Gait evaluation using Inertial Measurement Units in subjects with Parkinson’s disease

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Matteo Zago, Chiarella Sforza, Ilaria Pacifici, Veronica Cimolin, Filippo Camerota, Claudia Celletti, Claudia Condoluci, Maria Francesca De Pandis, Manuela Galli
We investigated whether a wearable system based on a commercial Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) can reliably provide the main spatiotemporal gait parameters in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD), compared to a gold-standard optoelectronic motion capture system.The gait of 22 subjects with PD (Age: 69.4 (6.1) years; UPDRS-III: 28.0 (9.2)) was recorded simultaneously with an optoelectronic system and a commercial IMU-based wearable system. Eight spatiotemporal parameters describing the step cycle (cadence, velocity, stride length, stride duration, step length, stance, swing and double support duration) were compared between the two systems. The IMU and the optical system reported comparable gait parameters, with the exception of walking velocity (optical system, 0.72 (0.27) m∙s^-1 vs. IMU: 0.86 (0.26) m∙s^-1, p<0.05). Although most parameters detected by the two systems were not statistically different, some of them like stride length, double support and step duration showed notable root mean square and mean absolute errors. In conclusion, the algorithm embedded in the current release of the commercial IMU requires further improvements to be properly used with subjects with PD. Overall, the IMU system was sufficiently accurate in the assessment of fundamental gait spatiotemporal parameters. The fast and simplified data recording process allowed by wearables makes this technology appealing and represents a possible solution for the quantification of gait in the clinical context, especially when using a traditional 3D optoelectronic gait analysis is not possible, and when subjects are not fully cooperative.



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Lower extremity muscle activity during descent from varying step heights

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Emily E. Gerstle, Kevin G. Keenan, Kristian O'Connor, Stephen C. Cobb
During step descent, lower extremity musculature is critical for positioning the foot and ankle for initial contact and stabilizing the structures following contact. Although continuous stair descent has been extensively examined, curb/single transition steps where many injuries occur requires further study. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of landing strategy and step height on lower extremity muscle activity of uninjured individuals during transition step descent. Twenty-two participants walked along a level walkway, stepped down a single step (heights: 5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm) landed with the heel or forefoot, and continued walking. Muscle activity of the leading leg's peroneals, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius were recorded 200ms before and after initial contact. Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVAs within the three step heights and two landing strategies were run for both the pre- and post-contact periods. Step height by landing strategy interactions existed during the pre-contact periods for all three muscles. During the post-contact period, all muscle activity increased with each step height increment. Additionally, the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior demonstrated significant landing strategy differences. This study highlights the importance of considering both landing strategy and step height when designing or interpreting investigations of transition step negotiation.



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Chiropractic spinal manipulation alters TMS induced I-wave excitability and shortens the cortical silent period

Publication date: Available online 19 June 2018
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Heidi Haavik, Imran Khan Niazi, Mads Jochumsen, Paulius Uginčius, Oğuz Sebik, Gizem Yılmaz, Muhammad Samran Navid, Mustafa Görkem Özyurt, Kemal S. Türker
The objective of this study was to construct peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) and peristimulus frequencygram (PSF) using single motor unit recordings to further characterize the previously documented immediate sensorimotor effects of spinal manipulation. Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) via a double cone coil over the tibialis anterior (TA) motor area during weak isometric dorsiflexion of the foot was used on two different days in random order; pre/post spinal manipulation (in eighteen subjects) and pre/post a control (in twelve subjects) condition. TA electromyography (EMG) was recorded with surface and intramuscular fine wire electrodes. Three subjects also received sham double cone coil TMS pre and post a spinal manipulation intervention. From the averaged surface EMG data cortical silent periods (CSP) were constructed and analysed. Twenty-one single motor units were identified for the spinal manipulation intervention and twelve single motor units were identified for the control intervention. Following spinal manipulations there was a shortening of the silent period and an increase in the single unit I-wave amplitude. No changes were observed following the control condition. The results provide evidence that spinal manipulation reduces the TMS-induced cortical silent period and increases low threshold motoneurone excitability in the lower limb muscle. These finding may have important clinical implications as they provide support that spinal manipulation can be used to strengthen muscles. This could be followed up on populations that have reduced muscle strength, such as stroke victims.



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Cover Figure

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Cortex, Volume 104





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Editorial Board

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Cortex, Volume 104





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The ‘Enfacement’ illusion: A window on the plasticity of the self

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Cortex, Volume 104
Author(s): Giuseppina Porciello, Ilaria Bufalari, Ilaria Minio-Paluello, Enrico Di Pace, Salvatore Maria Aglioti
Understanding how self-representation is built, maintained and updated across the lifespan is a fundamental challenge for cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Studies demonstrate that the detection of body-related multisensory congruency builds bodily and facial self-representations that are crucial to developing self-recognition. Studies showing that the bodily self is more malleable than previously believed were mainly concerned with full-bodies and non-facial body parts. Crucially, however, intriguing recent evidence indicates that simple experimental manipulations could even affect self-face representation that has long been considered a stable construct impervious to change. In this review, we discuss how Interpersonal Multisensory Stimulation (IMS) paradigms can be used to temporarily induce Enfacement, i.e., the subjective illusion of looking at oneself in the mirror when in fact looking at another person's face. We show that Enfacement is a subtle but robust phenomenon occurring in a variety of experimental conditions and assessed by multiple explicit and implicit measures. We critically discuss recent findings on i) the role of sensory extero/proprio-ceptive (visual, tactile, and motor) and interoceptive (cardiac) signals in self-face plasticity, ii) the importance of multisensory integration mechanisms for the bodily self, and iii) the neural network related to IMS-driven changes in self-other face processing, within the predictive coding theoretical framework.



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The body and cognition: The relation between body representations and higher level cognitive and social processes

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Cortex, Volume 104
Author(s): Chris Dijkerman, Bigna Lenggenhager




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Radiocaesium transfer from volcanic soils to Swiss chard, cabbage and sweet corn

Publication date: December 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 192
Author(s): Paulina Schuller, Alejandra Castillo, Gabriele Voigt, Natalia Semioshkina
The root uptake of radiocaesium by different plant parts of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) and the potential influence of K-fertilising on the transfer behaviour was studied in allophanic volcanic soils (umbric andosol and dystric fluvisol) in Chile under temperate climate and heavy rainfall conditions (∼2660 mm y⁻¹) over several vegetation periods. The soils were spiked homogeneously to 0.20 m depth with 100 kBq ¹³⁴Cs m⁻² and activity concentrations measured. The transfer factor (TF, on a dry mass basis) to Swiss chard had a clear exponential decrease within each crop year for both soil types, either K-fertilised or unfertilised. The highest values of the TFs to Swiss chard were at the beginning of the harvests, and the half-times of TF decrease ranged between 52 and 137 d for umbric andosol and between 40 and 164 d for dystric fluvisol. Over the five seasons there was no consistent ageing effect based on TF in either soil types for the three studied crops. The effect of ¹³⁴Cs foliar uptake by Swiss chard from resuspended soil was estimated to account for about 70% (external leaves) and 30% (internal leaves) increase in the TF for the K-unfertilised umbric andosol, and showed an ambiguous behaviour for the K-fertilised umbric andosol. Consequently foliar uptake does not explain the 370 and 500% increase of the TF to Swiss chard leaves determined during the third growing period in the umbric andosol without and with K-fertilisation, respectively. Therefore an uncertainty factor of 3–5 is recommended to be taken into account when using this parameter for dose calculations. The TF to Swiss chard was found to be higher than previously reported values. The TF to cabbage and sweet corn plant parts was found to be within the range of previously reported values. Normal K-fertilisation resulted in about 2.4-fold reduction in ¹³⁴Cs TF to Swiss chard, 2.3-fold to sweet corn and 3.0-fold to cabbage.



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Extended Kd distributions for freshwater environment

Publication date: December 2018
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 192
Author(s): Patrick Boyer, Claire Wells, Brenda Howard
Many of the freshwater Kd values required for quantifying radionuclide transfer in the environment (e.g. ERICA Tool, Symbiose modelling platform) are either poorly reported in the literature or not available. To partially address this deficiency, Working Group 4 of the IAEA program MODARIA (2012–2015) has completed an update of the freshwater Kd databases and Kd distributions given in TRS 472 (IAEA, 2010). Over 2300 new values for 27 new elements were added to the dataset and 270 new Kd values were added for the 25 elements already included in TRS 472 (IAEA, 2010). For 49 chemical elements, the Kd values have been classified according to three solid-liquid exchange conditions (adsorption, desorption and field) as was previously carried out in TRS 472. Additionally, the Kd values were classified into two environmental components (suspended and deposited sediments). Each combination (radionuclide x component x condition) was associated with log-normal distributions when there was at least ten Kd values in the dataset and to a geometric mean when there was less than ten values. The enhanced Kd dataset shows that Kd values for suspended sediments are significantly higher than for deposited sediments and that the variability of Kd distributions are higher for deposited than for suspended sediments. For suspended sediments in field conditions, the variability of Kd distributions can be significantly reduced as a function of the suspended load that explains more than 50% of the variability of the Kd datasets of U, Si, Mo, Pb, S, Se, Cd, Ca, B, K, Ra and Po. The distinction between adsorption and desorption conditions is justified for deterministic calculations because the geometric means are systematically greater in desorption conditions. Conversely, this distinction is less relevant for probabilistic calculations due to systematic overlapping between the Kd distributions of these two conditions.



