content of 46.7%. Genes encoding osmoregulation, oxidative stress, heat shock, persister cells, and UV-absorbing secondary metabolites, among others, were identified. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, physiological data, pigment compositions and genomic data, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of Euhalothece.

Graphical abstract

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Tolerance of Ulothrix sp. LAFIC 010 (Chlorophyta) against high concentration of metals from acid mine drainage

Publication date: 15 August 2018
Source:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 157
Author(s): T.F. Massocato, J.C. Ramos, V.L.F. Bascuñan, C. Simioni, L.R. Rörig, J. Bonomi Barufi
The production of acid mine drainage of (AMD) is one of the main phenomena responsible for much of the degradation of water and soil resources. Organisms present at sites contaminated by AMD can have the potential to bioaccumulate heavy metals, stimulating their application in bioremediation processes. Ulothrix sp. LAFIC 010 was identified among the species of algae isolated from water contaminated by AMD in the region of Sideropólis (Brazil). The present study evaluated its tolerance and bioaccumulation potential related to zinc, manganese and nickel. Experiments were performed to see the effects of different concentrations of Zn, Mn and Ni (individually and in combination) on the physiological performance of the alga. The results showed that only the cultures submitted to concentrations above 0.55 mM Zn showed a decrease in growth rate and damage to physiological processes. There was no observed effect of Mn and Ni on Ulothrix sp. LAFIC 010 physiology, even with an 8-fold increase in concentrations of these metals in the medium. In cultures with combined metals, only the treatments with the highest concentrations of Zn presented reduced growth, regardless of the presence of other metals. Additionally, we observed that Mn and Ni did not decrease the toxic effect of Zn. Mn accumulation was indicated in the cell wall and Ni in the vacuole. Our results suggest that the distribution of this alga in contaminated medium is not affected by the concentration of Ni and Mn, at least under the pH that was evaluated. We conclude that Ulothrix sp. LAFIC 010 tolerates and grows under conditions with higher metal concentrations than previously reported for AMD.



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Structural equation model of the relationship between metals in contaminated soil and in earthworm (Metaphire californica) in Hunan Province, subtropical China

Publication date: 30 July 2018
Source:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 156
Author(s): Kun Wang, Yuhui Qiao, Huafen Li, Huiqi Zhang, Shizhong Yue, Xionghui Ji, Longsheng Liu
Earthworms have the ability to take up heavy metals in soil and partition them in different subcellular compartments. In this study, we used a structural equation model (SEM) to investigate the two-step causal relationship between environmental availability (EA) and environmental bioavailability (EB) of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb), as reflected by their levels in soil fractions and in earthworms from field-contaminated areas in Southern China. In the SEM, the correlation between EA and EB reflected the bioavailability of Cd, Zn, and Pb. For Cd, the causal relationship between the latent variables EA and EB was reflected by DTPA fractions in soil as well as by earthworm internal and subcellular cytosol fractions. The extractable and oxidizable fractions of Zn in soil influenced Zn concentrations in the cytosol and debris. The DTPA and reducible Pb fractions were bioavailable to earthworm internal Pb concentrations and those in cytosol fractions. These results implied that the DTPA, extractable, oxidizable, or reducible fractions of different metals could be the bioavailable sources to earthworm internal metals and partitioned in their subcellular compartments.



https://ift.tt/2GvzE6Z

Non-noble metal@carbon nanosheet derived from exfoliated MOF crystal as highly reactive and stable heterogeneous catalyst

Publication date: 31 July 2018
Source:Applied Surface Science, Volume 447
Author(s): Jian Rong, Fengxian Qiu, Tao Zhang, Yao Zhu, Jicheng Xu, Qing Guo, Xiaoming Peng
Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have exhibited a wide range of application as heterogeneous catalyst or catalyst precursor. However, the catalytic activity of many micro-sized or big block MOFs usually was limited by mass transfer resistance and low percentage of exposed active site. Herein, we report a novel strategy to prepare high-efficiency non-noble metal nanocatalysts via the exfoliation of stromatolithic MOF crystal combined subsequent carbonization process. First, micro-sized Cu- or Zn-containing MOF (Cu- or Zn-MOF) was synthesized by the coordination bonds between metal ion precursor and organic ligand. Subsequently, an exfoliated process was carried out to harvest MOFs nanosheets by H3PO4 molecules selective diffusion and etching between the MOFs crystal layer. Cu or Zn nanoparticles embedded by porous carbon (Cu@C or Zn@C) was finally obtained by the carbonization of Cu-MOF or Zn-MOF nanosheets in N2 atmosphere, respectively. Cu@C and Zn@C nanosheets showed excellent catalytic activity and reusability toward the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes. Such enhanced performance could be attributed to the high specific surface area, good dispersibility, fully exposed active sites, and the synergistic effect of metal NPs and carbon. The strategy presented herein can give MOFs great potential for application in the treatment of environmental wastewater.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2q65sod

Scholar : Philosophical Magazine, Volume 98, Issue 15, May 2018 is now available online on Taylor & Francis Online

The online platform for Taylor & Francis Online content Philosophical Magazine, Volume 98, Issue 15, May 2018 is now available online on Taylor & Francis Online. This new issue contains the following articles: Part A: Materials Science Microstructural characterisation of Al–Si cast alloys containing rare earth additions E. M. Elgallad, M. F. Ibrahim, H. W. Doty & F. H. Samuel Pages: 1337-1359 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1435917 Atomistic tight-binding computations of the structural and optical properties of CdTe/CdX (X=S and Se)/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals Worasak Sukkabot Pages: 1360-1375 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1436780 On the mechanical behaviours of a craze in particulate–polymer composites Y. M. Zhang, W. G. Zhang, M. Fan & Z. M. Xiao Pages: 1376-1396 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1438681 On low temperature glide of dissociated 〈1 1 0〉 dislocations in strontium titanate | Sebastian Ritterbex, Pierre Hirel & Philippe Carrez Pages: 1397-1411 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1438682 Part B:Condensed Matter Physics Correlated Debye model for atomic motions in metal nanocrystals P. Scardi & A. Flor Pages: 1412-1435 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1435918 Retraction Retraction statement Pages: 1436-1436 | DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1453996 To update which email alerts you receive, manage your alerts within the My Account area. Unsubscribe from new content alerts for this journal (both new issue and latest article notifications) with one click. If you need any further help, please contact us at support@tandfonline.com Please do not reply to this email. To ensure that you receive your alerts and information from Taylor & Francis Online, please add "alerts@tandfonline.com" and "info@tandfonline.com" to your safe senders list. Taylor & Francis, an Informa business. Taylor & Francis is a trading name of Informa UK Limited, registered in England under no. 1072954. Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London, SW1P 1WG.

