Ιατρικά Άρθρα

Τετάρτη 23 Ιανουαρίου 2019

Interactive effect of potassium and flyash: a soil conditioner on metal accumulation, physiological and biochemical traits of mustard ( Brassica juncea L.)

Abstract

At present plants continuously bare to various environmental stresses due to the rapid climate change that adversely affects the growth and nutrient status of the soil and plant. Application of flyash (FA) in combination with potassium (K) fertilizer amendment improves soil physico-chemical characteristics, growth and yield of plants. Mustard grown in combination with FA (0, 20, 40 or 60 t ha⁻¹) and K (0, 30 or 60 kg ha⁻¹) treated soil was used to evaluate the effect on heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) concentration and antioxidant system. The experiment was conducted in a net house of the Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Sampling was done at 70 DAS. The results showed that concentration of metals was found maximum in roots than the leaf and seeds. FA₆₀ accompanied by K₃₀ and K₆₀ cause oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation and showed reduced levels of photosynthesis and enzymatic activity. Proline and ascorbate content increases with increasing flyash doses to combat stress. However, flyash at the rate of 40 t ha⁻¹ together with K₆₀ followed by K₃₀ significantly boosted crop growth by enhancing antioxidant activity which plays a critical role in ameliorating the oxidative stress.

Graphical abstract

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http://bit.ly/2DtkpZ9

A simple code for efficient indicative number recording with e-logbook

Although e-logbook was a welcome addition to surgical training many years ago its interface and functionality has not changed for many years. Multiple edits may be required if, for example, procedures have been miscoded or wrongly imported from the ISCP logbook. Accurate coding of operations on the e-logbook is important to correctly demonstrate meeting the required indicative numbers. A workout for facilitating the process of multiple procedures editing or adding complications is suggested. It is hoped that sharing this simple to apply computer code will help trainees to more efficiently utilise the e-logbook recording system to ensure accurate reflection of indicative procedural numbers.

http://bit.ly/2U6rAw2

Predictive value of FHIT, p27, and pERK1/ERK2 in salivary gland carcinomas: a retrospective study

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of the biomarkers FHIT, p27, and pERK1/ERK2 in salivary gland carcinomas.

Material and methods

Immunohistochemical staining of FHIT, p27, and pERK1/ERK2 of 265 patients with salivary gland carcinomas was conducted, and associations with clinico-histopathological data, overall survival, and disease-specific survival were examined.

Results

Expression of FHIT (quick score 98.7 vs. 206.4) and p27 (QS 187.3 vs. 244.8) was significantly lower in carcinomas compared to non-tumor control tissue. Loss of FHIT frequently occurred in ACC (55.2%), SDC (68.2%), and SCC (100%). In the totality of tumors, loss of FHIT expression was found in 46.7% (106/227) and was significantly associated with advanced T stage and UICC stage, high-grade histology, loss of p27, PI3K, and survivin. FHIT positivity went along with significantly better overall and disease-specific survival. Negativity of p27 occurred in 28.7% (70/244) of tumors, particularly in SDC (54.4%) and SCC (50%). In the totality of tumors, p27 was associated with advanced patient age, high-grade histology, PI3K, survivin as well as better overall and disease-specific survival (p < 0.05). Positive pERK1/ERK2 expression correlated with positive survivin expression but did not affect overall survival in the totality of tumors. In mucoepidermoid carcinomas, pERK1/ERK2 expression was associated with low-grade malignancy, positive nuclear survivin, and better disease-specific survival.

Conclusions

Loss of FHIT and p27 characterizes aggressive tumor growth and unfavorable prognosis in salivary gland cancer.

Clinical relevance

The results may help to stratify patient-specific therapies according to individual tumor characteristics.

http://bit.ly/2FZLXr5

Fludroxycortide cream as an alternative therapy for actinic cheilitis

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of the study is to assess, by clinical follow-up, the efficacy of the dermatological cream Fludroxycortide 0.125 mg/g (Drenison®) in the treatment of actinic cheilitis (AC).

Material and methods

Twenty-three patients diagnosed with AC participated in the study. Fifteen were submitted to corticotherapy with Fludroxycortide, applied three times a day for up to 6 weeks, associated with lip sunscreen (LS) before sun exposure. In the control group of eight patients, only the use of LS was established. At each weekly return, a photographic record was made of the lesion. After treatment, images were evaluated and scores were assigned to verify clinical evolution. Also, patients treated with Fludroxycortide responded to a questionnaire, to assess drug tolerability and treatment satisfaction.

Results

In the group treated with Fludroxycortide (n = 15), five patients showed total improvement, seven presented partial improvement, and three showed no clinical change. Concerning the patients treated with LS (n = 8), one presented total remission of the clinical lesion characteristics, four exhibited partial improvement, and three exhibited no clinical lip alteration. No case presented symptom worsening. Of the 15 patients undergoing corticotherapy, 12 were satisfied and reported that the product was not irritating and contributed to lesion improvement.

Conclusions

Conventional treatment with LS was effective in the remission of some AC lesions, but treatment responses were improved when associated with Fludroxycortide, especially in the more severe cases.

Clinical relevance

As it is a non-invasive therapy leading, in most cases, to adequate clinical results, safety, and tolerability, Fludroxycortide can be considered an effective alternative treatment for AC.

http://bit.ly/2FLmphI

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of aligner fitting on anchorage attachments

Abstract

Purpose

The aims of the study were (1) to evaluate the fitting of three different aligners (Invisalign [Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA], CA Clear Aligner [Scheu-Dental, Iserlohn, Germany] and F22 [Sweden&Martina, Due Carrare, Italy]) on anchorage attachments using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (2) to analyze the influence of 2 different types of resin used to build attachments on aligner fitting.

Methods

Using STL files of a patient, six resin casts were obtained and rectangular attachments were bonded on them. Conventional bulk-fill resin was used to build upper attachments while a flowable resin was used to build the lower ones. Passive aligners were adapted on each cast and then sectioned buccolingually. Microphotographs of the obtained sections were performed using a SEM and then micrometric measurements of aligner fitting on anchorage attachments were recorded.

Results

Analyzing the overall fitting of upper arch aligners, Invisalign provided a significantly better fitting with respect to F22 (P = 0.009); differences were not significant when comparing Invisalign with CA Clear Aligner, and CA Clear Aligner with F22. Analyzing the overall fitting of lower arch aligners, F22 provided a significantly better fitting with respect to CA Clear Aligner (P = 0.008) and Invisalign (P = 0.011). The analysis showed a significantly better fitting on upper attachments, built using conventional bulk-fill resin (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

Invisalign, CA Clear Aligner and F22 have comparable performance in terms of fitting on anchorage attachments. Conventional bulk-fill resin provides the best fitting on anchorage attachments.

http://bit.ly/2UdLC82

Following in the footsteps of Hippocrates—interrelation between the incidence of odontogenic abscess and meteorological parameters

Abstract

Objectives

Although many physicians in daily practice assume a connection between odontogenic infections and meteorological parameters, this has not yet been scientifically proven. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of odontogenic abscess (OA) in relation to outdoor temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Patients and methods

An analysis of patients with an odontogenic abscess who presented at the emergency department within a period of 24 months was performed. Only patients who had not received surgical or antibiotic treatment prior to presentation and who lived in Berlin/Brandenburg were included. The OA incidence was correlated with the mean/maximum outdoor temperature and atmospheric pressure starting from 14 days before presentation. The statistical analysis was carried out using Poisson regression models with OA incidence as dependent and meteorological parameters as independent variables.

Results

A total of 535 patients (mean age 39.4 years; range 1 to 95 years) with 538 cases were included. Of these, 227 were hospitalized. The most frequent diagnosis was a canine fossa abscess. A significant association between mean (p = 0.0153) and maximum temperature (p = 0.008) on the day of the presentation and abscess incidence was observed. Furthermore, a significant correlation between OA incidence and maximum temperature 2 days before presentation was found (p = 0.034). The deviation of the mean temperature on the day of the presentation from the monthly mean temperature had a significant influence (p = 0.021) on the incidence of OA. In contrast to temperature, atmospheric pressure had no significant influence on the incidence of OA.