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Factors influencing the development of attitudes towards men who sexually offend and the impact on their care and treatment: A systematic review of literature between 1985 and 2015

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Laura Challinor, Simon Duff
BackgroundResearch has investigated the attitudes of a range of professional and paraprofessional staff who are exposed to men who have sexually offended. The evidence emerging from this work suggests that many factors appear to have an effect on the attitudes that staff develop, including the number of years in their job, gender, or parental status.ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to explore these factors to determine the influence they have on the attitudes of care staff and how these attitudes subsequently influence the care and treatment provided to men who sexually offend.MethodAn electronic search of seven bibliographic databases was conducted to identify primary research studies in addition to scanning reference lists of existing studies and contacting experts in the field. The search generated 13,987 hits. After scanning the titles and abstracts, 51 papers were subject to the exclusion criteria. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis process.ResultsA number of factors appear to be important when exploring the relationship between attitudes and the care and treatment provided to men who sexually offend. These include factors within the domains of cognitive, affective and behavioural attitudes.ConclusionsThe papers highlighted a range of factors that influence attitudes. These factors appear to influence the flavour of attitudes and the nature of attitudes is seen to be an influencing factor in terms of the quality of relationships between men who commit sexual offences and professional staff. However the definition of attitudes needs to be more carefully applied to empirical research. Results collected from the studies provide suggestions regarding the clinical implications.



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Aggression in mental health residential facilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Viola Bulgari, Clarissa Ferrari, Francesco Pagnini, Giovanni de Girolamo, Laura Iozzino
ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of aggression exhibited by patients living in community residential facilities and to identify risk factors for such aggression.MethodsA systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) dataset (registration number: CRD42016042475). PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for studies published prior to February 21st 2017. Studies reporting the number of patients who perpetrated aggressive behavior in residential facilities were included. Methodological quality, publication bias, and the role of moderators were assessed. A pooled effect size was calculated for each outcome. Factors affecting between-study heterogeneity were analyzed using sub-groups and meta-regression analysis.ResultsTen studies met the inclusion criteria, for a total sample of 3760 patients. The pooled prevalence of aggression in residential facilities was 29% (95% CI 0.17–0.42) with a high heterogeneity and variability among studies. History of violence, personality disorders, lifetime substance and alcohol misuse were found significantly associated with aggression.ConclusionAggression in residential care services is common. Certain individual factors are associated to an increased risk for such aggression.



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A tuneable approach to uniform light distribution for artificial daylight photodynamic therapy

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Paul O'Mahoney, Neil Haigh, Kenny Wood, C. Tom A. Brown, Sally Ibbotson, Ewan Eadie
ObjectivesImplementation of daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) is somewhat limited by variable weather conditions. Light sources have been employed to provide artificial dPDT indoors, with low irradiances and longer treatment times. Uniform light distribution across the target area is key to ensuring effective treatment, particularly for large areas. A novel light source is developed with tuneable direction of light emission in order to meet this challenge.MethodsWavelength composition of the novel light source is controlled such that the protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) weighed spectra of both the light source and daylight match. The uniformity of the light source is characterised on a flat surface, a model head and a model leg. For context, a typical conventional PDT light source is also characterised. Additionally, the wavelength uniformity across the treatment site is characterised.ResultsThe PpIX-weighted spectrum of the novel light source matches with PpIX-weighted daylight spectrum, with irradiance values within the bounds for effective dPDT. By tuning the direction of light emission, improvements are seen in the uniformity across large anatomical surfaces. Wavelength uniformity is discussed.ConclusionsWe have developed a light source that addresses the challenges in uniform, multiwavelength light distribution for large area artificial dPDT across curved anatomical surfaces.



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Topical aminolevulinic acid–photodynamic therapy in the treatment of keratoacanthoma: a case report

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Ting Lv, Fei Miao, Min-Feng Wu, Shu Nie, Shan-shan Li, Xiuli Wang, Hong-wei Wang




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Early caries detection methods according to the depth of the lesion: An in vitro comparison

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Hee-Eun Kim, Baek-Il Kim
PurposeThe aims of this study were to estimate the histological and optical changes of early carious lesions according to the duration of demineralization and to compare the efficacy to detect early carious lesions of a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) system with a spectrophotometer according to the lesion depth.MethodsEighty-four bovine enamel specimens were immersed in demineralizing gel for six distinct days. The severities of lesions were evaluated by lesion depths (Ld) by polarized light microscopy, fluorescence loss (ΔF) using QLF, and brightness (ΔL^*) by spectrophotometry. The relationships between Ld, ΔF, and ΔL^*were analyzed.Results and conclusionLd tended to be significantly deeper according to the demineralizing period (p < 0.05). The ΔF significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and the ΔL^* significantly increased with increasing the demineralizing period (p < 0.05). More shallow lesions ( Ld ≤200㎛) showed a strong relationship between ΔF and Ld (r = -0.898, p < 0.001), while there was a strong relationship between ΔL^* and Ld in deeper lesions ( Ld > 200㎛) (r = 0.858, p < 0.001). Our findings show that QLF system is a more efficient device for shallow early caries detection and that the spectrophotometer is a more stable device for the detection of deeper lesions.



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The time is ripe for a change. The evolution of harvesting technologies in Central Dalmatia during the Neolithic period (6th millennium cal BC)

Publication date: September 2018
Source:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 51
Author(s): Niccolò Mazzucco, Denis Guilbeau, Sonja Kačar, Emil Podrug, Stašo Forenbaher, Dinko Radić, Andrew M.T. Moore
The Dalmatian coast has been occupied by Neolithic seafaring communities since the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. On the basis of pottery styles, a transition between the Impressed Ware and Danilo culture is defined, around 5300 cal BC. Nevertheless, bioarchaeological and archaeological data indicate general continuity between the two periods. In the current paper, we present an integrated technological and use-wear study of a large selection of lithics from several sites of both inland and insular Dalmatia. The results provide strong evidence for a change in harvesting techniques between the Impressed Ware and Danilo cultural phases. This change can be related to the pursuit of better performing inserts that could be used for longer periods and would be quicker to resharpen. Such a switch may have been associated with an initial increase in agricultural production during the Middle Neolithic.



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Update on bone density measurements and their interpretation in children and adolescents

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Natascia Di Iorgi, Katia Maruca, Giuseppa Patti, Stefano Mora
Following the increased awareness about the central role of the pediatric age in building bone for life, clinicians face more than ever the necessity of assessing bone health in pediatric subjects at risk for early bone mass derangements or in healthy children, in order to optimize their bone mass accrual and prevent osteoporosis. Although the diagnosis of osteoporosis is not made solely upon bone mineral density measurements during growth, such determination can be very useful in the follow-up of pediatric patients with primary and secondary osteoporosis. The ideal instrument would give information on the mineral content and density of the bone, and on its architecture. It should be able to perform the measurements on the skeletal sites where fractures are more frequent, and it should be minimally invasive, accurate, precise and rapid. Unfortunately, none of the techniques currently utilized fulfills all requirements. In the present review, we focus on the pediatric use of dual–energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT), peripheral QCT (pQCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), highlighting advantages and limits for their use and providing indications for bone densitometry interpretation and of vertebral fractures diagnosis in pediatric subjects.



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Non classical complications of primary hyperparathyroidism

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Chiodini I, Cairoli E, Palmieri S, Pepe J, M.D. Walker
Several studies suggested that the condition of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may be associated not only with the classical bone, kidney and gastrointestinal consequences, but also with cardiovascular, neuromuscular and articular complications, impaired quality of life and increased cancer risk. However, the only cardiovascular complications associated with PHPT, which seems to improve after parathyroidectomy, is left ventricular hypertrophy, while, data regarding the reversibility of hypertension, valve calcifications and increased vascular stiffness are inconsistent. Parathyroidectomy seems to ameliorate neuropsychological, cognitive disturbances and quality of life in moderate-severe PHPT, while data in mild PHPT are less clear. At variance, the effect of parathyroidectomy on neuromuscular and articular complications is still unknown, and no studies demonstrated a reduction of cancer risk after recovery from PHPT.Overall, to date, cardiovascular and neuropsychological evaluation are not recommended solely because of PHPT, nor cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, and neuropsychological complications are indication for parathyroidectomy.



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Sclerosing bone dysplasias

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Eveline Boudin, Wim Van Hul
The group of sclerosing bone dysplasia's is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare bone disorders which, according to the latest Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders (2015), can be subdivided in three subgroups; the neonatal osteosclerotic dysplasias, the osteopetroses and related disorders and the other sclerosing bone disorders. Here, we give an overview of the most important radiographic and clinical symptoms, the underlying genetic defect and potential treatment options of the different sclerosing dysplasias included in these subgroups.



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Parathyroid Hormone Independent Hypercalcemia in Adults

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Jens Bollerslev, Mikkel Pretorius, Ansgar Heck
Parathyroid independent hypercalcemia is characterized by suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the presence of hypercalcemia.Well known causes and mechanisms are redistribution of calcium from the skeleton, by malignant diseases; inadequately increased intestinal calcium uptake mediated by increased vitamin D activity, and reduced renal elimination due to medications. Frequent and infrequent causes are discussed, and more recent mechanistic models presented in this review.Most hypercalcemic conditions are stable and in equilibrium between the different organs, whereas the utmost severe cases are characterized by rapid rising calcium levels and renal failure, resulting in a vicious circle where a disequilibrium state is developed. Management and treatment depends on the underlying condition and severity.The aim of this review is to discuss non-parathyroid hypercalcemic conditions as seen in the modern clinic, with a focus on areas where recent gain of knowledge has been achieved.