A Prospective Study of Predicting Prognosis and Recurrence of Thyroid Cancer Via New Biomarkers, Urinary Exosomal Thyroglobulin and Galectin-3

Condition:   Thyroid Cancer
Intervention:  
Sponsor:   National Taiwan University Hospital
Not yet recruiting

https://ift.tt/2q4unbA

Editorial Board

Publication date: 1 April 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia, Volume 70





https://ift.tt/2GWtQmG

Towards the scale up of tissue engineered intervertebral discs for clinical application

Publication date: 1 April 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia, Volume 70
Author(s): Sarah E. Gullbrand, Dong Hwa Kim, Edward Bonnevie, Beth G. Ashinsky, Lachlan J. Smith, Dawn M. Elliott, Robert L. Mauck, Harvey E. Smith
Replacement of the intervertebral disc with a viable, tissue-engineered construct that mimics native tissue structure and function is an attractive alternative to fusion or mechanical arthroplasty for the treatment of disc pathology. While a number of engineered discs have been developed, the average size of these constructs remains a fraction of the size of human intervertebral discs. In this study, we fabricated medium (3 mm height × 10 mm diameter) and large (6 mm height × 20 mm diameter) sized disc-like angle ply structures (DAPS), encompassing size scales from the rabbit lumbar spine to the human cervical spine. Maturation of these engineered discs was evaluated over 15 weeks in culture by quantifying cell viability and metabolic activity, construct biochemical content, MRI T2 values, and mechanical properties. To assess the performance of the DAPS in the in vivo space, pre-cultured DAPS were implanted subcutaneously in athymic rats for 5 weeks. Our findings show that both sized DAPS matured functionally and compositionally during in vitro culture, as evidenced by increases in mechanical properties and biochemical content over time, yet large DAPS under-performed compared to medium DAPS. Subcutaneous implantation resulted in reductions in NP cell viability and GAG content at both size scales, with little effect on AF biochemistry or metabolic activity. These findings demonstrate that engineered discs at large size scales will mature during in vitro culture, however, future work will need to address the challenges of reduced cell viability and heterogeneous matrix distribution throughout the construct.Statement of SignificanceThis work establishes, for the first time, tissue-engineered intervertebral discs for total disc replacement at large, clinically relevant length scales. Clinical translation of tissue-engineered discs will offer an alternative to mechanical disc arthroplasty and fusion procedures, and may contribute to a paradigm shift in the clinical care for patients with disc pathology and associated axial spine and neurogenic extremity pain.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2GU366c

Enhanced tendon-to-bone repair through adhesive films

Publication date: 1 April 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia, Volume 70
Author(s): Stephen W. Linderman, Mikhail Golman, Thomas R. Gardner, Victor Birman, William N. Levine, Guy M. Genin, Stavros Thomopoulos
Tendon-to-bone surgical repairs have unacceptably high failure rates, possibly due to their inability to recreate the load transfer mechanisms of the native enthesis. Instead of distributing load across a wide attachment footprint area, surgical repairs concentrate shear stress on a small number of suture anchor points. This motivates development of technologies that distribute shear stresses away from suture anchors and across the enthesis footprint. Here, we present predictions and proof-of-concept experiments showing that mechanically-optimized adhesive films can mimic the natural load transfer mechanisms of the healthy attachment and increase the load tolerance of a repair. Mechanical optimization, based upon a shear lag model corroborated by a finite element analysis, revealed that adhesives with relatively high strength and low stiffness can, theoretically, strengthen tendon-to-bone repairs by over 10-fold. Lap shear testing using tendon and bone planks validated the mechanical models for a range of adhesive stiffnesses and strengths. Ex vivo human supraspinatus repairs of cadaveric tissues using multipartite adhesives showed substantial increase in strength. Results suggest that adhesive-enhanced repair can improve repair strength, and motivate a search for optimal adhesives.Statement of SignificanceCurrent surgical techniques for tendon-to-bone repair have unacceptably high failure rates, indicating that the initial repair strength is insufficient to prevent gapping or rupture. In the rotator cuff, repair techniques apply compression over the repair interface to achieve contact healing between tendon and bone, but transfer almost all force in shear across only a few points where sutures puncture the tendon. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of an adhesive film, implanted between tendon and bone, to enhance repair strength and minimize the likelihood of rupture. Mechanical models demonstrated that optimally designed adhesives would improve repair strength by over 10-fold. Experiments using idealized and clinically-relevant repairs validated these models. This work demonstrates an opportunity to dramatically improve tendon-to-bone repair strength using adhesive films with appropriate material properties.

Graphical abstract

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Realization of zero thermal expansion in La(Fe,Si)13-based system with high mechanical stability

Publication date: 15 June 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 148
Author(s): Jun Liu, Yuanyuan Gong, Jingwei Wang, Guo Peng, Xuefei Miao, Guizhou Xu, Feng Xu
A stable, zero thermal expansion material with enhanced mechanical properties was achieved by introducing in-situ secondary phases into a La(Fe,Si)13 matrix. In the Cu-doped LaFe10.6-xCuxSi2.4 system, a large amount of 1:1:1 and α-Fe phases are also clearly found, except for cubic 1:13 phase. With the increase of Cu-content, the number of precipitated phases increased gradually. Due to the positive thermal expansion of the secondary phases, the effect of the negative thermal expansion was compensated for in the composites. For the LaFe10.1Cu0.5Si2.4 sample, a low thermal expansion coefficient, about 2.8×10⁻⁷K⁻¹, was achieved between 185 and 250K. This near-zero thermal expansion effect also showed high reversibility with the temperature variation because of the characteristics of second-order transitions. Moreover, the compressive yield strengths of the composites were improved, owing to the strengthening mechanism of the secondary phases. The enhancement of the mechanical properties impeded the degradation of geometric integrity and promoted the mechanical stability during cyclic thermal measurements. This work supports the design of Invar-type materials with low structural fatigue for technological application.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2JjCoCo

Multi-structural network design and mechanical properties of graphene oxide filled chitosan-based hydrogel nanocomposites

Publication date: 15 June 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 148
Author(s): Yiwan Huang, Ming Zeng, Jiangbing Chen, Yanqing Wang, Qingyu Xu
Chitosan (CS), a linear natural polysaccharide, is often chosen to prepare hydrogels due to its hydrophilic nature and biocompatible merits. However, mechanically weak CS-based hydrogels show limited applications. Herein, we show a new multi-structural network design for mechanically enhancing graphene oxide (GO) filled CS-based hydrogel nanocomposites. The designed multi-structural hydrogel network shows a relatively dense structure with surrounding polymer chains at the local zone of self-assembled GO-CS units and a relatively loose structure at the far zone, resulting in the mechanical enhancement. By tuning GO loading and molecular weight of CS in a specific range, we intend to understand the effect of the specific multiple network structures on the mechanical properties of the composites. The experimental results demonstrate that the multi-structural network design provides an effective reinforcement mechanism for the hydrogel composites. The composite (containing only 0.30wt% GO and ≈90wt% water) has achieved 163% and 91% increases in compressive strength and work of compression, respectively, comparing to those of the neat gel. The findings may be generally applicable for the structural design and understanding of nanofiller-reinforced hydrogel and elastomer composites.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2q3OLtq