Conclusion

This study supports a relationship between the incidence of odontogenic abscess and outdoor temperature, but not atmospheric pressure. A significantly higher frequency of patients with an OA presented at our emergency department on days with (comparably) low and high outdoor temperatures. Furthermore, a significant correlation between incidence and maximum temperature 2 days before presentation was found.

Clinical relevance

The treatment of odontogenic infections has become a significant economic burden to public health care facilities. The results of this study may help to adapt the numbers of doctors/dentists on duty in relation to different weather conditions. In any case, it is an impetus to think outside the box.

http://bit.ly/2DwwFIv

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of aligner fitting on anchorage attachments

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Invisalign, CA Clear Aligner and F22 have comparable performance in terms of fitting on anchorage attachments. Conventional bulk-fill resin provides the best fitting on anchorage attachments.

http://bit.ly/2UdLC82

Phthalate exposure and cumulative risk in a Chinese newborn population

Abstract

Phthalates have been attracted as a considerable attention in toxicological research as well as public health context due to their ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse health effects. Newborns are susceptible to the environmental risk factors; however, data are still limited on newborn phthalate exposure and risk assessment worldwide, especially in China. This study was nested in a cross-sectional retrospective study of 1359 pregnant women recruited in Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China, during June to July 2012. All urine samples from newborn were collected using disposal diapers during the first two postnatal days, and seven phthalate metabolites were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Phthalate exposure and accumulation risk were evaluated based on the measured newborn urinary internal doses. The detection rate (96.5%) and the median concentration (17.5 ng/mL) of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were the highest, while monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentration was the lowest with a detection rate (1.50%). By estimating the daily intakes of the parent phthalates, their EDI were 0.04, 0.10, 0.32, 0.00, and 0.12 μg/kg-bw/day for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The newborns were commonly exposed to phthalates but no one exceeds the regulated tolerable daily intake (TDI) values in this large newborn population.

http://bit.ly/2sGcJNf

Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background

Topical retinoids are a first-line treatment for acne vulgaris.

Objective

This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topical retinoids approved in the United States for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Methods

A PubMed and Embase search was conducted using the search terms 'adapalene,' 'tretinoin,' 'tazarotene,' and 'acne vulgaris.' Selection of articles fit the following inclusion criteria: clinical trials evaluating both efficacy and safety/tolerability of topical retinoids approved in the United States for the treatment of acne vulgaris and published between January 1, 2008 and September 1, 2018. Exclusion criteria included clinical trials involving 20 subjects or fewer, subjects under 12 years of age, and topical retinoid combination therapies with moisturizers or aloe vera. Of 424 search results found, a total of 54 clinical trials were chosen based on selection criteria.

Results

Topical retinoids are superior to vehicle in improving Investigator Global Assessment and Investigator's Static Global Assessment (24.1–28.8% and 13.3–17.3%, respectively; p < 0.001). A topical retinoid combined with benzoyl peroxide led to IGA improvement compared with vehicle (26.1–34.9% vs 7–11.8%; p < 0.001) at Week 12. Topical retinoid plus an oral antibiotic was superior to vehicle in reducing lesion counts (64–78.9% vs 41–56.8%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in efficacy between tretinoin and tazarotene. Tretinoin 0.05% resulted in 62% of patients experiencing AEs compared with adapalene 0.1% (19%) and adapalene 0.3% (40%). More patients receiving adapalene were tolerant of the AEs compared with tazarotene (55.4% vs 24.4%; p < 0.0012).

Conclusions

Topical retinoids are safe and efficacious for the treatment of acne vulgaris. They should be used in combination with benzoyl peroxide to optimize results in patients. The differences in efficacy of topical retinoids appears minor; therefore, the type of topical retinoid is not as important as choosing a particular strength of topical retinoid and combining it with an antimicrobial agent. Adapalene has a superior tolerability profile amongst topical retinoids.

http://bit.ly/2AZ4DUa

Alterations in the intestinal microbiota of patients with severe and active Graves’ orbitopathy: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background

The intestinal microbiota was linked to autoimmune diseases. Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that is usually associated with Graves' disease. However, information on the microbiome of GO patients is yet lacking.

Objectives

To investigate whether GO patients differ from healthy controls in the fecal microbiota.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting

33 patients with severe and active GO and 32 healthy controls of Han nationality were enrolled between March 2017 and March 2018.

Methods

The Gut microbial communities of the fecal samples of GO patients and healthy controls were analyzed and compared by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

Community diversity (Simpson and Shannon) was significantly reduced in fecal samples from patients with GO as compared to controls (p < 0.05). The similarity observed while assessing the community diversity (PCoA) proposed that the microbiota of patients with GO differ significantly from those of controls (p < 0.05). At the phyla levels, the proportion of Bacteroidetes increased significantly in patients with GO (p < 0.05), while at the genus and species levels, significant differences were observed in the bacterial profiles between the two groups (p < 0.05).

Limitations

Single-centered study design and limited fecal samples.

Conclusions

The present study indicated distinctive features of the gut microbiota in GO patients. The study provided evidence for further exploration in the field of intestinal microbiota with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of GO patients by modifying the microbiota profile.

http://bit.ly/2R8IacL

A comparative study on the photo-catalytic degradation of Cytarabine anticancer drug under Fe 3+/ H 2 O 2 , Fe 3+/ S 2 O 8 2− , and [Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ] 3− /H 2 O 2 processes. Kinetics, identification, and in silico toxicity assessment of generated transformation products

Abstract

Cytarabine (CY) is an anticancer drug which has been identified in wastewater influents, effluents, and surface waters. In the present study, the degradation of CY under simulated solar light (SSL), by photo-Fenton (Fe³⁺/H₂O₂/SSL) and photo-Fenton-like processes (Fe³⁺/S₂O₈²⁻/SSL and [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]³⁻/H₂O₂/SSL), was investigated. The major parameters affecting the applied treatments (e.g., concentration of CY, Fe³⁺, H₂O₂, and S₂O₈²⁻) were optimized and CY's complete removal was achieved within 45 min for all techniques used. Mineralization studies indicated that [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]³⁻/H₂O₂/SSL treatment was the most efficient procedure since faster kinetics are achieved and higher mineralization percentage is reached compared to the other techniques used. Furthermore, 12 transformation products (TPs) were identified during the applied processes, by high resolution mass spectrometry, four of which were identified for the first time, indicating that CY molecule undergoes hydroxylation and subsequent oxidation, during the applied processes. Moreover, predictions of acute and chronic ecotoxicity of CY and its TPs on fish, daphnia, and green algae were conducted, using in silico quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) calculations. According to these predictions, the TPs generated during the studied treatments may pose a threat to aquatic environment. Finally, the efficiency of CY degradation by photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like treatment in real wastewater was evaluated, under the optimized conditions, which resulted in lower degradation rate constants compared to ultrapure water.

http://bit.ly/2FUpmMf

Therapeutic effects of the selective farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in a monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model

Abstract

Background

Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor steroid superfamily, leads to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in several tissues, including the lung. We have recently demonstrated a protective effect of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in rat models of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the positive effects of OCA treatment could be exerted also in established MCT-induced PAH, i.e., starting treatment 2 weeks after MCT administration.

Methods

Rats with MCT-induced PAH were treated, 2 weeks after MCT administration, with OCA or tadalafil for two additional weeks. Pulmonary functional tests were performed at week 2 (before treatment) and four (end of treatment). At the same time points, lung morphological features and expression profile of genes related to smooth muscle relaxation/contraction and tissue remodeling were also assessed.