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Phosphate Homeostasis Disorders

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Marta Christov, Harald Jüppner
Our understanding of the regulation of phosphate balance has benefited tremendously from the molecular identification and characterization of genetic defects leading to a number of rare inherited or acquired disorders affecting phosphate homeostasis. The identification of the key phosphate-regulating hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), as well as other molecules that control its production, such as the glycosyltransferase GALNT3, the endopeptidase PHEX, and the matrix protein DMP1, and molecules that function as downstream effectors of FGF23 such as the longevity factor Klotho and the phosphate transporters NPT2a and NPT2c, has permitted us to understand the complex interplay that exists between the kidneys, bone, parathyroid, and gut. Such insights from genetic disorders have allowed not only the design of potent targeted treatment of FGF23-dependent hypophosphatemic conditions, but also provide clinically relevant observations related to the dysregulation of mineral ion homeostasis in health and disease.



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Low temperature solution-processed IGZO thin-film transistors

Publication date: 15 October 2018
Source:Applied Surface Science, Volume 455
Author(s): Wangying Xu, Luyao Hu, Chun Zhao, Lingjiao Zhang, Deliang Zhu, Peijiang Cao, Wenjun Liu, Shun Han, Xinke Liu, Fang Jia, Yuxiang Zeng, Youming Lu
We reported the low-temperature high performance IGZO TFTs by solution processing. The influence of IGZO composition over broad range on thin films and devices properties were investigated by a wide range of characterization techniques. The schematic of TFT solution-processed IGZO TFTs mobility with different compositions has been obtained. In order to achieve decent TFT performance, the In content should be much high for solution-processed IGZO TFTs. The optimal solution-processed IGZO TFTs with In:Ga:Zn = 5:1:1 composition exhibited a large mobility of 9.1 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, low subthreshold swing of 0.22 V/decade, and high on/off ratio of 10⁶ at 300 °C processing temperature.



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Chemical characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides isolated from a Boletus edulis (Bull.) fruiting body and their potential for heavy metal biosorption

Publication date: 15 November 2018
Source:Food Chemistry, Volume 266
Author(s): Adam Choma, Katarzyna Nowak, Iwona Komaniecka, Adam Waśko, Małgorzata Pleszczyńska, Marek Siwulski, Adrian Wiater
Wild mushrooms are gathered and consumed in many regions of the world. Edible mushrooms are a good source of valuable nutritious ingredients but they also are able to accumulate heavy metals from the environment. Participation of polysaccharide components of mushroom cell walls in biosorption is poorly understood, therefore, our investigations focussed on an alkali-soluble polysaccharide derived from the cell wall of Boletus edulis. Its chemical structure is described based on chemical analysis, GPC, NMR and FT-IR and other instrumental techniques. The polysaccharide contained mainly C-3 substituted α-d-glucose and α-d-mannose. The ratio between these components was 10:4. We postulate the polymer is a (1 → 3)-linked α-d-glucan decorated by α-(1 → 3)-d-mannose chains. The molecular mass of the polysaccharide was estimated at about 850 kDa. Biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) by the tested polymer was measured using AAS techniques. The polysaccharide has a high ability to accumulate lead and cadmium.



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Tailoring the structural and magnetic properties of Co-Zn nanosized ferrites for hyperthermia applications

Publication date: 1 November 2018
Source:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 465
Author(s): C. Gómez-Polo, V. Recarte, L. Cervera, J.J. Beato-López, J. López-García, J.A. Rodríguez-Velamazán, M.D. Ugarte, E.C. Mendonça, J.G.S. Duque
A comparative study of the magnetic properties (magnetic moment, magnetocrystalline anisotropy) and hyperthermia response in Co-Zn spinel nanoparticles is presented. The CoxZn1−xFe2O4 nanoparticles (x = 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1) were synthesized by co-precipitated method and the morphology and mean crystallite size (around 10 nm) of the nanoparticles were analysed by TEM Microscopy. Regarding the magnetic characterization (SQUID magnetometry), Co-Zn nanoparticles display at room temperature anhysteretic magnetization curves, characteristic of the superparamagnetic behavior. A decrease in the blocking temperature, TB, with Zn content is experimentally detected that can be ascribed to the reduction in the mean nanoparticle size as x decreases. Furthermore, the reduction in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy with Zn inclusion is confirmed through the analysis of TB versus the mean volume of the nanoparticles and the law of approach to saturation. Maximum magnetization is achieved for x = 0.5 as a result of the cation distribution between octahedral and tetrahedral spinel sites, analysed by neutron diffraction studies. The occurrence of a canted spin arrangement (Yafet-Kittel angle) is introduced to properly fit the magnetic spinel structures. Finally, the heating capacity of these spinel ferrites is analyzed under ac magnetic field (magnetic hyperthermia). Maximum SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) values are achieved for x = 0.5 that should be correlated to the maximum magnetic moment of this composition.



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An eight-coordinate zinc complex containing the highly pre-organized ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid: Solvothermal synthesis, supramolecular structure and CSD studies

Publication date: 5 November 2018
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1171
Author(s): Masoud Mirzaei, Azam Hassanpoor, Hanie Alizadeh, Mahnaz Gohari, Alexander J. Blake
A new anionic coordination complex of Zn(II) containing the highly pre-organized ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate (PDA), (H3O)2[Zn(PDA)2]·2CH3NO2·2H2O·(1), has been synthesized by solvothermal methods and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The last of these techniques revealed a coordination sphere around Zn(II) consisting of four N atoms and four O donors from two 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate ligands which features a distorted dodecahedral geometry. The ionic coordination motifs in 1 are held together by intermolecular OH⋯O, NH⋯O and CH⋯O hydrogen bonding, CH···π and π−π stacking interactions, to produce an extended 2D architecture.

Graphical abstract

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Emergence times and airway reactions during general anaesthesia with remifentanil and a laryngeal mask airway: A multicentre randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND Avoidance of airway complications and rapid emergence from anaesthesia are indispensable for the use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Evidence from adequately powered randomised studies with a low risk of bias for the optimal anaesthetic in this context is limited. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that when using remifentanil-based intra-operative analgesia, desflurane would be the most suitable anaesthetic: with noninferiority in the occurrence of upper airway complications and superiority in emergence times compared with sevoflurane or propofol. DESIGN A prospective, randomised, multicentre, partially double-blinded, three-arm, parallel-group study. SETTING Two university and two regional German hospitals, from February to October 2015. PATIENTS A total of 352 patients (age 18 to 75 years, ASA physical status I to III, BMI less than 35 kg m−2 and fluent in German) were enrolled in this study. All surgery was elective with a duration of 0.5 to 2 h, and general anaesthesia with a LMA was feasible. INTERVENTION The patients were randomised to receive desflurane, sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES This study was powered for the primary outcome 'time to state date of birth' and the secondary outcome 'intra-operative cough'. Time to emergence from anaesthesia and the incidence of upper airway complications were assessed on the day of surgery. RESULTS The primary outcome was analysed for 343 patients: desflurane (n=114), sevoflurane (n=111) and propofol (n=118). The desflurane group had the fastest emergence. The mean (± SD) times to state the date of birth following desflurane, sevoflurane and propofol were 8.1 ± 3.6, 10.1 ± 4.0 and 9.8 ± 5.1 min, respectively (P 

https://ift.tt/2MA94cl

The LAS VEGAS risk score for prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications: An observational study

BACKGROUND Currently used pre-operative prediction scores for postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) use patient data and expected surgery characteristics exclusively. However, intra-operative events are also associated with the development of PPCs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a new prediction score for PPCs that uses both pre-operative and intra-operative data. DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of the LAS VEGAS study, a large international, multicentre, prospective study. SETTINGS A total of 146 hospitals across 29 countries. PATIENTS Adult patients requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery. INTERVENTIONS The cohort was randomly divided into a development subsample to construct a predictive model, and a subsample for validation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prediction performance of developed models for PPCs. RESULTS Of the 6063 patients analysed, 10.9% developed at least one PPC. Regression modelling identified 13 independent risk factors for PPCs: six patient characteristics [higher age, higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical score, pre-operative anaemia, pre-operative lower SpO2 and a history of active cancer or obstructive sleep apnoea], two procedure-related features (urgent or emergency surgery and surgery lasting ≥ 1 h), and five intra-operative events [use of an airway other than a supraglottic device, the use of intravenous anaesthetic agents along with volatile agents (balanced anaesthesia), intra-operative desaturation, higher levels of positive end-expiratory pressures > 3 cmH2O and use of vasopressors]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the LAS VEGAS risk score for prediction of PPCs was 0.78 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.76 to 0.80] for the development subsample and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.76) for the validation subsample. CONCLUSION The LAS VEGAS risk score including 13 peri-operative characteristics has a moderate discriminative ability for prediction of PPCs. External validation is needed before use in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT01601223. Correspondence to Ary Serpa Neto, MD, MSc, PhD, Department of Critical Care, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 621 Albert Einstein Avenue, São Paulo, 03178-200 Brazil. Tel: +55 112 1511521; e-mail: aryserpa@terra.com.br Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (https://ift.tt/2ylyqmW). © 2018 European Society of Anaesthesiology

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Correction to: Application of Strict Criteria for Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features and Encapsulated Follicular Variant Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Retrospective Study of 50 Tumors Previously Diagnosed as Follicular Variant PTC

In the original publication, the author name Kimberly Point du Jour was incorrectly captured. The correct Given name should be Kimberly and the Family name should be Point du Jour. The correct author name is presented in this correction article.