Template method for dual network self-healing hydrogel with conductive property

Publication date: 15 June 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 148
Author(s): Mengmeng Kang, Shunli Liu, Olayinka Oderinde, Fang Yao, Guodong Fu, Zhihong Zhang
We herein present dual-network self-healing hydrogels via ionic cross-linking and hydrogel bonds based on chitosan molecular chain as a template. Chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) were reacted to form a dual-network structure via Fe³⁺ ion coordination and hydrogen bonds. The healing property mainly depends on the coordination between Fe³⁺ ions and COOH or NH2 groups of the polymer chains, as well as on the hydrogen bonds occurring among OH, NH2 and COOH groups. Compared with the covalent cross-linking points, the ionic linkages and hydrogen bonds in the hydrogels were stochastic and dynamic. Hence, if the hydrogel becomes cracked or possesses a notch, the cross-linking points will be destroyed, while the new ones will be re-formed based on the dual-network of the hydrogel. The self-healing efficiency of the as-prepared hydrogel could reach 98.5% when the concentration range of 0.01–0.5M Fe³⁺ aqueous solution was used. In addition, both the compression resistance and electrical conductivity of the hydrogel were enhanced with FeCl3 content increasing. Therefore, the as-prepared hydrogel exhibited excellent stretchability, compression resistance, self-healing performance without any external stimulus, and electrical conductivity.

Graphical abstract

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Editorial Board

Publication date: 5 June 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 147





https://ift.tt/2EjfXta

Acute and chronic effect of physical activity on cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD: A systematic review of intervention studies

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 77
Author(s): Sara Suarez-Manzano, Alberto Ruiz-Ariza, Manuel De La Torre-Cruz, Emilio J. Martínez-López
BackgroundYoung people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have learning and behavioral control difficulties.AimThe aim of this review is analyse the acute and chronic effect of physical activity (PA) on the cognition and behaviour of children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodsStudies were identified in five databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and SCOPUS), from January 2000 through to January 2017. A total of 16 interventional studies met the inclusion criteria.Results/conclusionsPA practice of 20–30 min (intensity 40–75%) produces a positive acute effect on processing speed, working memory, planning and problem solving in young people with ADHD. However, these effects on behaviour are contradictory and vary depending on age. Chronic PA practice (≥30 min per day, ≥40% intensity, ≥three days per week, ≥five weeks) further improves attention, inhibition, emotional control, behaviour and motor control. The results must be treated with caution, because only 25% of the studies used confounders.ImplicationMore research is needed to justify the causes of these effects. It is necessary to establish programs with regard to the duration, intensity, kind of exercise, and time of PA to improve cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD taking into account potential confounders.



https://ift.tt/2q5e7Hp

The influence of temporomandibular joint movement parameters on dental morphology

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
Author(s): Luminita Oancea, Roxana Stegaroiu, Corina Marilena Cristache
Association between tooth morphology, occlusal relations and mandibular condyle/glenoid fossa morphology is still a controversial issue in dentistry.The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of three important articular parameters on the dental morphology and the crown volume, quantifying the variation for each tooth group: incisor, canine, premolar and molar.Materials and MethodsAll maxillary teeth from a set of basic study models were prepared for zirconia single crowns. The models were scanned and then, using a computer aided design software, they were mounted in a virtual articulator and specific mandibular movements were defined. The crown morphology was designed and statically adapted. Ten models were obtained by dynamical adjustment of the basic model for successively modified articular parameters: sagittal condylar inclination (SCI)=30°, Bennett angle (BA)=10°, Immediate side shift (ISS)=0.5mm − for control and SCI: 40°, 50° and 60° with BA and ISS as control, BA: 15°, 20° and 25° with SCI and ISS as control, ISS: 1.5mm, 1.0mm and 0.0mm with SCI and BA as control − for the nine test models. The following measurements were performed three times on the right side of each model: volume for each tooth group, slope (S) for the central incisor, S and mesio-distal angle (MDA) for canine, S, MDA and vestibulo-oral angle (VOA) for the first premolar and molar.Resultswhen SCI was varied, statistically significant changes as compared to the controls were found for incisor's and premolar's S, premolar's VOA and, for 50° and 60°, MDA and molar's MDA (for 50°) and VOA (for 60°). When BA was varied, significant changes were found for S (canine) and, in certain models, MDA (premolar, molar). Variations of ISS significantly changed mainly MDA for molars and, in two models, premolars.ConclusionsWithin the limits of this study, among the articular parameters, SCI mostly influenced the dynamic tooth morphology, but canine and molar morphology was stronger influenced by BA and/or ISS.



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The deep lymphatic anatomy of the hand

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
Author(s): Chuan-Xiang Ma, Wei-Ren Pan, Zhi-An Liu, Fan-Qiang Zeng, Zhi-Qiang Qiu
Backgroundthe deep lymphatic anatomy of the hand still remains the least described in medical literature.Methodseight hands were harvested from four nonembalmed human cadavers amputated above the wrist. A small amount of 6% hydrogen peroxide was employed to detect the lymphatic vessels around the superficial and deep palmar vascular arches, in webs from the index to little fingers, the thenar and hypothenar areas. A 30-gauge needle was inserted into the vessels and injected with a barium sulphate compound. Each specimen was dissected, photographed and radiographed to demonstrate deep lymphatic distribution of the hand.Resultsfive groups of deep collecting lymph vessels were found in the hand: superficial palmar arch lymph vessel (SPALV); deep palmar arch lymph vessel (DPALV); thenar lymph vessel (TLV); hypothenar lymph vessel (HTLV); deep finger web lymph vessel (DFWLV). Each group of vessels drained in different directions first, then all turned and ran towards the wrist in different layers.Conclusionthe deep lymphatic drainage of the was been presented. The results will provide an anatomical basis for clinical management, educational reference and scientific research.