Results

2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, the treadmill resistance (a functional parameter related to pulmonary hypertension) was significantly decreased. At the same time point, we observed right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling, with upregulation of genes related to inflammation. At week 4, we observed a further worsening of the functional and morphological parameters, accompanied by dysregulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix markers mRNA expression. Administration of OCA (3 or 10 mg/kg/day), starting 2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, significantly improved pulmonary function, effectively normalizing the exercise capacity. OCA also reverted most of the lung alterations, with a significant reduction of lung vascular wall thickness, right ventricular hypertrophy, and restoration of the local balance between relaxant and contractile pathways. Markers of remodeling pathways were also normalized by OCA treatment. Notably, results with OCA treatment were similar, or even superior, to those obtained with tadalafil, a recently approved treatment for pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of OCA in established MCT-induced PAH, improving exercise capacity associated with reduction of right ventricular hypertrophy and lung vascular remodeling. Thus, OCA dosing in a therapeutic protocol restores the balance between relaxant and contractile pathways in the lung, promoting cardiopulmonary protective actions in MCT-induced PAH.

http://bit.ly/2sFf7np

From sensory circumventricular organs to cerebral cortex: neural pathways controlling thirst and hunger

Abstract

Much progress has been made during the past thirty years elucidating neural and endocrine pathways by which bodily needs for water and energy are brought to conscious awareness through the generation of thirst and hunger. One way that circulating hormones influence thirst and hunger is by acting on neurons within sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs). This is possible because the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the sensory CVOs in the forebrain, and the area postrema in the hindbrain, lack a normal blood‐brain barrier so that neurons within them are exposed to blood‐borne agents. The neural signals generated by hormonal action in these sensory CVOs are relayed to several sites in the cerebral cortex to stimulate or inhibit thirst or hunger. The subfornical organ and OVLT respond to circulating angiotensin II, relaxin and hypertonicity to drive thirst‐related neural pathways; whereas circulating amylin, leptin and possibly GLP‐1, act at the area postrema to influence neural pathways inhibiting food intake.

As a result of investigations using functional brain imaging techniques, the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as several other cortical sites, have been implicated in the conscious perception of thirst and hunger in humans. Viral tracing techniques show that the anterior cingulate cortex and insula receive neural inputs from thirst related neurons in the subfornical organ and OVLT, hunger‐related neurons in the area postrema have polysynaptic efferent connections to these cortical regions. For thirst, the median preoptic nucleus initially, and thereafter the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus have been identified as likely sites of synaptic links in pathways from subfornical organ and OVLT to the cortex. The challenge remains to identify the links in the neural pathways that relay signals originating in sensory CVOs to cortical sites subserving either thirst or hunger.

http://bit.ly/2WcVYqj

A fiber coherence index for quality control of B-table orientation in diffusion MRI scans

Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019

Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author(s): Kurt G. Schilling, Fang-Cheng Yeh, Vishwesh Nath, Colin Hansen, Owen Williams, Susan Resnick, Adam W. Anderson, Bennett A. Landman

Abstract

Purpose

The diffusion MRI "b-vector" table describing the diffusion sensitization direction can be flipped and permuted in dimension due to different orientation conventions used in scanners and incorrect or improperly utilized file formats. This can lead to incorrect fiber orientation estimates and subsequent tractography failure. Here, we present an automated quality control procedure to detect when the b-table is flipped and/or permuted incorrectly.

Methods

We define a "fiber coherence index" to describe how well fibers are connected to each other, and use it to automatically detect the correct configuration of b-vectors. We examined the performance on 3981 research subject scans (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging), 1065 normal subject scans of high image quality (Human Connectome Project), and 202 patient scans (Vanderbilt University Medical Center), as well as 9 in-vivo and 9 ex-vivo animal data.

Results

The coherence index resulted in a 99.9% (3979/3981) and 100% (1065/1065) success rate in normal subject scans, 98% (198/202) in patient scans, and 100% (18/18) in both in-vivo and ex-vivo animal data in detecting the correct gradient table in datasets without severe image artifacts. The four failing cases (4/202) in patient scans, and two failures in healthy subject scans (2/3981), all showed prominent motion or signal dropout artifacts.

Conclusions

The fiber coherence measure can be used as an automatic quality assurance check in any diffusion analysis pipeline. Additionally, the success of this fiber coherence measure suggests potential broader applications, including evaluating data quality, or even providing diagnostic value as a biomarker of white matter integrity.

http://bit.ly/2Duzry8

Development of a Novel Approach to Studying Corneodesmosomes and Stratum Corneum Adhesion: Extending Knowledge on the Pathophysiology of Sensitive Skin

Background/Aims: Aberrant skin barrier and intercorneocyte adhesion are potential contributors to the pathomechanism of sensitive skin (SS). Here we aimed to develop a novel and easy-to-apply method to analyze corneodesmosomes and to interrogate potential differences between corneocytes of subjects with SS and non-SS (NSS). Methods: Corneocytes of the volar forearm and upper outer quadrant of the left buttock of SS (n = 10) and NSS (n = 8) subjects were extracted as a function of depth using adhesive tape and stained with anti-desmoglein 1 (DSG1) antibody. The total area of corneocytes and the number and average size of cells per tape was estimated using image processing. Results: The total area of extracted corneocytes and the quantity of DSG1 decreased with depth. The level of decrease, total area of corneocytes, and average area of individual cells differed between anatomical locations. In SS, a larger total area of extracted corneocytes and a larger average cell size per tape was found at all inspected depths. Conclusion: The developed novel and easy-to-apply approach allows investigation of corneodesmosome components. We confirm a role of altered corneocytes in the pathomechanism of SS. The disclosed protocol can further be optimized in studies of skin conditions with strongly affected corneodesmosomes.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019;32:81–93

http://bit.ly/2HnW4YO

Abnormal fronto-striatal intrinsic connectivity reflects executive dysfunction in alcohol use disorders

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Caterina Galandra, Gianpaolo Basso, Marina Manera, Chiara Crespi, Ines Giorgi, Giovanni Vittadini, Paolo Poggi, Nicola Canessa

Abstract

The neural bases of cognitive impairment(s) in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have been explained either with the specific involvement of frontal regions mostly affected by alcohol neurotoxic effects, or with a global brain damage underlying different neuro-cognitive alterations. Novel insights into this issue might come from the analysis of resting-state brain activity, representing a baseline level of intrinsic connectivity within and between the networks underlying cognitive performance.

We thus addressed the neural bases of cognitive impairment(s) in 22 AUD patients, compared with 18 healthy controls, by coupling resting-state fMRI with an in-depth neuropsychological assessment of the main cognitive domains. We assessed a relationship between AUD patients' cognitive impairment and two complementary facets of intrinsic brain functioning, i.e. intensity of activation and functional network connectivity, related to the strength of connectivity within and between resting-state networks, respectively.

Alcoholic patients' decreased cognitive performance involved specifically an executive domain associated with attentional and working-memory tasks. This impairment reflected an abnormal relationship, in patients vs. controls, between cognitive performance and the intensity of intrinsic activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal and striatal nodes of the executive control network. Functional connectivity between the same structures was positively correlated with executive performance in the whole sample, but significantly reduced in patients.