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Editors, Contents, Cover details

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 22, Issue 7





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Flexible Redistribution in Cognitive Networks

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Author(s): Gesa Hartwigsen
Previous work has emphasized that cognitive functions in the human brain are organized into large-scale networks. However, the mechanisms that allow these networks to compensate for focal disruptions remain elusive. I suggest a new perspective on the compensatory flexibility of cognitive networks. First, I demonstrate that cognitive networks can rapidly change the functional weight of the relative contribution of different regions. Second, I argue that there is an asymmetry in the compensatory potential of different kinds of networks. Specifically, recruitment of domain-general functions can partially compensate for focal disruptions of specialized cognitive functions, but not vice versa. Considering the compensatory potential within and across networks will increase our understanding of functional adaptation and reorganization after brain lesions and offers a new perspective on large-scale neural network (re-)organization.



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Collective Memory from a Psychological Perspective

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Author(s): William Hirst, Jeremy K. Yamashiro, Alin Coman




https://ift.tt/2yliR39

Life Lost Yet Lingering

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Elizabeth C. Stachtiaris




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Issue Highlights

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1





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Hypothermia Outcome Prediction After Extracorporeal Lift Support for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients: The HOPE Score

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Heather Roesly




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Contents

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1





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(LEFT) Partial Contents; (RIGHT) Elsevier E-alert 1/2 pg vertical BW filler

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1





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Prehospital End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Predicts Mortality in Trauma Patients

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Jamal Taha




https://ift.tt/2I00IHm

Public health risk management case concerning the city of Isfahan according to a hypothetical release of HF from a chemical plant

Abstract

Accidents have happened in the chemical industries all over the world with serious consequences for the adjacent heavily populated areas. In this study, the impact of the probable hypothetical event, releasing considerable amounts of hydrogen fluoride (HF) as a strong irritant into the atmosphere over the city of Isfahan from a strategic chemical plant, was simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this model, the meteorological parameters were integrated into time and space, and dispersion of the pollutants was estimated based on a probable accidental release of HF. According to the hypothetical results of the simulation model in this study, HF clouds reached Isfahan in 20 min and exposed 80% of the general public to HF concentration in the range of 0–34 ppm. Then, they dissipated 240 min after the time of the incident. Supposing the uniform population density within the proximity of the city of Isfahan with the population of 1.75 million, 5% of the population (87,500 people) could be exposed for a few minutes to a HF concentration as high as 34 ppm. This concentration is higher than a very hazardous concentration described as the Immediate Danger to Life and Health (30 ppm). This hypothetical risk evaluation of environmental exposure to HF with the potential of health risks was very instrumental for the general public of Isfahan in terms of risk management. Similar studies based on probable accidental scenarios along with the application of a simulation model for computation of dispersed pollutants are recommended for risk evaluation and management of cities in the developing countries with a fast pace of urbanization around the industrial sites.

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Assessment of the Utility of Ordering a Troponin in Low- and Intermediate-Risk Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Retrospective Chart Review

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): David Noorvash, Rosemarie Ramos, Linda Hatch, Andrew Muck, Adriana Segura Olson
BackgroundA troponin assay is commonly sent for patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Multiple studies suggest that elevated troponin levels do not predict coronary artery disease in these patients. Patients with elevated troponins are more likely to have additional cardiac testing, which can lead to increased health care costs and unnecessary invasive procedures.ObjectiveOur objective was to evaluate low- to intermediate-risk patients (HEART [history, electrocardiography, age, risk factors and troponin] Score 1–6) presenting to the ED with SVT. Our hypothesis was that an elevated troponin would not predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE), but would be associated with increased hospital admission rates and lengths of stay.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who presented with SVT to a large, urban, academic hospital ED over 4 years who had a troponin result. A total of 46 patients were included in the study.ResultsPatients with a positive troponin (>0.05 ng/mL) had a hospital admission rate of 86% versus 21% for patients with negative troponin (p = 0.006); rate of cardiology consult of 86% versus 21% (p < 0.001); and a mean total length of stay of 4157 min versus 1347 min (p = 0.04). At 3 months, none of the patients with a positive troponin had an MACE, death from any cause, or positive results of cardiac testing.ConclusionsPatients with a positive troponin result had significantly more admissions, cardiology consults, and longer hospital stays. These patients did not have an increased prevalence of MACE.



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Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Erin Lindsay




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A Randomized Trial Comparing Metered Dose Inhalers and Breath Actuated Nebulizers

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Mark A. Snider, Jim Y. Wan, Jonathan Jacobs, Rudy Kink, Barry Gilmore, Sandra R. Arnold
BackgroundDespite little evidence for its effectiveness, the breath-actuated nebulizer (BAN) is the default albuterol delivery method in our pediatric emergency department.ObjectiveWe compared the clinical efficacy of BAN and the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) in treating subjects patients 2 to 17 years of age who presented with mild to moderate asthma exacerbations.MethodsThis is a randomized, nonblinded, noninferiority study conducted at a single pediatric tertiary care emergency department. Subjects presenting with a Pediatric Asthma Score ranging from 5 to 11 received albuterol by BAN or MDI via standard weight-based and symptom severity dosing protocols. Aerosolized ipratropium (via BAN) and intravenous magnesium sulfate were given when clinically indicated. The primary outcome was patient disposition. The noninferiority margin for the primary outcome was an admission rate difference ≤10%. Analyses were adjusted for confounders that were significant at p ≤ 0.10.ResultsWe enrolled 890 subjects between October 2014 and April 2015. BAN and MDI groups were comparable for age, gender, and race but not for pretreatment symptom severity; 51% in the MDI group had a Pediatric Asthma Score of moderate severity (8–11) vs. 63% in the BAN group (p < 0.003). Unadjusted admission rates were 11.9% for MDI and 12.8% for BAN, for an unadjusted risk difference of −0.9% (95% confidence interval −5% to 3%). After adjusting for baseline confounder severity, the risk difference was 2% (95% confidence interval −4% to 7%), which met the criteria for noninferiority.ConclusionsAlbuterol therapy by MDI is noninferior to BAN for the treatment of mild to moderate asthma exacerbations in children 2 to 17 years of age.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1





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Opioid Prescribing: Where Should Academic Emergency Departments Focus Their Efforts?

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): William A. Woods, Mary S. Warlaumont, John P. Riordan
BackgroundOpioid prescriptions from the emergency department (ED) are being heavily scrutinized. This has resulted in prescribing guidelines and laws.ObjectiveWe analyzed the "current state" of opioid prescribing practices by emergency medicine (EM) trainees to gain understanding where operational, educational, or supervisory efforts should be directed to comply with current guidelines and future legislation.MethodsOur retrospective, observational, study was performed at an academic ED with an annual census of 61,289 visits. We extracted all 6962 opioid prescriptions attributed to the ED during calendar year 2015 from the electronic health record. Error prescriptions were excluded from the analysis. Overall prescribing by opioid class was performed. Prescriptions written by EM trainees were categorized by postgraduate year and compared with other prescribers. Prescribing patterns for recurrent visits were also analyzed.ResultsOf the 6962 opioid discharge prescriptions, 5515 were written by EM providers. No refills were provided. A mean of 15.4 pills (95% confidence interval 13.9–16.9) were prescribed. Analysis of variance did not detect a significant difference between mean numbers of pills prescribed by EM providers. However, there was a significant difference between EM and non-EM prescribers. Less-experienced EM providers exhibited greater variability with regard to class and preparation. There were 389 prescriptions written for patients who received at least one other opioid prescription in the preceding 30 days. The number of pills dispensed decreased with increasing prior visits.ConclusionEM providers prescribe short courses of opiates regardless of postgraduate year. Patients returning to the ED received fewer pills on subsequent visits. Non-EM providers prescribe larger numbers of pills per prescription. This information will help focus future operational efforts and educational efforts to comply with guidelines and laws.



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Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Jamal Taha




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No Radiographic Safe Margin Found in the “Easy IJ” Internal Jugular Vein Procedure

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Ryan N. McCarter, Siamak Moayedi, Michael D. Witting
BackgroundThe Easy IJ procedure involves placement of a 4.8-cm intravenous catheter into the internal jugular (IJ) vein using ultrasound guidance. It is not known whether this needle length has the potential to cause a pneumothorax.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine if a radiographic "safe margin" exists. We hypothesized that an average margin of ≥2 cm would exist between the catheter tip and the pleura.MethodsOperators used a central approach to the IJ vein. We reviewed radiographic images taken immediately after the Easy IJ procedure. Using digital software, we measured the distance from the catheter tip to the closest point of the pleura and from the catheter tip to the level of the lung apex. We defined distances exceeding the margin of safety—either passing the pleura or ending inferior to the apex—as negative for the purpose of calculating an average. We used the t distribution to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for average values.ResultsRadiographs showing the catheter tip were available from 62 patients. The mean needle-to-pleura distance was −0.1 cm (95% CI −0.7 to 0.5 cm). The mean vertical distance to the apex was −0.2 cm (95% CI −0.8 to 0.3 cm), with a standard deviation of 2.25 cm.ConclusionRadiographic analysis failed to show a margin of safety for the Easy IJ procedure. Postprocedure imaging may still be necessary to exclude pneumothorax.