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Molecular mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation in snake venom

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Diana R. Amazonas, José A. Portes-Junior, Milton Y. Nishiyama-Jr, Carolina A. Nicolau, Hipócrates M. Chalkidis, Rosa H.V. Mourão, Felipe G. Grazziotin, Darin R. Rokyta, H. Lisle Gibbs, Richard H. Valente, Inácio L.M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo, Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying snake venom variability provides important clues for understanding how the biological functions of this powerful toxic arsenal evolve. We analyzed in detail individual transcripts and venom protein isoforms produced by five specimens of a venomous snake (Bothrops atrox) from two nearby but genetically distinct populations from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest which show functional similarities in venom properties. Individual variation was observed among the venoms of these specimens, but the overall abundance of each general toxin family was conserved both in transcript and in venom protein levels. However, when expression of independent paralogues was analyzed, remarkable differences were observed within and among each toxin group, both between individuals and between populations. Transcripts for functionally essential venom proteins ("core function" proteins) were highly expressed in all specimens and showed similar transcription/translation rates. In contrast, other paralogues ("adaptive" proteins) showed lower expression levels and the toxins they coded for varied among different individuals. These results provide support for the inferences that (a) expression and translational differences play a greater role in defining adaptive variation in venom phenotypes than does sequence variation in protein coding genes and (b) convergent adaptive venom phenotypes can be generated through different molecular mechanisms.SignificanceAnalysis of individual transcripts and venom protein isoforms produced by specimens of a venomous snake (Bothrops atrox), from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, revealed that transcriptional and translational mechanisms contribute to venom phenotypic variation. Our finding of evidence for high expression of toxin proteins with conserved function supports the hypothesis that the venom phenotype consists of two kinds of proteins: conserved "core function" proteins that provide essential functional activities with broader relevance and less conserved "adaptive" proteins that vary in expression and may permit customization of protein function. These observations allowed us to suggest that genetic mechanisms controlling venom variability are not restricted to selection of gene copies or mutations in structural genes but also to selection of the mechanisms controlling gene expression, contributing to the plasticity of this important phenotype for venomous snakes.

Graphical abstract

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Integrating phosphoproteomics into kinase-targeted cancer therapies in precision medicine

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Xiaomo Wu, Xiaohua Xing, Djameel Dowlut, Yongyi Zeng, Jingfeng Liu, Xiaolong Liu
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that is involved in the regulation of all major biological processes in cells. As a rapid and reversible means to modulate protein activity and transduce signals, aberrant protein phosphorylation is implicated in the onset and progression of most cancer types. Therefore, pharmacological inhibitors against protein kinases are highly pursued therapeutic approaches for treating cancer. Phosphoproteomics has become an important approach for investigating protein phosphorylation, and it is a technique that provides measurements of kinase pathway activation and the circuitry of signalling networks with both spatial and temporal resolution. Combined with the recent advances in mass spectrometry and development in biochemical procedures for phosphopeptide enrichment and computational approaches, high-throughput phosphoproteomics enables the investigation of kinase signalling networks with unprecedented depth. Here, we review the recent progresses in phosphoproteomics methodology and how phosphoproteomics profiling could be implemented in translational research to aid cancer therapies, facilitate novel drug target discovery and overcome the therapeutic obstacles caused by drug resistance.SignificanceIn this review, we summarized the recent progress in mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics and discussed how phosphoproteomics profiling can be implemented in translational research to aid cancer therapies, facilitate novel drug target discovery and overcome the therapeutic obstacles caused by drug resistance due to the rapid remodelling of signalling networks in response to kinase inhibitor treatment. In addition, we addressed the insights and challenges of applying MS phosphoproteomics in clinical routine practice in precision medicine. This review will help readers become more familiar with the recent advancements and applications of phosphoproteomics, especially in the field of kinase-targeted cancer therapy.

Graphical abstract

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Reprint of: Proteomics in cardiovascular diseases: Unveiling sex and gender differences in the era of precision medicine

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Roberta Baetta, Marta Pontremoli, Alma Martinez Fernandez, Corinne M. Spickett, Cristina Banfi
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the most important cause of mortality in women and in men. Contrary to the long-standing notion that the effects of the major risk factors on CVD outcomes are the same in both sexes, recent evidence recognizes new, potentially independent, sex/gender-related risk factors for CVDs, and sex/gender-differences in the clinical presentation of CVDs have been demonstrated. Furthermore, some therapeutic options may not be equally effective and safe in men and women. In this context, proteomics offers an extremely useful and versatile analytical platform for biomedical researches that expand from the screening of early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying CDVs. In this review, we summarized the current applications of proteomics in the cardiovascular field, with emphasis on sex and gender-related differences in CVDs.SignificanceIncreasing evidence supports the profound effect of sex and gender on cardiovascular physio-pathology and the response to drugs. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphisms in CVDs would not only improve our knowledge of the etiology of these diseases, but could also inform health policy makers and guideline committees in tailoring specific interventions for the prevention, treatment and management of CVDs in both men and women.

Graphical abstract

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Toxicological evaluation of nail polish waste discarded in the environment

Abstract

Nail polish has been widely used around the world. However, the hazards of nail polishes discarded in the environment are still poorly investigated. Thus, the toxicogenetic effects of solubilized (SE) and leached (LE) extracts from nail polishes were investigated, simulating their disposal on water and landfill, respectively, and identifying their physicochemical properties and chemical constituents. Organic compounds and metals were detected in both extracts. SE and LE only induced mutagenic effects in TA98 Salmonella strain in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Although both extracts did not significantly increase the frequency of micronucleated HepG2 cells, the cell viability was affected by 24-h exposure. No DNA damage was observed in gonad fish cells (RTG-2) exposed to both extracts; however, the highest SE and LE concentrations induced significant lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish early-life stages during 96-h exposure. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that if nail polishes enter aquatic systems, it may cause negative impacts to the environment.

https://ift.tt/2GCEQSU

Assessing links between energy consumption, freight transport, and economic growth: evidence from dynamic simultaneous equation models

Abstract

We investigate this study to examine the relationship between economic growth, freight transport, and energy consumption for 63 developing countries over the period of 1990–2016. In order to make the panel data analysis more homogeneous, we apply the income level of countries to divide the global panel into three sub-panels, namely, lower-middle income countries (LMIC), upper-middle income countries (UMIC), and high-income countries (HIC). Using the generalized method of moments (GMM), the results prove evidence of bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and freight transport for all selected panels and between economic growth and energy consumption for the high- and upper-middle income panels. For the lower-middle income panel, the causality is unidirectional running from energy consumption to economic growth. Also, the results indicate that the relationship between freight transport and energy use is bidirectional for the high-income countries and unidirectional from freight transport to energy consumption for the upper-middle and lower-middle income countries. Empirical evidence demonstrates the importance of energy for economic activity and rejects the neo-classical assumption that energy is neutral for growth. An important policy recommendation is that there is need of advancements in vehicle technology which can reduce energy intensity from transport sector and improve the energy efficiency in transport activity which in turn allows a greater positive role of transport in global economic activity.