The present data suggest that AUD patients' executive impairment reflects dysfunctional connectivity between the cortical and subcortical nodes of the networks underlying cognitive control on goal-directed behavior. This evidence provides a baseline for future studies addressing the abnormal neural architecture underlying cognitive impairment in AUDs and the outcome of rehabilitative treatment.

http://bit.ly/2U9HjKM

“Looks familiar, but I do not know who she is”: The role of the anterior right temporal lobe in famous face recognition

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Valentina Borghesani, Jared Narvid, Giovanni Battistella, Wendy Shwe, Christa Watson, Richard J. Binney, Virginia Sturm, Zachary Miller, Maria Luisa Mandelli, Bruce Miller, Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini

Abstract

Processing a famous face involves a cascade of steps including detecting the presence of a face, recognizing it as familiar, accessing semantic/biographical information about the person, and finally, if required, production of the proper name. Decades of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have identified a network of occipital and temporal brain regions ostensibly comprising the 'core' system for face processing. Recent research has also begun to elucidate upon an 'extended' network, including anterior temporal and frontal cortex. However, there is disagreement about which brain areas are involved in each step, as many aspects of face processing occur automatically in healthy individuals and rarely dissociate in patients. Moreover, some common phenomena are not easily induced in an experimental setting, such as having a sense of familiarity without being able to recall who the person is. Patients with the semantic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA) often recognize a famous face as familiar, even when they cannot specifically recall the proper name or biographical details. In this study, we analyzed data from a large sample of 105 patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including 43 svPPA, to identify the neuroanatomical substrate of three different steps of famous face processing. Using voxel-based morphometry, we correlated whole-brain grey matter volumes with scores on three experimental tasks that targeted familiarity judgment, semantic/biographical information retrieval, and naming. Performance in naming and semantic association significantly correlate with grey matter volume in the left anterior temporal lobe, whereas familiarity judgment with integrity of the right anterior middle temporal gyrus. These findings shed light on the neuroanatomical substrates of key components of overt face processing, addressing issues of functional lateralization, and deepening our understanding of neural substrates of semantic knowledge.

http://bit.ly/2DtEONL

The role of the hippocampus in weighting expectations during inference under uncertainty

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Francesco Rigoli, Jochen Michely, Karl J. Friston, Raymond J. Dolan

Abstract

Making inference under uncertainty requires an optimal weighting of prior expectations and observations. How this weighting is realized in the brain remains elusive. To investigate this, we recorded functional neuroimaging data while participants estimated a number based on noisy observations. Crucially, the prior expectation about the variability of observations (an expected variability) was manipulated. Consistent with normative models, when novel observations were characterized by higher expected or observed variability, participants' estimates relied more on expectations than novel observations and were characterized by higher stochasticity. Activity in hippocampus increased when novel evidence was characterized by higher expected or observed variability. Response in superior parietal cortex reflected a precision-weighted prediction error signal (i.e., the distance between observations and expectations) that was modulated by hippocampal activity. Our findings implicate the hippocampus during inference under uncertainty, suggesting a role in weighting prior representations over observations and in modulating responsivity of superior parietal cortex to prediction error.

http://bit.ly/2Uf4Km5

Cost‐effectiveness analysis of screen‐and‐treat strategy in asymptomatic Chinese for preventing Helicobacter pylori‐associated diseases

Abstract

Background

The high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in China results in a substantial public health burden. Medical experts have not agreed on the best solution of population intervention for this problem. We presented a health economic evaluation of a population‐based H pylori screen‐and‐treat strategy for preventing gastric cancer, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD).

Materials and Methods

Decision trees and Markov models were developed to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of H pylori screening followed by eradication treatment in asymptomatic Chinese. The modeled screen‐and‐treat strategy reduced the risk of gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD. The main outcomes were the costs, effectiveness, and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. Uncertainty was explored by one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

For preventing gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD together in a cohort of 10 million asymptomatic Chinese at the age of 20 years, the H pylori screen‐and‐treat strategy saved 288.1 million dollars, 28 989 life years, and 111 663 quality‐adjusted life years, and prevented 11 611 gastric cancers, 5422 deaths from gastric cancer, and 1854 deaths from PUD during life expectancy. Uncertainty of screening age from 20 to 60 did not affect the superiority of the screen‐and‐treat strategy over the no‐screen strategy. The one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our study's results.

Conclusions

Compared with the no‐screen strategy, population‐based screen‐and‐treat strategy for H pylori infection proved cheaper and more effective for preventing gastric cancer, PUD, and NUD in Chinese asymptomatic general population.

http://bit.ly/2WepGuX

The risk of Helicobacter pylori infection for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Objective

To estimate the current evidence regarding the association between Helicobacter pylori infection during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Materials and Methods

A systematic literature search for relevant publications was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of science databases through November 17th, 2018. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were selected as the effect size. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed.

Results

Thirty‐one studies with a total of 22 845 participants were identified. There was significant association of H pylori infection with preeclampsia (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.88‐3.34; P < 0.001), fetal growth restriction (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.21‐4.32; P = 0.01), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.56‐2.64; P < 0.001), spontaneous abortion (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.05‐2.14; P = 0.024), and birth defect (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.05‐2.54; P = 0.03). Sensitivity analysis showed the significant association between H pylori infection and low birthweight (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.05‐2.40; P = 0.03).

Conclusion

The present meta‐analysis offers proof to support that H pylori infection during pregnancy can increase the risk on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Screening and treating for H pylori infection before pregnancy should be taken into account.

http://bit.ly/2R6rHFW

Global Analysis of Lysine Succinylome in the Periodontal Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis

Summary

The Gram‐negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis is not only a keystone periodontal pathogen, but also an emerging systemic pathogen. Although the newly discovered protein post‐translational modification (PTM), lysine succinylation (Ksuc), appears to play an important role in modulating metabolic processes in bacteria, this PTM has not been investigated in P. gingivalis. In this study, we used a highly sensitive proteomics approach combining affinity enrichment with high‐resolution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to examine Ksuc in P. gingivalis. In total, 345 Ksuc sites in 233 proteins were identified and determined to be involved in a variety of cellular processes. In the region surrounding Ksuc sites, lysine residues were drastically overrepresented and sequence motifs with succinyl‐lysine flanked by a lysine at the +3 or +6 positions appear to be unique to this pathogen. Additionally, our results suggest a crosstalk between Ksuc and glycosylation, but the overlap between Ksuc and acetylation in P. gingivalis is quite different from that observed in other organisms. Notably, Ksuc was observed in proteins associated with established virulence factors including gingipains, fimbriae, RagB and PorR. Moreover, products of the factors necessary for P. gingivalis in vitro survival (18.5%) were found to be succinylated at lysine sites and the same was observed in products of fitness factors for P. gingivalis survival in both abscess and epithelial cell colonization environments (12%). Collectively, these results suggest that Ksuc may be a new mechanism in modulating the virulence, adaptation, and fitness of P. gingivalis.

http://bit.ly/2DuvYzt

Editorial Board

Publication date: February 2019

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews, Volume 18, Issue 2

Author(s):

http://bit.ly/2FJaTUa

Editorial Board and Contents

Publication date: February 2019

Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 2

Author(s):

http://bit.ly/2My0U4V

Motivations Among Sexual‐Minority Men for Starting and Stopping Indoor Tanning

Abstract

Sexual‐minority men (SMM, including men who identify as homosexual, gay, bisexual or other) are more likely than heterosexual men to have had skin cancer and to have tanned indoors.¹ While motivations for tanning have been explored for young women, limited research has examined the motivations for SMM to stop indoor tanning. Given the increasing evidence that tanning itself may even be classifiable as addictive behaviour, understanding the motivations for tanning in this high risk population is pressing.

http://bit.ly/2sHiFp9

Comment on “Diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy for Mohs surgery of basal cell carcinomas: A prospective study on 753 margins”

Abstract

We read with interest the paper by Longo C. et al.¹ regarding the diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) for Mohs surgery (MMS) of basal cell carcinomas and we appreciated the potential of this imaging tool. Nevertheless, we would like to point out some issues regarding the use of MMS reported in the case series.