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Benefit of immediate coronary angiography after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in France: A nationwide propensity score analysis from the RéAC Registry

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Patrick Joynt




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Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Syncope

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Heather Roesly




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The Evaluation and Management of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in the Emergency Department: a Review of the Literature

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Michael Gottlieb, Brit Long, Alex Koyfman
BackgroundRocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is potentially deadly and can present subtly with signs and symptoms overlapping with other clinical conditions. Delayed diagnosis can be fatal.ObjectiveThis review provides an evidence-based summary of the current data for the evaluation and management of RMSF in the emergency department.DiscussionRMSF occurs through transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii by an infected tick. Exposure in the United States occurs most commonly from April to September, and high-risk locations include wooded, shrubby, or grassy areas. Approximately half of patients with infection do not recall tick exposure. Symptoms can include fever, headache, photophobia, malaise, myalgias, and a petechial rash that begins on the wrists and ankles and spreads to the trunk. Rash may not occur in ≤15% of patients, and the classic triad of fever, headache, and rash is also not definitive. Laboratory evaluation may demonstrate hyponatremia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, abnormal liver enzymes, and elevated coagulation tests. Antibody testing can be helpful, but these results are not typically available to the emergency clinician. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice in adults, children, and pregnant patients. Patients should be advised about prevention strategies and effective techniques for removing ticks.ConclusionsRMSF is a potentially deadly disease that requires prompt recognition and management. Focused history, physical examination, and testing are important in the diagnosis of this disease. Understanding the clinical features, diagnostic tools, and proper treatment can assist emergency clinicians in the management of RMSF.



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Acute Dyspnea Caused by Achalasia

Publication date: July 2018
Source:The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 55, Issue 1
Author(s): Victor Suárez, Ulrich Töx, Jochen Hinkelbein, Isabelle Suárez, Matthias Kochanek, Volker Burst




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Current status and outlook on the clinical translation of biodegradable metals

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Hyung-Seop Han, Sergio Loffredo, Indong Jun, James Edwards, Yu-Chan Kim, Hyun-Kwang Seok, Frank Witte, Diego Mantovani, Sion Glyn-Jones
During the last decade, translational research on biodegradable metallic materials has shown the feasibility of these novel materials for use in the fields of cardiology and orthopedics. Implants prepared with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts, and there is now convincing evidence demonstrating that these materials fully biodegrade in vivo, thus reducing the need for secondary surgery. Clinical trials of such novel materials show significant potential, with the prospect of a paradigm shift in the way musculoskeletal and cardiovascular conditions are treated. This work provides an overview of the rapidly advancing technology of biodegradable metals, as well as defining some challenges in the application of these new biodegradable materials in the medical field.

Graphical abstract

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A Cell Size Theory of Aging

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Krushna C. Patra, Nabeel Bardeesy
The factors determining longevity of different animals are incompletely defined. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Anzi et al. (2018) show that distinct strategies for postnatal pancreatic growth operate in different mammals and correlate with lifespan, with short-lived species exhibiting increasing pancreatic cell size and long-lived animals increasing cell number.

Teaser

The factors determining longevity of different animals are incompletely defined. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Anzi et al. (2018) show that distinct strategies for postnatal pancreatic growth operate in different mammals and correlate with lifespan, with short-lived species exhibiting increasing pancreatic cell size and long-lived animals increasing cell number.


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Instructions for Assembling the Early Mammalian Embryo

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Melanie D. White, Jennifer Zenker, Stephanie Bissiere, Nicolas Plachta
The preimplantation mouse embryo is a simple self-contained system, making it an excellent model to discover how mammalian cells function in real time and in vivo. Work over the last decade has revealed some key morphogenetic mechanisms that drive early development, yielding rudimentary instructions for the generation of a mammalian embryo. Here, we review the instructions revealed thus far, and then discuss remaining challenges to discover upstream factors controlling cell fate determination, test the role of mechanisms based on biological noise, and take advantage of recent technological developments to advance the spatial and temporal resolution of our current understanding.

Teaser

In this Perspective, White et al. review the main morphogenetic mechanisms currently known to control the preimplantation development of the mouse embryo, from an oocyte to a hatched blastocyst. They discuss future challenges remaining and how recent technological developments may advance the spatial and temporal resolution of our current understanding.


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EMT Subtype Influences Epithelial Plasticity and Mode of Cell Migration

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Nicole M. Aiello, Ravikanth Maddipati, Robert J. Norgard, David Balli, Jinyang Li, Salina Yuan, Taiji Yamazoe, Taylor Black, Amine Sahmoud, Emma E. Furth, Dafna Bar-Sagi, Ben Z. Stanger
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is strongly implicated in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. EMT is thought to be regulated primarily at the transcriptional level through the repressive activity of EMT transcription factors. However, these classical mechanisms have been parsed out almost exclusively in vitro, leaving questions about the programs driving EMT in physiological contexts. Here, using a lineage-labeled mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to study EMT in vivo, we found that most tumors lose their epithelial phenotype through an alternative program involving protein internalization rather than transcriptional repression, resulting in a "partial EMT" phenotype. Carcinoma cells utilizing this program migrate as clusters, contrasting with the single-cell migration pattern associated with traditionally defined EMT mechanisms. Moreover, many breast and colorectal cancer cell lines utilize this alternative program to undergo EMT. Collectively, these results suggest that carcinoma cells have different ways of losing their epithelial program, resulting in distinct modes of invasion and dissemination.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Using a lineage-traced tumor model, Aiello et al. describe a program of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), conserved across several carcinomas, involving re-localization of epithelial proteins rather than transcriptional repression. This alternative program leads to a "partial EMT" phenotype that promotes collective tumor cell migration and formation of circulating tumor cell clusters.


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Regulation of Epithelial Plasticity Determines Metastatic Organotropism in Pancreatic Cancer

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Maximilian Reichert, Basil Bakir, Leticia Moreira, Jason R. Pitarresi, Karin Feldmann, Lauren Simon, Kensuke Suzuki, Ravikanth Maddipati, Andrew D. Rhim, Anna M. Schlitter, Mark Kriegsmann, Wilko Weichert, Matthias Wirth, Kathleen Schuck, Günter Schneider, Dieter Saur, Albert B. Reynolds, Andres J. Klein-Szanto, Burcin Pehlivanoglu, Bahar Memis, N. Volkan Adsay, Anil K. Rustgi
The regulation of metastatic organotropism in pancreatic ductal a denocarcinoma (PDAC) remains poorly understood. We demonstrate, using multiple mouse models, that liver and lung metastatic organotropism is dependent upon p120catenin (p120ctn)-mediated epithelial identity. Mono-allelic p120ctn loss accelerates Kras^G12D-driven pancreatic cancer formation and liver metastasis. Importantly, one p120ctn allele is sufficient for E-CADHERIN-mediated cell adhesion. By contrast, cells with bi-allelic p120ctn loss demonstrate marked lung organotropism; however, rescue with p120ctn isoform 1A restores liver metastasis. In a p120ctn-independent PDAC model, mosaic loss of E-CADHERIN expression reveals selective pressure for E-CADHERIN-positive liver metastasis and E-CADHERIN-negative lung metastasis. Furthermore, human PDAC and liver metastases support the premise that liver metastases exhibit predominantly epithelial characteristics. RNA-seq demonstrates differential induction of pathways associated with metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in p120ctn-deficient versus p120ctn-wild-type cells. Taken together, P120CTN and E-CADHERIN mediated epithelial plasticity is an addition to the conceptual framework underlying metastatic organotropism in pancreatic cancer.

Teaser

The functional basis of metastatic organotropism sheds light on the properties required for successful colonization of distant organs. Reichert et al. demonstrate that epithelial plasticity is a determinant of metastatic organotropism in pancreatic cancer with differing properties required for liver and lung colonization.


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Twist1 Activation in Muscle Progenitor Cells Causes Muscle Loss Akin to Cancer Cachexia

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Parash Parajuli, Santosh Kumar, Audrey Loumaye, Purba Singh, Sailaja Eragamreddy, Thien Ly Nguyen, Seval Ozkan, Mohammed S. Razzaque, Céline Prunier, Jean-Paul Thissen, Azeddine Atfi
Cancer cachexia is characterized by extreme skeletal muscle loss that results in high morbidity and mortality. The incidence of cachexia varies among tumor types, being lowest in sarcomas, whereas 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients experience severe weight loss. How these tumors trigger muscle depletion is still unfolding. Serendipitously, we found that overexpression of Twist1 in mouse muscle progenitor cells, either constitutively during development or inducibly in adult animals, caused severe muscle atrophy with features reminiscent of cachexia. Using several genetic mouse models of PDAC, we detected a marked increase in Twist1 expression in muscle undergoing cachexia. In cancer patients, elevated levels of Twist1 are associated with greater degrees of muscle wasting. Finally, both genetic and pharmacological inactivation of Twist1 in muscle progenitor cells afforded substantial protection against cancer-mediated cachexia, which translated into meaningful survival benefits, implicating Twist1 as a possible target for attenuating muscle cachexia in cancer patients.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Parajuli et al. show that both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Twist1 preserves muscle mass and extends lifespan in several mouse models of cancer cachexia, highlighting Twist1 as an attractive therapeutic target for attenuating muscle cachexia and associated morbidity and mortality in advanced cancer patients.


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EMT in Metastasis: Finding the Right Balance

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Hin Ching Lo, Xiang H.-F. Zhang
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key driver of cancer metastasis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Aiello et al. (2018) demonstrate that an EMT mechanism involving protein internalization impacts cell migration, while Reichert et al. (2018) identify epithelial plasticity as a determinant of metastatic organotropism in pancreatic cancer.

Teaser

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key driver of cancer metastasis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Aiello et al. (2018) demonstrate that an EMT mechanism involving protein internalization impacts cell migration, while Reichert et al. (2018) identify epithelial plasticity as a determinant of metastatic organotropism in pancreatic cancer.