https://ift.tt/2HaHjEQ

Nimodipine represses AMPK phosphorylation and excessive autophagy after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Brain Research Bulletin
Author(s): Yan Chen, Zihu Tan
Chronic cerebral hypofusion (CCH) after bilateral carotid artery occlusion (2VO) causes cognitive damage and neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 area, and influences the oxygen and glucose supply in the brain which often results in metabolic alterations and oxidative stress. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, a sensor of cellular energy status that directs metabolic adaptation to support cellular growth and survival after CCH. Autophagy is also likely to be involved in metabolic adaptation and play an important role in neuronal deterioration and cognitive decline after CCH. Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel antagonist, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the potential role of nimodipine in autophagy and the energy sensing AMPK signal is not well understood. In addition, little is known about the relationship between autophagy and the energy sensing AMPK signal. Here, we designed a way to evaluate these issues. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2VO and randomly divided into three groups: the Vehicle (2VO), Nimodipine (2VO + nimodipine 10 mg/kg) groups. A third group of animals served as sham controls. Each group was investigated at 2 and 4 weeks post gavage and tested using the Morris water maze. The activities of LC3B and the energy sensing AMPK signal were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Nimodipine significantly alleviated spatial learning and memory impairments and the number of lesion neurons. At 2 weeks of durg administration, these drug effects, suppressing AMPK activation and excessive autophagy, were more pronounced at the cortex than at hippocampal CA1 area. The effects of nimodipine were significant in the hippocampal CA1 area after 4 weeks of administration. Furthermore, nimodipine inhibited expression of eIF2α/ATF4 signaling related to energy deficit stress in 2VO rats. These results suggest that excessive autophagy has promoted neuronal and tissue injury after 2VO in rats. Nimodipine protected the brain from CCH by inhibiting the autophagy activity. The p-AMPK and eIF2α/ATF4 pathway is likely part of an integrated pro-autophagy signaling network after CCH.



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1 mA cathodal tDCS shows excitatory effects in children and adolescents: Insights from TMS evoked N100 potential

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Brain Research Bulletin
Author(s): Vera Moliadze, Ekaterina Lyzhko, Till Schmanke, Saskia Andreas, Christine M. Freitag, Michael Siniatchkin
In children and adolescents, 1 mA transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may cause "paradoxical" effects compared with adults: both 1 mA anodal and cathodal tDCS increase amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) as revealed by a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. Here, EEG based evoked potentials induced by a single pulse TMS, particularly the N100 component as marker of motor cortex inhibition, were investigated in order to explain effects of tDCS on the developing brain. In nineteen children and adolescents (11–16 years old), 1 mA anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS was applied over the left primary motor cortex for 10 minutes. The TMS-evoked N100 was measured by 64-channel EEG before and immediately after stimulation as well as every 10 min after tDCS for one hour. 1 mA Cathodal stimulation suppressed the N100 amplitude compared with sham stimulation. In contrast, anodal tDCS did not modify the N100 amplitude. It seems likely that the increase of the motor cortex activity under cathodal tDCS in children and adolescents as shown in previous studies can be attributed to a reduce inhibition. Based on TMS evoked N100, the study provides an insight into neuromodulatory effects of tDCS on the developing brain.



https://ift.tt/2q58VTV

Manipulation of matter by electric and magnetic fields: Toward novel synthesis and processing routes of inorganic materials

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Olivier Guillon, Christian Elsässer, Oliver Gutfleisch, Jürgen Janek, Sandra Korte-Kerzel, Dierk Raabe, Cynthia A. Volkert
The use of external electric and magnetic fields for the synthesis and processing of inorganic materials such as metals and ceramics has seen renewed interest in recent years. Electromagnetic energy can be utilized in different ways to improve or accelerate phase formation and stabilization, chemical ordering, densification and coarsening of particle-based materials (pore elimination and grain growth), and mechanical deformation (plasticity and creep). In these new synthesis and processing routes, the resulting microstructures and macroscopic material behavior are determined by the interaction of the applied fields with defects such as single or clustered point defects, dislocation networks, and interfaces. Multiscale experimental investigations and modeling are necessary to unveil the mechanisms underlying this field-assisted manipulation of matter.

Graphical abstract

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Piezoelectric properties in two-dimensional materials: Simulations and experiments

Publication date: Available online 4 April 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Ronan Hinchet, Usman Khan, Christian Falconi, Sang-Woo Kim
The piezoelectric effect, discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie, effectively allows to transduce signals from the mechanical domain to the electrical domain and vice versa. For this reason, piezoelectric devices are already ubiquitous, including, for instance, quartz oscillators, mechanical actuators with sub-atomic resolution and microbalances. However, the ability to synthesize two-dimensional (2D) materials may enable the fabrication of innovative devices with unprecedented performance. For instance, many materials which are not piezoelectric in their bulk form become piezoelectric when reduced to a single atomic layer; moreover, since all the atoms belong to the surface, piezoelectricity can be effectively engineered by proper surface modifications. As additional advantages, 2D materials are strong, flexible, easy to be co-integrated with conventional integrated circuits or micro-electromechanical systems and, in comparison with bulk or quasi-1D materials, easier to be simulated at the atomistic level. Here, we review the state of the art on 2D piezoelectricity, with reference to both computational predictions and experimental characterization. Because of their unique advantages, we believe 2D piezoelectric materials will substantially expand the applications of piezoelectricity.

Graphical abstract

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Comparison of Ipsilateral and Contralateral Paramedian Forehead Flaps to Reconstruct Lateral Nasal Subunits

No abstract available

https://ift.tt/2IsAWwb

Geographic Distribution of U.S. Mohs Micrographic Surgery Workforce

No abstract available

https://ift.tt/2GVMQ4y

Treatment of Sclerodermoid Graft-Versus-Host Disease With the Fractionated Nonablative 1,927 nm Thulium Fiber Laser

No abstract available

https://ift.tt/2IriJ22

Ras and Rap1: A Tale of Two GTPases

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Seminars in Cancer Biology
Author(s): Seema Shah, Ethan J. Brock, Kyungmin Ji, Raymond R. Mattingly
Ras oncoproteins play pivotal roles in both the development and maintenance of many tumor types. Unfortunately, these proteins are difficult to directly target using traditional pharmacological strategies, in part due to their lack of obvious binding pockets or allosteric sites. This obstacle has driven a considerable amount of research into pursuing alternative ways to effectively inhibit Ras, examples of which include inducing mislocalization to prevent Ras maturation and inactivating downstream proteins in Ras-driven signaling pathways. Ras proteins are archetypes of a superfamily of small GTPases that play specific roles in the regulation of many cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking, nuclear transport, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell cycle progression. Several other superfamily members have also been linked to the control of normal and cancer cell growth and survival. For example, Rap1 has high sequence similarity to Ras, has overlapping binding partners, and has been demonstrated to both oppose and mimic Ras-driven cancer phenotypes. Rap1 plays an important role in cell adhesion and integrin function in a variety of cell types. Mechanistically, Ras and Rap1 cooperate to initiate and sustain ERK signaling, which is activated in many malignancies and is the target of successful therapeutics. Here we review the role activated Rap1 in ERK signaling and other downstream pathways to promote invasion and cell migration and metastasis in various cancer types.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 167





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Phantom somatosensory evoked potentials following selective intraneural electrical stimulation in two amputees