As showed in picture 2, standard vertical sections were cut and stained according to the "perimeter technique" (PT) in contrast with the principles of MMS consisting in cutting horizontal sections in order to get a proper peripheral and margin control.

http://bit.ly/2Mr3iKz

The use of Virtual Reality for Bedside Procedures

Abstract

Pain is a routine part of medical care. Daily, clinicians worldwide perform millions of minor, bedside procedures that result in pain and discomfort. Procedures such as suturing lacerations, injecting inflamed joints, performing mammograms, bone marrow aspirations, and wart destruction among other, are painful, touch every specialty and affect every age group. Medical care is branded as painful, and pain and discomfort may affect patients willingness to consent to such procedures, with significant implications for care and outcomes if procedures are averted, some with direct effect on mortality .

http://bit.ly/2sHiaLN

Understanding the experience of sleep disturbance in psoriasis: A qualitative exploration using the Common Sense, Self‐Regulation Model

ABSTRACT

Background

Psoriasis is associated with significant morbidity which negatively impacts upon quality of life. Sleep disturbance is reported by patients to be common in psoriasis and is associated with physical and psychological variables, although there is little published work in this area. Understanding sleep and the factors involved in its disturbance in psoriasis is a potentially important clinical area given the role of sleep in health and disease processes.

Objective

To explore the experience of sleep and sleep disturbance in psoriasis using the Common‐Sense‐Self‐Regulation Model (CS‐SRM).

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with adults diagnosed with psoriasis. Interview questions were informed by the CS‐SRM and previous research. Framework analysis was applied, including coding data into the CS‐SRM dimensions and allowing additional inductive themes to emerge.

Results

Seventeen people with psoriasis (9 female, 8 male; aged 19‐86) were interviewed about sleep and sleep disturbance. Seven themes emerged, with six accounted for by the CS‐SRM: characteristics of sleep disturbance, change in sleep patterns, thoughts about and symptoms of disease disturbing sleep, impact of poor sleep on daily life, attempts to improve sleep, a daily battle for control and a seventh relating to metacognitive processes. A reciprocal relationship between sleep and psoriasis was evident across themes with interactions between key sleep‐related thoughts, emotions and behaviours.

Conclusion

This study showed that sleep disturbance is a persistent concern for people with psoriasis, it has a 24‐hour impact, and interacts with psychological and physical aspects of psoriasis. The distress and frustration felt when managing sleep disturbance perpetuated problematic sleep. Addressing this with currently available sleep treatments may therefore confer sleep and psoriasis‐related benefits for people living with this condition.

http://bit.ly/2My0T0R

Port-wine stains on the neck respond better to a pulsed dye laser than lesions on the face: An intrapatient comparison study with histopathology

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Wenxin Yu, Jiafang Zhu, Yifei Gu, Yijie Chen, Yue Han, Ying Shang, Hui Chen, Yunbo Jin, Xi Yang, Lei Chang, Gang Ma, Xiaoxi Lin

http://bit.ly/2sHi46T

Letter to the Editor: Nail Lichen Planus: A True Nail Emergency

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Shari R. Lipner

http://bit.ly/2Mr3f1l

Screening for Depression and Suicidality in Psoriasis Patients: A Survey of U.S. Dermatologists

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Sydney E. Liang, Jeffrey M. Cohen, Roger S. Ho

http://bit.ly/2sIpNla

Therapeutic Pearl: Regenerative Healing Ability of the Digit Tip

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Nicolas Balagué, Arnaud G. L'Huillier

http://bit.ly/2MoUUeo

Nail lichen planus

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Christos Tziotzios, John A. McGrath, David A. Fenton

http://bit.ly/2sH6OY4

Rule of thumb: a simple tool to estimate 1% scalp surface area

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): C.G. Wambier, B.A. King

http://bit.ly/2MtxAfF

The Most Common Causes of Burnout among U.S. Academic Dermatologists Based on a Survey Study

Publication date: Available online 23 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Deborah N. Dorrell, Steven R. Feldman, William Wei-ting Huang

http://bit.ly/2sHhS7F

Primary Cutaneous Hodgkin‐like Polymorphic Post‐Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an uncommon complication after solid organ transplants and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Isolated involvement of the skin without systemic involvement in PTLD is extremely rare. Primary cutaneous PTLD is generally categorized as either cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas or cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas, with variable Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) positivity. Herein, we describe an exceedingly uncommon case of a primary cutaneous Hodgkin‐like polymorphic PTLD. A man in his 60s, with a history of kidney transplant, presented with a 5‐week history of 2 indurated plaques. Clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with primary cutaneous Hodgkin‐like polymorphic PTLD. Reduction in immunosuppression led to resolution of his lesions. This case highlights a rare case of primary cutaneous Hodgkin‐like PTLD and increases awareness of this uncommon post‐transplant complication. It also underscores the importance of collaboration between dermatology, hematology, dermatopathology and hematopathology in order to diagnose challenging cases.

http://bit.ly/2sKMepD

N-acetyl cysteine versus chlorhexidine mouthwashes in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Abstract

Objectives

To compare the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) mouthwash with chlorhexidine (CHX) in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis

Materials and methods

Sixty subjects were assigned randomly and blindly into one of three equal groups: NAC, CHX, or placebo group. The study was conducted in two stages: preventive and treatment substudies. Professional prophylaxis was performed ahead of starting the preventive substudy. Then, the subjects were instructed to stop oral hygiene practices and begin rinsing twice/day with 15 ml of the assigned mouthwash (1.25% NAC, 0.2% CHX, or inert base). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were measured at baseline, 7, 14, and 21 days. The treatment substudy started on day 21 in which the subjects in the placebo group (now with established experimental gingivitis) were assigned to NAC (n = 10) or CHX (n = 10); the abovementioned indices were measured at 28 and 35 days. Efficacy of these interventions was compared.

Results

All groups accumulated plaque and developed some degree of gingivitis: full-blown in the placebo group and remarkably mild in the CHX group. NAC had slight preventive properties at days 14 and 21. In the treatment substudy, CHX was associated with remarkable reduction in plaque and gingivitis while NAC resulted in insignificant reductions.

Conclusions

1.25% NAC is marginally effective in prevention and treatment of experimental gingivitis.

Clinical relevance

When compared with the placebo, NAC showed promising preventive and treatment effects of gingivitis that deserve further development and studies.

Trial registration

ISRCTN31352091.

http://bit.ly/2Ualz1u

Development of herpes zoster during infliximab treatment for pediatric generalized pustular psoriasis, a case report

Abstract

We report a 12‐year‐old Chinese child with generalized pustular psoriasis who was responded well to infliximab, but an adverse effect of herpes zoster occurred after the first infusion soon. The anti‐viral treatment was effective and no recurrence or flaring was observed after half‐year of follow‐up. This case reminds us to highlight the risk of viral infection during biologic treatment on patients with psoriasis or autoimmune disease.

http://bit.ly/2RHZJFv

Expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator, retinoid‐related orphan receptor gamma‐isoform‐t and interleukin 7 in psoriasis vulgaris

Abstract

Background/Objectives

Psoriasis is one of the immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases where CD4+ T lymphocytes, mainly Th1 cells, and B lymphocytes contribute in their pathogenesis through a pro‐inflammatory effect, production of antibodies, activation of T cells and cytokine synthesis. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a co‐inhibitory molecule expressed on T and B lymphocytes as well as other immune cells, and it is necessary to inhibit homoeostatic expansion and activation of lymph node and skin‐resident γδ T cells. BTLA expression is regulated by RORγt and IL‐7. The study aimed at adding more insight on the role played by co‐inhibitory molecule BTLA in psoriasis vulgaris and its inter‐relation with RORγt and IL‐7 to establish a basis for novel treatment strategies.

Methods

This case–control study included 25 patients and 25 controls examined for gene expression of BTLA, RORγt and IL‐7.

Results

B and T lymphocyte attenuator was significantly lower in psoriasis patients, whereas both RORγt and IL‐7 were higher in comparison with controls. A significant positive correlation between disease severity (PASI) and both RORγt and IL‐7 as well as between RORγt and IL‐7 was found. A significant negative correlation between BTLA and both RORγt and IL‐7 was found. Neither the age nor the duration of disease had any correlation with BTLA, RORγt or IL‐7. BTLA had no correlation with PASI. Regarding the control group, a significant negative correlation between RORγt and IL‐7 was found.