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Postnatal Exocrine Pancreas Growth by Cellular Hypertrophy Correlates with a Shorter Lifespan in Mammals

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Shira Anzi, Miri Stolovich-Rain, Agnes Klochendler, Ori Fridlich, Aharon Helman, Avital Paz-Sonnenfeld, Nili Avni-Magen, Elizabeth Kaufman, Miriam B. Ginzberg, Daniel Snider, Saikat Ray, Michael Brecht, Melissa M. Holmes, Karen Meir, Aaron Avivi, Imad Shams, Asaf Berkowitz, A.M. James Shapiro, Benjamin Glaser, Shmuel Ben-Sasson, Ran Kafri, Yuval Dor
Developmental processes in different mammals are thought to share fundamental cellular mechanisms. We report a dramatic increase in cell size during postnatal pancreas development in rodents, accounting for much of the increase in organ size after birth. Hypertrophy of pancreatic acinar cells involves both higher ploidy and increased biosynthesis per genome copy; is maximal adjacent to islets, suggesting endocrine to exocrine communication; and is partly driven by weaning-related processes. In contrast to the situation in rodents, pancreas cell size in humans remains stable postnatally, indicating organ growth by pure hyperplasia. Pancreatic acinar cell volume varies 9-fold among 24 mammalian species analyzed, and shows a striking inverse correlation with organismal lifespan. We hypothesize that cellular hypertrophy is a strategy for rapid postnatal tissue growth, entailing life-long detrimental effects.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Anzi et al. show that postnatal pancreas growth in mice relies to a large extent on cell growth, while human pancreas growth involves only increased cell numbers. Comparative analysis of 24 mammalian species revealed a striking negative correlation between pancreatic acinar cell size and organismal lifespan.


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Competition between TIAM1 and Membranes Balances Endophilin A3 Activity in Cancer Metastasis

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Kumud R. Poudel, Minna Roh-Johnson, Allen Su, Thuong Ho, Haritha Mathsyaraja, Sarah Anderson, William M. Grady, Cecilia B. Moens, Maralice Conacci-Sorrell, Robert N. Eisenman, Jihong Bai
Normal cells acquire aggressive behavior by modifying signaling pathways. For instance, alteration of endocytosis profoundly impacts both proliferation and migration during tumorigenesis. Here we investigate the mechanisms that enable the endocytic machinery to coordinate these processes. We show that a membrane curvature-sensing protein, endophilin A3, promotes growth and migration of colon cancer cells through two competing mechanisms: an endocytosis pathway that is required for proliferation and a GTPase regulatory pathway that controls cell motility. EndoA3 stimulates cell migration by binding the Rac GEF TIAM1 leading to activation of small GTPases. Competing interactions of EndoA3 with membrane versus TIAM1 modulate hyperproliferative and metastatic phenotypes. Disruption of EndoA3-membrane interactions stimulates TIAM1 and small GTPases in vitro, and further promotes pro-metastatic phenotypes in vivo. Together, these results uncover a coupling mechanism, by which EndoA3 promotes growth and migration of colon cancers, by linking membrane dynamics to GTPase regulation.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Poudel et al. show that endophilin A3 (EndoA3) modulates proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells using two distinct pathways, i.e., EndoA3 facilitates cell proliferation by enhancing endocytosis, and it promotes migration by activating TIAM1 and Rac1. Modulation of the two pathways tunes tumor progression in vivo.


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Dual Requirement of CHD8 for Chromatin Landscape Establishment and Histone Methyltransferase Recruitment to Promote CNS Myelination and Repair

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Chuntao Zhao, Chen Dong, Magali Frah, Yaqi Deng, Corentine Marie, Feng Zhang, Lingli Xu, Zhixing Ma, Xinran Dong, Yifeng Lin, Scott Koenig, Brahim Nait-Oumesmar, Donna M. Martin, Laiman N. Wu, Mei Xin, Wenhao Zhou, Carlos Parras, Q. Richard Lu
Disruptive mutations in chromatin remodeler CHD8 cause autism spectrum disorders, exhibiting widespread white matter abnormalities; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We show that cell-type specific Chd8 deletion in oligodendrocyte progenitors, but not in neurons, results in myelination defects, revealing a cell-intrinsic dependence on CHD8 for oligodendrocyte lineage development, myelination and post-injury remyelination. CHD8 activates expression of BRG1-associated SWI/SNF complexes that in turn activate CHD7, thus initiating a successive chromatin remodeling cascade that orchestrates oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Genomic occupancy analyses reveal that CHD8 establishes an accessible chromatin landscape, and recruits MLL/KMT2 histone methyltransferase complexes distinctively around proximal promoters to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Inhibition of histone demethylase activity partially rescues myelination defects of CHD8-deficient mutants. Our data indicate that CHD8 exhibits a dual function through inducing a cascade of chromatin reprogramming and recruiting H3K4 histone methyltransferases to establish oligodendrocyte identity, suggesting potential strategies of therapeutic intervention for CHD8-associated white matter defects.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Mutations in chromatin regulator CHD8 are associated with autism and white matter abnormalities. Zhao et al. show that CHD8 functions in oligodendrocyte progenitors to promote oligodendrocyte lineage development, myelination, and post-injury remyelination by establishing an open chromatin landscape for a cascade of chromatin reprogramming events and recruiting KMT2 histone methyltransferase.


https://ift.tt/2teIVIj

Arabidopsis Serrate Coordinates Histone Methyltransferases ATXR5/6 and RNA Processing Factor RDR6 to Regulate Transposon Expression

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Zeyang Ma, Claudia Castillo-González, Zhiye Wang, Di Sun, Xiaomei Hu, Xuefeng Shen, Magdalena E. Potok, Xiuren Zhang
Serrate (SE) is a key component in RNA metabolism. Little is known about whether and how it can regulate epigenetic silencing. Here, we report histone methyltransferases ATXR5 and ATXR6 (ATXR5/6) as novel partners of SE. ATXR5/6 deposit histone 3 lysine 27 monomethylation (H3K27me1) to promote heterochromatin formation, repress transposable elements (TEs), and control genome stability in Arabidopsis. SE binds to ATXR5/6-regulated TE loci and promotes H3K27me1 accumulation in these regions. Furthermore, SE directly enhances ATXR5 enzymatic activity in vitro. Unexpectedly, se mutation suppresses the TE reactivation and DNA re-replication phenotypes in the atxr5 atxr6 mutant. The suppression of TE expression results from triggering RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6)-dependent RNA silencing in the se atxr5 atxr6 mutant. We propose that SE facilitates ATXR5/6-mediated deposition of the H3K27me1 mark while inhibiting RDR6-mediated RNA silencing to protect TE transcripts. Hence, SE coordinates epigenetic silencing and RNA processing machineries to fine-tune the TE expression.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Serrate is a key factor in RNA metabolism. Here, Ma et al. uncover its new roles in regulating TE expression: SE promotes ATXR5/6-mediated H3K27me1 mark to repress TE transcription while protecting TE transcripts from the RDR6 silencing activity. Thus, Serrate coordinates the TGS and PTGS machineries to fine-tune TE expression.


https://ift.tt/2tl8XZo

Regulated Crossing-Over Requires Inactivation of Yen1/GEN1 Resolvase during Meiotic Prophase I

Publication date: 18 June 2018
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 45, Issue 6
Author(s): Meret Arter, Vanesa Hurtado-Nieves, Ashwini Oke, Tangna Zhuge, Rahel Wettstein, Jennifer C. Fung, Miguel G. Blanco, Joao Matos
During meiosis, crossover recombination promotes the establishment of physical connections between homologous chromosomes, enabling their bipolar segregation. To ensure that persistent recombination intermediates are disengaged prior to the completion of meiosis, the Yen1(GEN1) resolvase is strictly activated at the onset of anaphase II. Whether controlled activation of Yen1 is important for meiotic crossing-over is unknown. Here, we show that CDK-mediated phosphorylation of Yen1 averts its pervasive recruitment to recombination intermediates during prophase I. Yen1 mutants that are refractory to phosphorylation resolve DNA joint molecules prematurely and form crossovers independently of MutLγ, the central crossover resolvase during meiosis. Despite bypassing the requirement for MutLγ in joint molecule processing and promoting crossover-specific resolution, unrestrained Yen1 impairs the spatial distribution of crossover events, genome-wide. Thus, active suppression of Yen1 function, and by inference also of Mus81-Mms4(EME1) and Slx1-Slx4(BTBD12) resolvases, avoids precocious resolution of recombination intermediates to enable meiotic crossover patterning.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

In many organisms, the faithful disjunction of maternal and paternal centromeres during meiosis I requires homologous recombination and crossing-over. Here, Arter et al. show that phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of the Yen1/GEN1 resolvase, during prophase I, avoids the precocious resolution of recombination intermediates to enable controlled crossover formation throughout the genome.


https://ift.tt/2MC743r

Editors, contents and cover information

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Volume 43, Issue 7





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Who Values Gluten-Free? Dietary Intake, Behaviors, and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Young Adults Who Value Gluten-Free Food

Publication date: Available online 19 June 2018
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Mary J. Christoph, Nicole Larson, Katie C. Hootman, Jonathan M. Miller, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
BackgroundOver the past decade, consumer demand for gluten-free products has increased, but little is known about the public health impact of and factors correlated with valuing gluten-free food.ObjectiveDescribe the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of young adults valuing gluten-free as an important food attribute, and compare their dietary intake with other young adults.DesignCross-sectional analysis of survey data collected in 2015 to 2016 as part of the fourth wave of the Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) cohort study.Participants/settingPopulation-based sample of 1,819 young adults (25 to 36 years) (57% women, 69% white), initially recruited in Minneapolis-St Paul, MN, public middle and senior high schools.MeasuresValuing gluten-free food, weight goals and weight control behaviors, food production values, eating behaviors, physical activity, and dietary intake.Statistical analyses performedLogistic regression models were used to investigate associations with potential correlates of valuing gluten-free food. For dietary intake, adjusted mean estimates were calculated for those who did and those who did not value gluten-free foods.ResultsApproximately 13% of young adults valued gluten-free food, a characteristic most strongly related to valuing food production practices (eg, organic, locally grown); factors such as Nutrition Facts use and having a weight goal were also related to gluten-free food values. Valuing gluten-free food was related to engagement in both healthy behaviors (eg, eating breakfast daily, eating more fruits and vegetables) and unhealthy behaviors (eg, using diet pills to control weight).Conclusions and relevanceYoung adults valuing gluten-free food generally engaged in healthier behaviors and had better dietary intake; of concern, they were also more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors. Valuing gluten-free food may be part of a cluster of behaviors representing an interest in making healthier food choices but may also be a marker for unhealthy weight preoccupation and behaviors.