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology, Volume 129, Issue 6
Author(s): Giuseppe Granata, Riccardo Di Iorio, Roberto Romanello, Francesco Iodice, Stanisa Raspopovic, Francesco Petrini, Ivo Strauss, Giacomo Valle, Thomas Stieglitz, Paul Čvančara, David Andreu, Jean-Louis Divoux, David Giraud, Loic Wauters, Arthur Hiairrassary, Winnie Jensen, Silvestro Micera, Paolo Maria Rossini
ObjectiveThe aim of the paper is to objectively demonstrate that amputees implanted with intraneural interfaces are truly able to feel a sensation in the phantom hand by recording "phantom" somatosensory evoked potentials from the corresponding brain areas.MethodsWe implanted four transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrodes, available with percutaneous connections to a multichannel electrical stimulator, in the median and ulnar nerves of two left trans-radial amputees. Two channels of the implants that were able to elicit sensations during intraneural nerve stimulation were chosen, in both patients, for recording somatosensory evoked potentials.ResultsWe recorded reproducible evoked responses by stimulating the median and the ulnar nerves in both cases. Latencies were in accordance with the arrival of somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex.ConclusionOur results provide evidence that sensations generated by intraneural stimulation are truly perceived by amputees and located in the phantom hand. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that sensations perceived in different parts of the phantom hand result in different evoked responses.SignificanceSomatosensory evoked potentials obtained by selective intraneural electrical stimulation in amputee patients are a useful tool to provide an objective demonstration of somatosensory feedback in new generation bidirectional prostheses.



https://ift.tt/2IrmODj

Rapid exhaustion of auditory neural conduction in a prototypical mitochondrial disease, Friedreich ataxia

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology, Volume 129, Issue 6
Author(s): Fabrice Giraudet, Perrine Charles, Thierry Mom, Odile Boespflug-Tanguy, Alexandra Dürr, Paul Deltenre, Paul Avan
ObjectivesIn patients with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), mitochondrial failure leads to impaired cellular energetics. Since many FRDA patients have impaired hearing in noise, we investigated the objective consequences on standard auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs).MethodsIn 37 FRDA patients, among whom 34 with abnormal standard ABRs, hearing sensitivity, speech-in-noise intelligibility and otoacoustic emissions were controlled. ABR recordings were split into four consecutive segments of the total time frame used for data collection, thus allowing the dynamics of ABR averaging to be observed.ResultsMost ears showed features of an auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder with flattened ABRs and impaired speech-in-noise intelligibility contrasting with near-normal hearing sensitivity and normal preneural responses. Yet split-ABRs revealed short-lived wave patterns in 26 out of 68 ears with flattened standard ABRs (38%). While averaging went on, the pattern of waves shifted so that interwave latencies increased by 35% on average.ConclusionsIn FRDA, the assumption of stationarity used for extracting standard ABRs is invalid. The preservation of early split-ABRs indicates no short-term dyssynchrony of action potentials. A large decrease in conduction velocity along auditory neurons occurs within seconds, attributed to fast energetic failure.SignificanceThis model of metabolic sensory neuropathy warns against exposure of metabolically-impaired patients to sustained auditory stimulation.



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Parents' drinking motives and problem drinking predict their children's drinking motives, alcohol use and substance misuse

Publication date: September 2018
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 84
Author(s): Claudia Marino, Antony C. Moss, Alessio Vieno, Ian P. Albery, Daniel Frings, Marcantonio M. Spada
The aim of the current study was to test the direct and indirect influence of parents' drinking motives and problem drinking on their children's drinking motives, alcohol use and substance misuse. Cross-sectional analysis of parent and child drinking patterns and motives, derived from the nationally representative Drinkaware Monitor panel survey. The sample comprised a total of 148 couples of parents and child. Path analysis revealed that children's alcohol use and substance misuse were influenced by their own drinking motives and parents' problem drinking. Parents' conformity motives were linked to their children's conformity motives. Finally, parental drinking problems mediated the effect of their coping motives on their childrens' alcohol use and substance misuse. In conclusion, parental drinking styles relate to their children's alcohol use and substance misuse through problem drinking and drinking motives.



https://ift.tt/2JgXGAu

Difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse: A path analysis

Publication date: September 2018
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 84
Author(s): Nicole H. Weiss, Shannon R. Forkus, Ateka A. Contractor, Melissa R. Schick
IntroductionAlcohol and drugs are widely used among college students. Emotion dysregulation has been identified as a key mechanism in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. Yet, research in this area has been limited by its narrow focus on dysregulation stemming from negative emotions. The goal of the current study was to extend past research by examining the relation of difficulties regulating positive emotions to alcohol and drug misuse.MethodsParticipants were 311 college students (Mage = 19.24; 66.1% female; 66.0% White) who completed measures assessing difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse.ResultsStructural equational modeling was used to model the relation between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. In a hypothesized structural model, higher levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions were found to relate to greater alcohol and drug misuse. Moreover, an alternative model provided support for an association of greater drug (but not alcohol) misuse to higher levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions.ConclusionsIf replicated, findings may suggest the utility of targeting difficulties regulating positive emotions in treatments aimed at reducing alcohol and drug misuse among college students.



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Modernizing Regulation of Cosmetic Products: Reintroduction of the Personal Care Products Safety Act

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Author(s): Harrison P. Nguyen, Wilma F. Bergfeld, Howard P. Forman, Donald V. Belsito, Jean L. Bolognia




https://ift.tt/2GT3B0h

Does biologic treatment of psoriasis lower the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality? A critical question that we are only just beginning to answer

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Author(s): Joel M. Gelfand




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Therapeutic potentials of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. against inflammation and oxidative stress: A review

Publication date: 28 June 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 220
Author(s): Khanchuila Shingnaisui, Tapan Dey, Prasenjit Manna, Jatin Kalita
Ethnopharmacological relevanceHouttuynia cordata Thunb. (Family: Saururaceae) is an herbaceous perennial plant that grows in moist and shady places. The plant is well known among the people of diverse cultures across Japan, Korea, China and North-East India for its medicinal properties. Traditionally the plant is used for its various beneficial properties against inflammation, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, muscular sprain, stomach ulcer etc.Oxidative stress and inflammation were found to be linked with most of the diseases in recent times. Many ancient texts from Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda and Siddha, and Japanese Traditional medicine have documented the efficacy of H. cordata against oxidative stress and inflammation.Aim of the studyThis review aims to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on the efficacy of H. cordata extracts as well as its bioactive compounds both in vitro and in vivo, against oxidative stress and inflammationMaterials and methodsRelevant information on H. cordata against oxidative stress and inflammation were collected from the established scientific databases such as NCBI, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Springer. Additionally, a few books and magazines were also consulted to get the important information.ResultsHerbal medicines or plant products were traditionally being used for treating the oxidative stress and inflammation related diseases in diverse communities across the world. Scientifically, H. cordata has shown to target several signaling pathways and found to effectively reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation. Phyto-constituents such as afzelin, hyperoside and quercitrin have shown to reduce inflammation both in vitro and in vivo models. These molecules were also shown to have strong antioxidant properties both in vivo and in vitro models.ConclusionsH. cordata extracts and its bioactive molecules were shown to have both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. As both in vitro and in vivo studies were shown that H. cordata did not have any toxicity on the various model systems used, future clinical studies will hopefully make an impact on the future direction of treating inflammation-related diseases.