Conclusion

B and T lymphocyte attenuator, RORγt and IL‐7 play an important role in psoriasis.

http://bit.ly/2R7pNF5

Skin‐limited H syndrome in a Chinese man

http://bit.ly/2W9vaHr

Multiple benign adnexal tumours: Anything but benign

Abstract

Muir Torre syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes involved in DNA repair, leading to microsatellite instability and a propensity to tumour formation. We report a case of a 67‐year‐old gentleman who underwent biopsy of a smooth nodular lesion on the nasal tip, histopathologically consistent with sebaceous adenoma. Immunohistochemistry suggested a loss of MSH6. Subsequent colonoscopy identified a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with loss of staining for MSH6 and a germline mutation identified on genetic analysis. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of Muir Torre syndrome. Whilst there is controversy in the literature regarding universal screening for Muir Torre syndrome, the early detection of visceral neoplasms is crucial. The authors strongly support screening for Muir Torre syndrome (with patient consent) upon discovery of a cutaneous sebaceous neoplasm, even in the absence of a personal or family history of visceral malignancy.

http://bit.ly/2R7pzxJ

Nonclassical pemphigus with exclusively IgG anti‐desmocollin 3‐specific antibodies

Abstract

We describe a patient with nonclassical clinical and histopathological features of pemphigus with exclusively IgG antibodies against desmocollin (Dsc) 3 detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay of recombinant eukaryotic protein of Dsc1‐Dsc3. The absence of antibodies against other known targets, such as desmogleins, reinforces the role of anti‐Dsc antibodies in the pathophysiology of atypical pemphigus.

http://bit.ly/2WdpqMN

Increased central adiposity and decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are associated with deterioration in glucose tolerance – a longitudinal cohort study

Summary

Objective & Context

Increasing adiposity, aging and tissue‐specific regeneration of cortisol through the activity of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 have been associated with deterioration in glucose tolerance. We undertook a longitudinal, prospective clinical study to determine if alterations in local glucocorticoid metabolism track with changes in glucose tolerance.

Design, Patients, Measurements

65 overweight/obese individuals (mean age 50.3±7.3years), underwent oral glucose tolerance testing, body composition assessment, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy and urinary steroid metabolite analysis annually for up to 5 years. Participants were categorised into those in whom glucose tolerance deteriorated ('deteriorators') or improved ('improvers').

Results

Deteriorating glucose tolerance was associated with increasing total and trunk fat mass and increased subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of lipogenic genes. Subcutaneous adipose tissue 11β‐HSD1 gene expression decreased in deteriorators and at study completion, was highest in the improvers. There was a significant negative correlation between change in area under the curve glucose and 11β‐HSD1 expression. Global 11β‐HSD1 activity did not change and was not different between deteriorators and improvers at baseline or follow‐up.

Conclusion

Longitudinal deterioration in metabolic phenotype is not associated with increased 11β‐HSD1 activity, but decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression. These changes may represent a compensatory mechanism to decrease local glucocorticoid exposure in the face of an adverse metabolic phenotype.

http://bit.ly/2Dtk6NY

Effects of cadmium exposure on antioxidant enzymes and histological changes in the mud shrimp Austinogebia edulis (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Abstract

The trace metal cadmium (Cd) is a toxic pollutant known to induce oxidative stress and other sublethal to lethal effects on aquatic organisms. We exposed the marine mud shrimp Austinogebia edulis to Cd concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg for up to 4 days (24, 48, 72, 96 h). We studied the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the hepatopancreas, gill, and muscle of A. edulis. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) decreased with increasing Cd concentration and extended exposure time in these three organs of the mud shrimp A. edulis. Increasing Cd concentration led to an increase in ROS and resulted ultimately in membrane lipid peroxidation at higher Cd concentrations. Significant damage of the hepatopancreas of A. edulis was noticed at higher concentrations of Cd, showing damages like the disappearance of epithelial cell boundaries, detachment of cells from the basal lamina, cellular swelling, necrosis, and reduction of glycogen. In conclusion, Cd caused oxidative damage by reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and by damaging the tissue structure in major organs of the mud shrimp A. edulis.

http://bit.ly/2T9mZZI

Deployment of olive-stone waste as a substitute growing medium component for Brassica seedling production in nurseries

Abstract

In the Mediterranean region, olive-stone waste (OSW) is accumulated and considered of environmental and human health constraints. In this study, OSW was used for peat (P) replacement in growing media for Brassica seedling production. Cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage were seeded in growing media consisted of 0–20–40–60% OSW. The mixture of OSW with peat increased growing media bulk density and reduced the total pore space and available water and air at root system. A Considerable amount of minerals were provided into the growing media with the OSW, while their availability was increased with the raised pH values. Seed emergence percentage decreased with high ratio of OSW which also increased mean emergence time. The addition of OSW decreased plant height, leaf number, and fresh weight in all three examined species. The OSW decreased stomatal conductance (in cauliflower and cabbage) and chlorophylls content (including broccoli). The insertion of OSW affected the mineral accumulation in plants with decreases in nitrogen and sodium content and increases in potassium and calcium. OSW increased to some extent for cauliflower and broccoli or unchanged for cabbage polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP). Cellular damage was caused by the addition of OSW by increasing the lipid peroxidation and the production of hydrogen peroxide, and as a consequence, the plant antioxidative (catalase, superoxide dismutase) enzyme metabolism increased. The current study demonstrates that up to 20% of OSW can substitute peat for cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage seedling production while cabbage was performed better under the increased OSW-caused stress.

http://bit.ly/2AYI5TP

Fate and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in freshwater from laboratory to realistic environments: a review

Abstract

The fate and risk assessment of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is an important environmental health issue. The toxic effects, mechanisms, and modes of action of Ag NPs on aquatic organisms have been extensively determined in the laboratory. However, knowledge gaps and discrepancies exist between laboratory studies and realistic environmental research; such inconsistencies hinder the development of health and safety regulations. To bridge these gaps, this review summarizes how environmental conditions and the physicochemical properties of Ag NPs affect the inconsistent findings between laboratory studies and realistic environmental research. Moreover, this paper systematically reviews different toxic effects of Ag NPs in a realistic environment and compares these effects with those in the laboratory, which is helpful for assessing the environmental fate and risk of Ag NPs. The hazardous effects of Ag NPs on the whole aquatic ecosystem with low concentrations (μg L⁻¹) and long-term periods (months to years) are detailed. Furthermore, two perspectives of future toxicity studies of Ag NPs in realistic freshwater environments are emphasized.

http://bit.ly/2T9t5JJ

Τρίτη 22 Ιανουαρίου 2019

A novel histopathological scoring system for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

Objectives

Tumor invasion into blood and/or lymphatic vessels, perineural invasion, and histopathological grading are evaluated to assess the biological aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We aim to assess the prognostic impact of a novel scoring system, based upon the aforementioned histological parameters.

Materials and methods

Retrospective chart review of 334 patients with treatment-naive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Histological grade G1 or G2 were assigned 0 points and G3 or G4 1 point. Invasion of the lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, or perineural space was given 1 point. Zero points were given, when invasion was not detectable. The final score was conducted through addition of each parameter. Therefore, our scoring system ranged between 0 and 4 points.

Results

T-classification (p < 0.001), N-classification (p < 0.001), UICC stage (p < 0.001), extracapsular spread (p < 0.001), locoregional recurrence (p < 0.001), and overall survival (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the OSCC-Histoscore. In multivariate analysis, T-classification (p = 0.001), N-classification (p = 0.039), resection margins (p = 0.038), and OSCC-Histoscore (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic markers for overall survival rate.

Conclusion

Our presented OSCC-Histoscore serves as a strong independent prognostic parameter for 5-year overall survival (OS) and predicts OS better than T-classification, N-classification, and resection margins.