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Poor Nutritional Status among Low-Income Older Adults: Examining the Interconnection between Self-Care Capacity, Food Insecurity, and Depression

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Seung Eun Jung, Seoyoun Kim, Alex Bishop, Janice Hermann
BackgroundUnderstanding of the mechanisms of how food insecurity and poor physical and mental health status are interrelated with nutritional status among older adults is needed due to their unique health and social needs.ObjectiveTo examine the complex relationships between self-care capacity, depressive symptoms, food insecurity, and nutritional status among low-income older adults.DesignThe cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2017 to May 2017.Participants/settingA total of 372 low-income older adults, 60 years of age and older, living in the state of Alabama participated.Main outcome measuresParticipants completed a validated survey measuring food insecurity (six-item US Food Security Survey Module), self-care capacity (Self-Care Capacity Scale), depressive symptoms (10-item Geriatric Depression Scale), and nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form).Statistical analyses performedGeneralized structural equation modeling was used to include the simultaneous equations and multiple mediators in one model. The Akaike Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion, and likelihood ratio tests were conducted to compare the fit of competing model specifications.ResultsLower self-care capacity was associated with greater food insecurity (beta [b]=.11, odds ratio [OR]=1.11, P=0.03) and higher depressive symptoms (b=.08, P=0.005). Poorer self-care capacity and higher depressive symptoms were associated with poorer nutritional status (b=.24, OR=1.27, P<0.001; b=.13, OR=1.43, P=0.001, respectively). Higher food insecurity was associated with increased depressive symptoms (b=.40, P<0.001). Self-care capacity was associated with nutritional status directly and indirectly through depressive symptoms (b=.04, P=0.048). Although food insecurity was not significantly associated with nutritional status, a significant indirect association between food insecurity and nutritional status through depressive symptoms was observed (b=.02, P=0.04).ConclusionsStudy results indicate functionally impaired low-income older adults encounter greater food insecurity. Inability to afford food combined with limited ability to take care of oneself contributes to an increased self-report of depressive symptoms, resulting in less favorable nutritional status.



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Dietary Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Arthritis Risk in the Women’s Health Initiative

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Jessica L. Krok-Schoen, Theodore M. Brasky, Rebecca P. Hunt, Thomas E. Rohan, Tamara A. Baker, Wenjun Li, Laura Carbone, Rachel H. Mackey, Linda Snetselaar, Maryam B. Lustberg, Marian L. Neuhouser
BackgroundThe prevalence of arthritis in the United States is substantial and on the rise. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, have been shown to provide therapeutic benefit to arthritis patients; however, to date few have examined these associations with arthritis risk.ObjectiveThe study objective was to examine the associations of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk among postmenopausal women.DesignThis was a prospective cohort study.ParticipantsThe sample for this analysis consisted of 80,551 postmenopausal women, aged 55 to 79 years and with no history of arthritis, recruited into the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and Clinical Trials cohort between 1993 and 1998. Women completed a 120-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline.Main outcome measuresAfter a median follow-up of 8 years, 22,306 incident OA and 3,348 RA cases were identified.Statistical analyses performedAdjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CI for the associations between dietary LCn-3PUFA intake and OA and RA risk.ResultsIndividual and total long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Quintile 5 vs Quintile 1: hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.09 for OA; hazard ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.13 for RA) were not associated with OA and RA risk. Further, no associations were observed between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and either arthritis outcome.ConclusionsThis study is the first to examine associations of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake with OA risk and the largest to examine associations with RA risk. Despite their therapeutic potential, the study provides no evidence of benefit of these nutrients in relation to arthritis risk.



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Dietary Supplement Use in a Large, Representative Sample of the US Armed Forces

Publication date: Available online 19 June 2018
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Joseph J. Knapik, Krista G. Austin, Emily K. Farina, Harris R. Lieberman
BackgroundDietary supplement (DS) use is prevalent among the US Armed Forces personnel, but representative cross-service comparisons and characteristics of personnel using DSs are limited.ObjectiveExamine DS use and characteristics associated with use in a representative sample of US Armed Forces personnel (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard) using data from the 2011 Department of Defense Survey of Health-Related Behaviors.Design and participantsA stratified random sample of service members (SMs) was contacted and asked to complete a questionnaire assessing personal characteristics and DS use.ResultsOverall, 69% of the 39,877 SMs reported using DSs ≥1 time per week. The most commonly used DSs were multivitamin or multiminerals (50%), antioxidants (34%), individual vitamins or minerals (33%), bodybuilding supplements (27%), fish oils (26%), herbals (16%), and weight-loss supplements (16%). Multiple logistic regression indicated overall DS use was higher among women, those with higher educational levels, Marine Corps SMs, officers, those with higher body mass index, those engaged in greater physical activity and weight training, and people in weight control programs. DS use was lower when peer groups or leadership discouraged substance abuse.ConclusionsDS use was considerably higher in the US Armed Forces compared with civilian populations, although many demographic and lifestyle factors associated with use were similar. Some categories of DSs extensively used by SMs such as bodybuilding supplements have been associated with adverse events. Discouraging substance abuse through peer groups and leadership actions may reduce use of unnecessary or dangerous DSs.



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Feasibility of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules

Publication date: Available online 19 June 2018
Source:Academic Radiology
Author(s): Hui Tan, Jun Chen, Yi ling Zhao, Jin huan Liu, Liang Zhang, Chang sheng Liu, Dongjie Huang
Rationale and ObjectivesThis study aimed to preliminarily investigate the feasibility of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) theory in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Materials and MethodsForty-five patients with 56 confirmed thyroid nodules underwent preoperative routine magnetic resonance imaging and IVIM diffusion-weighted imaging. The histopathologic diagnosis was confirmed by surgery. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), perfusion fraction f, diffusivity D, and pseudo-diffusivity D* were quantified. Independent samples t test of IVIM-derived metrics were conducted between benign and malignant nodules. Receiver-operating characteristic analyses were performed to determine the optimal thresholds as well as the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating.ResultsSignificant intergroup difference was observed in ADC, D, D*, and f (p < 0.001). Malignant tumors featured significantly lower ADC, D and D* values and a higher f value than that of benign nodules. The ADC, D, and D* could distinguish the benign from malignant thyroid nodules, and parameter f differentiate the malignant tumors from benign nodules. The values of the area under the curve for parameter ADC, D, and D* were 0.784 (p = 0.001), 0.795 (p = 0.001), and 0.850 (p < 0.001), separately, of which the area under the curve of f value was the maximum for identifying the malignant from benign nodules, which was 0.841 (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggested that ADC and IVIM-derived metrics, including D, D*, and f, could potentially serve as noninvasive predictors for the preoperative differentiating of thyroid nodules, and f value performed best in identifying the malignant from benign nodules among these parameters.



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Detection of Pulmonary Nodule Growth with Chest Tomosynthesis: A Human Observer Study Using Simulated Nodules

Publication date: Available online 19 June 2018
Source:Academic Radiology
Author(s): Christina Söderman, Åse Allansdotter Johnsson, Jenny Vikgren, Rauni Rossi Norrlund, David Molnar, Maral Mirzai, Angelica Svalkvist, Lars Gunnar Månsson, Magnus Båth
Rationale and ObjectivesChest tomosynthesis has been suggested as a suitable alternative to CT for follow-up of pulmonary nodules. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of detecting pulmonary nodule growth using chest tomosynthesis.Materials and MethodsSimulated nodules with volumes of approximately 100 mm³ and 300 mm³ as well as additional versions with increasing volumes were created. The nodules were inserted into images from pairs of chest tomosynthesis examinations, simulating cases where the nodule had either remained stable in size or increased in size between the two imaging occasions. Nodule volume growths ranging from 11% to 252% were included. A simulated dose reduction was applied to a subset of the cases. Cases differing in terms of nodule size, dose level, and nodule position relative to the plane of image reconstruction were included. Observers rated their confidence that the nodules were stable in size or not. The rating data for the nodules that were stable in size was compared to the rating data for the nodules simulated to have increased in size using ROC analysis.ResultsArea under the curve values ranging from 0.65 to 1 were found. The lowest area under the curve values were found when there was a mismatch in nodule position relative to the reconstructed image plane between the two examinations. Nodule size and dose level affected the results.ConclusionThe study indicates that chest tomosynthesis can be used to detect pulmonary nodule growth. Nodule size, dose level, and mismatch in position relative to the image reconstruction plane in the baseline and follow-up examination may affect the precision.



https://ift.tt/2JYsOF0

A novel quantitative electrochemical method to monitor DNA double-strand breaks caused by a DNA cleavage agent at a DNA sensor