Graphical abstract

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Relaxant effect of Lippia origanoides essential oil in guinea-pig trachea smooth muscle involves potassium channels and soluble guanylyl cyclase

Publication date: 28 June 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 220
Author(s): Pedro Modesto Nascimento Menezes, Mariana Coelho Brito, Gabriela Olinda de Paiva, Carine Oliveira dos Santos, Lenaldo Muniz de Oliveira, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Angélica Maria Lucchese, Fabrício Souza Silva
Ethnopharmacological relevanceLippia origanoides H.B.K. is an aromatic species used in folk medicine to treat respiratory diseases, including asthma.Aim of the studyThe aim of this work was to evaluate the relaxing potential and mechanism of action of the L. origanoides (LOO) essential oil in isolated guinea-pig trachea.Materials and methodsLeaves from L. origanoides were collected at experimental fields under organic cultivation, at the Forest Garden of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS and the volatile constituents were identified. Spasmolytic activity and relaxant mechanism of LOO were assayed in isolated guinea-pig trachea contracted with histamine, carbachol or hyperpolarizing KCl.ResultsChemical analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol (53.89%) as major constituent. LOO relaxed isolated guinea-pig trachea pre-contracted with KCl 60 mM [EC50 = 30.02 μg/mL], histamine 1 µM [EC50 = 9.28 μg/mL] or carbachol 1 µM [EC50 = 51.80 μg/mL]. The pre-incubation of glibenclamide, CsCl, propranolol, indomethacin, hexamethonium, aminophylline or L-NAME in histamine-induced contractions did not alter significantly the relaxant effect of LOO. However, the presence of 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium or methylene blue reduced LOO effect, while the presence of dexamethasone or atropine potentialized the LOO relaxant effect. LOO pre-incubation inhibited carbachol-evoked contractions, with this effect potentialized in the presence of sodium nitroprusside and blocked in the presence of ODQ.ConclusionsThe relaxant mechanism of LOO on the tracheal smooth muscle possibly involves stimulating of soluble guanylyl cyclase with consequent activation of the voltage-gated and Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels.

Graphical abstract

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The new plant Parinari kerstingii Engl.: Toxicity studies and anti-inflammatory properties

Publication date: 28 June 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 220
Author(s): Loveth O. Linus, Shi-Lei Wang, Ning Shi, Christian Hanson, Yi-Tong Lu, Raphael N. Alolga, Qun Liu, Reginald C. Njokuocha, Lian-Wen Qi
Ethnopharmacological relevanceParinari kerstingii Engl. extract is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, bronchopneumonia, feverish pains, and breast cancer. However, there have not been any scientific reports regarding the medicinal properties of this plant, and no experiments have been done to ascertain the safety of the extract.Aim of the studyThe objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extracts as an herbal remedy and to investigate its anti-inflammatory potential in vivo.Materials and methodsSprague-Dawley albino male rats were used in these experiments. 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract (PKWE) were used for a 14 day toxicity study. For the anti-inflammatory studies, the carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to investigate the effect of four fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract [petroleum ether (fraction A), ethyl acetate (fraction B), n -butanol (fraction C) and water (fraction D)] on the paw size of rats and to investigate the inhibitory effects of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water (PKWE) and Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract (PKEE).ResultsThe administration of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract showed no sign of toxicity. However, the 600 mg/kg of body weight dose showed a very significant increase in creatinine concentration. All the fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema and by a significant decrease in the production of IL-1, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-кB, and PGE2. Moreover, fraction A and B showed enhanced in vivo anti-inflammatory effects compared to aspirin. Furthermore, PKEE was demonstrated to be more effective than PKWE.ConclusionWe present the first report on the plant Parinari kerstingii Engl. Based on our findings, PKWE at a dose of up to 300 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days is considered safe, and our anti-inflammatory results support its traditional use. Overall, Parinari kerstingii Engl. has been demonstrated to be a potential drug candidate. Thus, further experiments, such as isolation/structural elucidation of the phytochemicals and biological screening of this plant, need to be done.

Graphical abstract

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Camptosorus sibiricus rupr aqueous extract prevents lung tumorigenesis via dual effects against ROS and DNA damage

Publication date: 28 June 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 220
Author(s): Shugui He, Rilan Ou, Wensheng Wang, Liyan Ji, Hui Gao, Yuanfeng Zhu, Xiaomin Liu, Hongming Zheng, Zhongqiu Liu, Peng Wu, Linlin Lu
Ethnopharmacological relevanceCamptosorus sibiricus Rupr (CSR) is a widely used herbal medicine with antivasculitis, antitrauma, and antitumor effects. However, the effect of CSR aqueous extract on B[a]P-initiated tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Moreover, the compounds in CSR aqueous extract need to be identified and structurally characterized.Aim of the studyWe aim to investigate the chemopreventive effect of CSR and the underlying molecular mechanism.Materials and methodsA B[a]P-stimulated normal cell model (BEAS.2B) and lung adenocarcinoma animal model were established on A/J mice. In B[a]P-treated BEAS.2B cells, the protective effects of CSR aqueous extract on B[a]P-induced DNA damage and ROS production were evaluated through flow cytometry, Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR, single-cell gel electrophoresis, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, a model of B[a]P-initiated lung adenocarcinoma was established on A/J mice to determine the chemopreventive effect of CSR in vivo. The underlying mechanism was analyzed via immunohistochemistry and microscopy. Furthermore, the new compounds in CSR aqueous extract were isolated and structurally characterized using IR, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.ResultsCSR effectively suppressed ROS production by re-activating Nrf2-mediated reductases HO-1 and NQO-1. Simultaneously, CSR attenuated the DNA damage of BEAS.2B cells in the presence of B[a]P. Moreover, CSR at 1.5 and 3 g/kg significantly suppressed tumorigenesis with tumor inhibition ratios of 36.65% and 65.80%, respectively. The tumor volume, tumor size, and multiplicity of B[a]P-induced lung adenocarcinoma were effectively decreased by CSR in vivo. After extracting and identifying the compounds in CSR aqueous extract, three new triterpene saponins were isolated and characterized structurally.ConclusionsCSR aqueous extract prevents lung tumorigenesis by exerting dual effects against ROS and DNA damage, suggesting that CSR is a novel and effective agent for B[a]P-induced carcinogenesis. Moreover, by isolating and structurally characterizing three new triterpene saponins, our study further standardized the quality of CSR aqueous extract, which could widen CSR clinical applications.