Clinical relevance

Our presented histoscore improves prediction of the overall survival of patients with OSCC.

http://bit.ly/2sGAEMg

High efficiency inactivation of microalgae in ballast water by a new proposed dual-wave UV-photocatalysis system (UVA/UVC-TiO 2 )

Abstract

A new synergistic method was developed to inactivate marine microalgae using combined longwave ultraviolet (UVA) and shortwave ultraviolet (UVC)-photocatalysis (UVA/UVC-TiO₂) technology. Five kinds of representative marine microalgae in three phyla were used as inactivating targets to examine the inactivation effect. Compared with the photocatalytic systems using UVA or UVC alone as the light source, the algae inactivation ratio in the newly developed system increased by 0.31 log or 0.19 log, and the chlorophyll a removal rate increased by 17.5% or 9.7%, respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) of the seawater did not cause remarkable impact on the inactivation process, and the increase of UV radiation intensity improved the treatment effect significantly. Further, UVA/UVC-TiO₂ treatment causes irreversible damage to microalgae cell membrane. The content of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) increased rapidly within a short period of time, and a large number of proteins leaked out. The results of this study indicated that UVA/UVC-TiO₂ was an effective method to solve the challenge of efficient inactivation of plankton in ballast water containing a high density of suspended matter.

http://bit.ly/2WbEfj1

Epicardial adipose tissue is a predictor of decreased kidney function and coronary artery calcification in youth- and early adult onset type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Purpose

To examine the association of epicardial and pericardial fat volume (EFV, PFV) with cardiovascular risk factors and kidney function in Native Americans of southwestern heritage with youth and early adult onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus healthy controls.

Methods

Using computed tomography, we quantified EFV and PFV in 149 Native Americans (92 women, 57 men), 95 of which had T2DM (38 diagnosed prior to age 20 years). Duration of T2DM, mean carotid arterial mass (AM), coronary artery calcification (CAC), IL-6, and estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR_cr(CKD-EPI) were measured.

Results

EFV and PFV were associated with BMI (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001; r = 0.26, p = 0.001) and did not differ between onset age-groups and controls (p > 0.05). EFV was associated with AM only in controls (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for BMI, T2DM duration, HbA1C, age, and sex, EFV was a predictor of CAC and IL-6 concentrations in early adult onset T2DM (β = 0.05 ± 0.02 cm³, p = 0.03; β = 0.05 ± 0.01 pg/ml/cm³, p = 0.002). EFV and PFV were independent predictors of reduced eGFR_cr(CKD-EPI) in the youth onset T2DM group (β = −0.3 ± 0.08 ml/min/cm³, p = 0.001; β = −0.25 ± 0.05 ml/min/cm³, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Epicardial fat volume may be a risk factor for heart disease in individuals with early adult onset T2DM and a predictor of decreased kidney function in individuals with youth onset T2DM.

http://bit.ly/2HEOzx1

Unknown primary (CUP) of the head and neck : No advantages of bilateral radiotherapy, the strategy of ipsilateral radiotherapy can be recommended for the adjuvant treatment

Bilateral vs ipsilateral adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with cancer of unknown primary of the head and neck: An analysis of the clinical outcome and radiation‐induced side effects

Nguyen‐Son Le Stefan Janik MD, PhD Helmut Simmel MD Boban M. Erovic MD, PD, MBA

First published: 19 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25637

This work was presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare ipsilateral and bilateral adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) of the head and neck.

Methods

Overall survival, recurrence‐free survival, and radiation‐induced side effects were assessed in 76 patients with CUP who underwent ipsilateral (n = 29) or bilateral (n = 47) radiotherapy.

Results

At a median follow‐up of 41 months, the 5‐year overall survival and recurrence‐free rate were 67.9% and 71.5%, respectively. No statistically significant difference between ipsilateral and bilateral radiotherapy could be found regarding 5‐year overall survival, recurrence‐free survival, occurrence of a primary tumor, and distant metastasis. The analysis of radiation‐induced acute side effects showed a significant benefit of ipsilateral radiotherapy.

Conclusion

As the main parameters of the study regarding the outcome and radiation‐induced side effects showed no advantages of bilateral radiotherapy, the strategy of ipsilateral radiotherapy can be recommended for the adjuvant treatment of CUP patients.

Acanthosis Nigricans & Metabolic Syndrome : Metabolic syndrome refers to a clustering of metabolic risk factors including central obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides and hypertension. High prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Also there was a positive correlation between severity of Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) and Metabolic syndrome.

Acanthosis nigricans: A cutaneous marker for metabolic syndrome p. 16

Nirali Girish Shah, Swapna S Khatu, Neeta R Gokhale, Yuvraj E More, Deepak Khismatrao

DOI:10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_44_18

Background: Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) is an easily identifiable dermatoses characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques. Metabolic syndrome refers to a clustering of metabolic risk factors including central obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides and hypertension. AN is a skin marker associated with this syndrome. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between AN and metabolic syndrome by studying its clinico-epidemiological features and also the relation of severity of AN over neck with metabolic syndrome. Methodology: This is a case-control study. One hundred consecutive patients of AN attending dermatology OPD of a tertiary care hospital were included in this study. They were evaluated for AN and severity of AN over neck was assessed. Age and sex matched 100 controls were included in the study. Epidemiological, clinical and anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, waist circumference) were measured of all the cases and controls. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Fasting Blood Sugar, High Density Lipoprotein and Serum Triglyceride levels were estimated. Result: The average age of the patients was 32.4 years and females (62%) were more than the males (38%). Neck was involved in all the patients. There was statistically significant correlation of increasing severity of AN with each component of Metabolic syndrome. On comparing between cases and controls, each component of metabolic syndrome was raised in cases as compared to the controls. 70% cases had Metabolic syndrome which was statistically significant. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of AN in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Also there was a positive correlation between severity of AN and Metabolic syndrome.

Correction to: Potential revenue and breakeven of energy storage systems in PJM energy markets

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake.

http://bit.ly/2FSCT79

Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of a Patient with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by Next‐Generation Sequencing and Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay of a PDGFRA Mutation in Plasma‐Derived Cell‐Free Tumor DNA

AbstractIn patients with a suspected malignancy, standard‐of care management currently includes histopathologic examination and analysis of tumor‐specific molecular abnormalities. Herein, we present a 77‐year‐old patient with an abdominal mass suspected to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) but without the possibility to collect a tumor biopsy. Cell‐free DNA extracted from a blood sample was analyzed for the presence of mutations in GIST‐specific genes using next generation sequencing. Furthermore, liquid biopsies were used to monitor the levels of mutant DNA copies during treatment with a tumor‐specific mutation droplet digital PCR assay that correlated with the clinical and radiological response. Blood‐based testing is a good alternative for biopsy‐based testing. However, it should only be applied when biopsies are not available or possible to obtain because overall, in only 50%–85% of the cell‐free plasma samples is the known tumor mutation detected.

http://bit.ly/2T8P7MT

Cannabis Impacts Tumor Response Rate to Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Malignancies

AbstractBackground.There has been a significant increase in the use of immunotherapy and cannabis recently, two modalities that have immunomodulatory effects and may have possible interaction. We evaluated the influence of cannabis use during immunotherapy treatment on response rate (RR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).Subjects, Materials, and Methods.In this retrospective, observational study, data were collected from the files of patients treated with nivolumab in the years 2015–2016 at our hospital, and cannabis from six cannabis‐supplying companies. Included were 140 patients (89 nivolumab alone, 51 nivolumab plus cannabis) with advanced melanoma, non‐small cell lung cancer, and renal clear cell carcinoma. The groups were homogenous regarding demographic and disease characteristics. A comparison between the two arms was made.Results.In a multivariate model, cannabis was the only significant factor that reduced RR to immunotherapy (37.5% RR in nivolumab alone compared with 15.9% in the nivolumab‐cannabis group (p = .016, odds ratio = 3.13, 95% confidence interval 1.24–8.1). Cannabis use was not a significant factor for PFS or OS. Factors affecting PFS and OS were smoking (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 2.41 and 2.41, respectively (and brain metastases (adjusted HR = 2.04 and 2.83, respectively). Low performance status (adjusted HR = 2.83) affected OS alone. Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol percentages did not affect RR in any group (p = .393 and .116, respectively).Conclusion.In this retrospective analysis, the use of cannabis during immunotherapy treatment decreased RR, without affecting PFS or OS and without relation to cannabis composition. Considering the limitations of the study, further prospective clinical study is needed to investigate possible interaction.Implications for Practice.Although the data are retrospective and a relation to cannabis composition was not detected, this information can be critical for cannabis users and indicates that caution is required when starting immunotherapy.