Publication date: 15 October 2018
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 117
Author(s): Anna Banasiak, John Cassidy, John Colleran
To date, DNA cleavage, caused by cleavage agents, has been monitored mainly by gel and capillary electrophoresis. However, these techniques are time-consuming, non-quantitative and require gel stains. In this work, a novel, simple and, importantly, a quantitative method for monitoring the DNA nuclease activity of potential anti-cancer drugs, at a DNA electrochemical sensor, is presented. The DNA sensors were prepared using thiol-modified oligonucleotides that self-assembled to create a DNA monolayer at gold electrode surfaces. The quantification of DNA double-strand breaks is based on calculating the DNA surface coverage, before and after exposure to a DNA cleavage agent. The nuclease properties of a model DNA cleavage agent, copper bis-phenanthroline ([Cu^II(phen)2]²⁺), that can cleave DNA in a Fenton-type reaction, were quantified electrochemically. The DNA surface coverage decreased on average by 21% after subjecting the DNA sensor to a nuclease assay containing [Cu^II(phen)2]²⁺, a reductant and an oxidant. This percentage indicates that 6 base pairs were cleaved in the nuclease assay from the immobilised 30 base pair strands. The DNA cleavage can be also induced electrochemically in the absence of a chemical reductant. [Cu^II(phen)2]²⁺ intercalates between DNA base pairs and, on application of a suitable potential, can be reduced to [Cu^I(phen)2]⁺, with dissolved oxygen acting as the required oxidant. This reduction process is facilitated through DNA strands via long-range electron transfer, resulting in DNA cleavage of 23%. The control measurements for both chemically and electrochemically induced cleavage revealed that DNA strand breaks did not occur under experimental conditions in the absence of [Cu^II(phen)2]²⁺.



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The insight study of SnO pico size particles in an ethanol-water system followed by its biosensing application

Publication date: 15 October 2018
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 117
Author(s): Ammara Ejaz, Seungwon Jeon
Pico sized Stannous oxide particles (SnO PPs) were synthesized in an ethanol-water solvent system on the surface of nitrogen doped graphene oxide (GO). The highly conductive support was a combination of dual interactions between 4-aminomethylbenzylamine (AMBA) and GO. The oppositely positioned –NH2 linkers of the AMBA were covalently incorporated into the GO matrix through condensation reaction followed by the strong π – π stacking interactions between aromatic rings of AMBA and GO. The change in the local chemical environment of GO via dual interactions provided a suitable atmosphere for the growth and dispersion of SnO PPs on GO-AMBA surface. The possible mechanism for the formation of SnO in an ethanol-water solvent system was evaluated. Furthermore, a light was shed on the factors responsible for the pico size of SnO particles synthesis along with its phenomenal distribution on the GO-AMBA surface. The catalyst containing SnO PPs was deployed as a biosensor for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) for the very first time. A very wide linear range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁵–7.0 × 10⁻³ M, limit of detection (LOD) of 1.19 × 10⁻⁵ M along with excellent practical feasibility, storage stability, repeatability and selectivity towards AA electrooxidation showed the excellent synergy between nitrogen-rich GO surface and SnO PPs. The sensitivity (885.54 µAmM⁻¹cm⁻²) of the catalyst was the most attractive feature, as it was obtained in the presence of 5 and 2-fold higher concentration of UA and DA interfering species respectively.



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Immobilized-free miniaturized electrochemical sensing system for Pb2+ detection based on dual Pb2+-DNAzyme assistant feedback amplification strategy

Publication date: 15 October 2018
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 117
Author(s): Wei Cai, Shunbi Xie, Jin Zhang, Dianyong Tang, Ying Tang
We presented a novel dual-DNAzyme feedback amplification (DDFA) strategy for Pb²⁺ detection based on a micropipette tip-based miniaturized homogeneous electrochemical device. The DDFA system involves two rolling circle amplification (RCA) processes in which two circular DNA templates (C1 and C2) have been designed with a Pb²⁺-DNAzyme sequence (8–17 DNAzyme, anti-GR-5 DNAzyme) and an antisense sequence of G-quadruplex. And a linear DNA (L-DNA), which consists of a primer sequence and a Pb²⁺-DNAzyme substrate sequence, could hybridize with C1 and C2 to form two DNA complexes. In presence of Pb²⁺, the Pb²⁺-DNAzyme exhibited excellent cleavage specificity toward the substrate sequence in L-DNA, leaving primer sequence to trigger two paths of RCA process and finally resulting in massive long nanosolo DNA strands with reduplicated G-quadruplex sequences. And then, methylene blue (MB) could selectively intercalate into G-quadruplex to reduce the free MB concentration in the solution. Thereafter, a carbon fiber microelectrode-based miniaturized electrochemical device was constructed to record the decrease of electrochemical signal due to the much lower diffusion rate of MB/G-quadruplex complex than that of free MB. Therefore, the concentration of Pb²⁺ could be correctively and sensitively determined in a homogeneous solution by combining DDFA with miniaturized electrochemical device. This protocol not only exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity toward Pb²⁺ with a detection limit of 0.048 pM, but also reduced sample volume to 10 µL. In addition, this sensing system has been successfully applied to Pb²⁺ detection in Yangtze River with desirable quantitative manners, which matched well with the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).



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Generation of two transgenic amphioxus lines using the Tol2 transposon system

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of Genetics and Genomics
Author(s): Chenggang Shi, Jing Huang, Shixi Chen, Guang Li, Yiquan Wang




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Advances in the development of molecular genetic tools for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:Journal of Genetics and Genomics
Author(s): Chiranjibi Chhotaray, Yaoju Tan, Julius Mugweru, Md Mahmudul Islam, H.M. Adnan Hameed, Shuai Wang, Zhili Lu, Changwei Wang, Xinjie Li, Shouyong Tan, Jianxiong Liu, Tianyu Zhang
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a clinically relevant Gram-positive bacterium of great clinical relevance, is a potentially lethal pathogen owing to its complex physiological characteristics and development of drug resistance. Several molecular genetic tools have been developed in the past few decades to study this microorganism. These tools have been instrumental in understanding how M. tuberculosis became a successful pathogen. Advanced molecular genetic tools have played a significant role in exploring the complex pathways involved in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. Here, we review various molecular genetic tools used in the study of M. tuberculosis. Further, we discuss the applications of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi), a novel technology recently applied in M. tuberculosis research to study target gene functions. Finally, prospective outcomes of the applications of molecular techniques in the field of M. tuberculosis genetic research are also discussed.



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Locally advanced non-inflammatory breast cancer may be misdiagnosed as inflammatory breast cancer

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Author(s): Kadri Altundag




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Surgical Resection as an Adjuvant to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Metastatic GIST: Association or Causation? / Are we any closer to an answer?

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Author(s): Tattersall HL, Gronchi A




https://ift.tt/2JZDzKj

The HPB controversy of the decade: 2007-2017 - ten years of ALPPS

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Author(s): Pim B. Olthof, Andreas A. Schnitzbauer, Erik Schadde
Ten years ago the first patient underwent Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS). This report aimed to critically review literature on ALPPS in terms of methods, outcomes, and bias. In total, 237 English papers on ALPPS were identified, 75 (32%) were letters and 43 (18%) case-reports. Forty-nine single-center series reported a median 10 patients, with 0-69% morbidity and 0-50% mortality. The indications for ALPPS were reported in 35% and 47% reported on modifications. Twenty-three multicenter series included a median 45 patients. Some reports excluded up to 399 cases. 26% reported on the indications and 35% on ALPPS modifications. Across journals, variation in positive and negative conclusions on ALPPS was observed. Ten years of ALPPS have resulted in diverse publications with a high concern of bias. Although one randomized study has been published, a more critical approach towards retrospective methodology is needed to allow pragmatic conclusions for HPB-surgeons.



https://ift.tt/2I1MOEO

Narrow Band Imaging reduces persistence of cancer in patients with pT1 high grade bladder cancer

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Author(s): Roberto Giulianelli, Barbara Cristina Gentile, Gabriella Mirabile, Luca Albanesi, Luca Mavilla, Paola Tariciotti, Giorgio Rizzo, Franceso Fabi, Pietro Aloisi, Giorgio Vincenti, Giorgia Tema, Riccardo Lombardo
PurposeTo evaluate persistence rate on repeated transurethral resection of the bladder (re-TURB) 6 weeks after the first TURB in patients with pT1HG disease undergoing resection of the margins and bed on Narrow Band Imaging.Materials and MethodsA consecutive series of patients undergoing TURB and a diagnosis of pT1 high grade disease were prospectively enrolled. On initial TURB patients underwent classic white light resection of the tumour followed by narrow band image (NBI) resection of margins and bed. After 6 weeks from the initial TURB, patients underwent a re-TURB under white light. Persistence rates on re-TURB were recorded.ResultsOverall 797 patients underwent TURB, out of them 126 patients with pT1 high grade disease were included in the study. The total number of lesions was 226 meaning 1.79 lesions per patient. On re-TURB 24/126 (19%) of the patients presented residual disease with a total of 28/226 (12%) lesions identified. All these patients presented a pTa residual disease. Out of them 8/21 (38%) presented bladder cancer on the resection bed and 13/21 (62%) presented bladder cancer on margins.ConclusionNarrow Band Imaging trans-urethral resection of the bladder is an oncological effective procedure in the treatment of pT1HG disease. The procedure has a 19% of persistence rate which is inferior when compared to the available evidence on white light TURB. Further multicenter studies are needed in order to validate our results.



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Inflammatory Breast Cancer: what surgeons need to know

Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018
Source:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
Author(s): Svanheidur Loa Rafnsdottir, Riccardo A. Audisio




https://ift.tt/2JYtRot