Graphical abstract

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Artemisia asiatica ethanol extract exhibits anti-photoaging activity

Publication date: 28 June 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 220
Author(s): Deok Jeong, Jongsung Lee, Seong-Gu Jeong, Yo Han Hong, Sulgi Yoo, Sang Yun Han, Ji Hye Kim, Sunggyu Kim, Jin Sic Kim, Young Soo Chung, Jong-Hoon Kim, Young-Su Yi, Jae Youl Cho
Ethnopharmacological relevanceArtemisia asiatica Nakai is a traditional herbal plant that has long been used in anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and skin protective remedies.Aim of the studyIn this study, traditionally known skin-protective activity of Artemisia asiatica Nakai was examined with its ethanol extract (Aa-EE) under various photoaging conditions using skin-originated cells, and the underlying mechanism was also examined using various types of cells.Materials and methodsEffects of Aa-EE on cell viability, photocytotoxicity, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and moisturizing factors were measured in B16F10, HEK293, NIH3T3, and HaCaT cells under untreated and ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiation conditions. Anti-melanogenic effect of Aa-EE was also examined by measuring both melanin content in B16F10 cells and tyrosinase activity. Anti-photoaging mechanism of Aa-EE was explored by determining the activation levels of signaling molecules by immunoblotting analysis.ResultsAa-EE protected HaCaT cells from UVB irradiation-induced death. Aa-EE increased the expression of a type 1 pro-collagen gene and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, and COX-2 in NIH3T3 cells induced by UVB. Aa-EE increased the expression of transglutamase-1, hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS)-2, and HAS-3 in HaCaT cells and decreased the production of melanin in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells by suppressing tyrosinase activity and the expression of tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2.ConclusionThe results suggest that Aa-EE could be skin-protective remedy with anti-photoaging, anti-apoptotic, skin remodeling, moisturizing, and anti-melanogenesis properties.

Graphical abstract

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Radon-222 related influence on ambient gamma dose

Publication date: September 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 189
Author(s): A. Melintescu, S.D. Chambers, J. Crawford, A.G. Williams, B. Zorila, D. Galeriu
Ambient gamma dose, radon, and rainfall have been monitored in southern Bucharest, Romania, from 2010 to 2016. The seasonal cycle of background ambient gamma dose peaked between July and October (100–105 nSv h⁻¹), with minimum values in February (75–80 nSv h⁻¹), the time of maximum snow cover. Based on 10 m a.g.l. radon concentrations, the ambient gamma dose increased by around 1 nSv h⁻¹ for every 5 Bq m⁻³ increase in radon. Radon variability attributable to diurnal changes in atmospheric mixing contributed less than 15 nSv h⁻¹ to the overall variability in ambient gamma dose, a factor of 4 more than synoptic timescale changes in air mass fetch. By contrast, precipitation-related enhancements of the ambient gamma dose were 15–80 nSv h⁻¹. To facilitate routine analysis, and account in part for occasional equipment failure, an automated method for identifying precipitation spikes in the ambient gamma dose was developed. Lastly, a simple model for predicting rainfall-related enhancement of the ambient gamma dose is tested against rainfall observations from events of contrasting duration and intensity. Results are also compared with those from previously published models of simple and complex formulation. Generally, the model performed very well. When simulations underestimated observations the absolute difference was typically less than the natural variability in ambient gamma dose arising from atmospheric mixing influences. Consequently, combined use of the automated event detection method and the simple model of this study could enable the ambient gamma dose "attention limit" (which indicates a potential radiological emergency) to be reduced from 200 to 400% above background to 25–50%.



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Inesperada metástasis mamaria de melanoma cutáneo en PET/TC con 18F-FDG

Publication date: Available online 4 April 2018
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): N. Martínez-Amador, I. Martínez-Rodríguez, A. García-Castaño, J. Jiménez-Bonilla, R. Quirce, I. Banzo




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Decreased staging of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Abstract

Purpose

The biological association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has not been elucidated yet. The aim of the study was to assess whether the presence of CLT exerts any influence on clinical or histological presentation of DTC.

Methods

Nine hundred and seven consecutive patients with DTC treated in the years 1998–2016 were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of concomitant CLT. The statistical differences were analysed.

Results

Out of 907 patients included in the study, 331 were diagnosed with DTC and CLT (studied group), while 576 patients with DTC but without CLT constituted a control group. The distribution of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer did not differ. In CLT group, the prevalence of pT1 was greater than for pT2–pT4 DTC (P = 0.0003; OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.27–2.24) compared to controls (68.3 vs. 56.1%, respectively). The presence of multifocal lesions was similar. The thyroid capsule infiltration without extrathyroidal invasion (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.14–0.31) was more frequent in the studied group, unlike extracapsular invasion, which was significantly more often present in patients with DTC but without CLT (P = 0.004; OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.17–2.34) as well as nodal involvement (P = 0.048; OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.42–0.99).

Conclusions

The collected data indicate a protective role of CLT in preventing the spread of the DTC. The presence of CLT might limit tumour growth to the primary site.

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Exhibition of stochastic resonance in vestibular tilt motion perception

Publication date: Available online 3 April 2018
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): R.C. Galvan-Garza, T.K. Clark, A.P. Mulavara, C.M. Oman
BackgroundStochastic Resonance (SR) is a phenomenon broadly described as "noise benefit". The application of subsensory electrical Stochastic Vestibular Stimulation (SVS) via electrodes behind each ear has been used to improve human balance and gait, but its effect on motion perception thresholds has not been examined.ObjectiveThis study investigated the capability of subsensory SVS to reduce vestibular motion perception thresholds in a manner consistent with a characteristic bell-shaped SR curve.MethodsWe measured upright, head-centered, roll tilt Direction Recognition (DR) thresholds in the dark in 12 human subjects with the application of wideband 0–30 Hz SVS ranging from ±0–700 μA. To conservatively assess if SR was exhibited, we compared the proportions of both subjective and statistical SR exhibition in our experimental data to proportions of SR exhibition in multiple simulation cases with varying underlying SR behavior. Analysis included individual and group statistics.ResultsAs there is not an established mathematical definition, three humans subjectively judged that SR was exhibited in 78% of subjects. "Statistically significant SR exhibition", which additionally required that a subject's DR threshold with SVS be significantly lower than baseline (no SVS), was present in 50% of subjects. Both percentages were higher than simulations suggested could occur simply by chance. For SR exhibitors, defined by subjective or statistically significant criteria, the mean DR threshold improved by −30% and −39%, respectively. The largest individual improvement was −47%.ConclusionAt least half of the subjects were better able to perceive passive body motion with the application of subsensory SVS. This study presents the first conclusive demonstration of SR in vestibular motion perception.



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