http://bit.ly/2AXNOsK

Field experiment on the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the remediation of Cd- and Pb-polluted farmlands around a Pb–Zn mine in Yunnan Province, China

Abstract

The effects of sepiolite and biochar on the contents of available nutrients (N, P, and K); the chemical forms and available contents of Cd and Pb in soils; the biomass and growth of maize; and the contents of nutrients, Cd, and Pb in maize were studied in situ in Cd- and Pb-polluted farmlands around the Lanping Pb–Zn mine in Yunnan Province, China. Results demonstrated that sepiolite did not influence the contents of available nutrients in soils, although it significantly increased the pH value and decreased available Cd (CaCl₂-extractable and exchangeable) contents and exchangeable and reducible Pb. Moreover, sepiolite increased the biomass in the aboveground part of maize, resulting in the reduction of Cd contents in maize plants and grains by 25.6–47.5%. Meanwhile, the biochar increased the contents of available nutrients in soils and decreased the contents of exchangeable Pb in soils and biomass in the aboveground part of maize plants and grains; decreased the Cd contents in maize stems and grains by 26.7% and 24.6%, respectively; and decreased the Pb content in roots by 16.2%. However, neither sepiolite nor biochar had considerable influence on the Pb content in maize grains. According to a correlation analysis, soil pH has extremely significant negative correlations with available Cd content in soils, which in turn have extremely significant positive correlation with the Cd content in maize plants and grains. These results revealed that sepiolite increases soil pH and decreases Cd bioavailability in farmland soils around the Pb–Zn mine. Furthermore, biochar increases the contents of available nutrients in farmland soils and the maize yield. Sepiolite and biochar both decrease the contents and transfer coefficients of Cd in maize plants and grains and are, thus, applicable to the immobilization remediation of Cd-polluted farmlands.

http://bit.ly/2AWO77g

Real-World Adequacy of Glycaemic Control in Treatment-Naïve Greek Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Initiating Treatment with Metformin Monotherapy at the Maximum Tolerated Dose: The Reload Study

10-2018-0437-dia_10-1055-a-0824-6607-1.j

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes
DOI: 10.1055/a-0824-6607

Background Metformin, in the absence of contraindications or intolerance, is recommended as first-line treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This observational, retrospective study assessed the real-world adequacy of glycaemic control in Greek patients with T2DM initiating metformin monotherapy at maximum tolerated dose. Methods Included patients received metformin monotherapy for ≥24 months; relevant patient data were collected immediately prior to metformin initiation (baseline) and at other prespecified time points. The primary objective was to report, after 9 months of metformin treatment, the percentage of patients with baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) achieving HbA1c<6.5%. Secondary objectives included the assessment of time spent with poor glycaemic control and time to treatment intensification. A sensitivity analysis assessed the percentage of patients with baseline HbA1c≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol) achieving HbA1c<7% (<53 mmol/mol). Results Of the enrolled patients (N=316), 247 had baseline HbA1c ≥6.5%; following 9 months on metformin, 90 (36.4%) patients achieved HbA1c<6.5% (mean HbA1c change−1.3% [−14 mmol/mol]). Median time of exposure to HbA1c ≥6.5% was 23.4 months and time to treatment intensification was 28.0 months. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c<7.0% was 50% (mean HbA1c change −1.6% [−17 mmol/mol]). Conclusion Irrespective of HbA1c target assessed, most patients with T2DM do not achieve the recommended HbA1c goals after 9 months on metformin while remained on monotherapy for up to 24 months. Addressing clinical inertia could improve disease outcomes and, possibly, economic burden.
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http://bit.ly/2T54Wny

Role of Vasopressin Receptor 2 and 3 in ACTH-Secreting Tumors and their Potential Therapeutic Implications

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes
DOI: 10.1055/a-0808-4227

Purpose We investigated the expression of vasopressin receptor 2 and 3 on corticotrophin tumor cells, their role in regulating ACTH secretion, and their potential therapeutic implications. Methods We retrospectively assessed 52 hospitalized patients with pathologically confirmed ACTH-secreting tumors. The expression of vasopressin receptor 2 and 3 was explored via qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemistry analyses. The role of vasopressin receptors in regulating ACTH secretion was further studied in the AtT-20 cell line. Results Among 50 cases of pituitary corticotrophin adenoma, 31 were vasopressin receptor 2 positive, 38 were vasopressin receptor 3 positive, and 24 were both vasopressin receptor 2 and 3 positive. Two patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome were vasopressin receptor 3 positive, and one was also vasopressin receptor 2 positive. In 12 patients who underwent bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling before surgery, the central ACTH increment ratio after desmopressin stimulation was correlated with vasopressin receptor 2 but not with vasopressin receptor 3 staining intensity. In an in vitro study, the expression of both vasopressin receptor 2 and 3 on AtT-20 cells was confirmed. The vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist Tolvaptan inhibited desmopressin-induced ACTH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Both vasopressin receptor 2 and 3 are expressed in ACTH-secreting tumors. Vasopressin receptor 2 rather than vasopressin receptor 3 is the primary receptor that seems to mediate the ACTH response in corticotrophin tumors. A vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist can inhibit ACTH secretion induced by desmopressin in AtT-20 cells.
[...]

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Table of contents | Abstract | Full text

http://bit.ly/2AY7dtH

Convergence analysis of China’s energy intensity at the industrial sector level

Abstract

China's industrial energy consumption accounted for approximately 70% of national energy demand in the past four decades. Regarding energy demand and environmental pollution, success in controlling energy demand and reducing energy intensity for industrial sectors in China would play a crucial role for the country's sustainable growth problems. To formulate targeted energy plans, the features and characters of China's industrial energy intensity should be carefully evaluated. In this study, a carefully designed econometric model that considers different technological factors including indigenous R&D and technology spillovers from foreign direct investment and trade under a united framework is applied to investigate the β-convergence characteristics for China's industrial energy intensity by employing a panel dataset covering China's 34 industrial sectors over 2000–2010. The results verify the existence of β-convergence in industrial energy intensity during the sample period. For the industrial sectors overall and the light industrial sectors, the empirical results indicate that indigenous R&D and technology spillovers from FDI and imports are beneficial in curbing energy intensity. However, technology spillover through exports makes it harder to reduce energy intensity. In addition, not all technological factors have played a significant role in reducing energy intensity for the heavy industrial sectors.

http://bit.ly/2RI3H1c

Streptococcus mutans serotypes and Collagen‐Binding Proteins Cnm/Cbm in Children with Caries analyzed by PCR

Summary

Streptococcus mutans, a primary bacterium associated with dental caries, has four known clinical serotypes (c, e, f, and k). Some serotypes, presence of multiple serotypes and strains with collagen‐binding proteins (CBP, Cnm and Cbm) have been linked with systemic disease. Evaluation of S. mutans serotype distribution and caries association is needed in the United States. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of S. mutans serotypes from two cohorts of African American children in rural Alabama using 3 sample types (saliva, plaque, and individual S. mutans isolates) by PCR detection for association with caries. Detection of CBP was also performed by PCR. In total, 129 children were evaluated and overall prevalence of serotypes were: serotype c(98%), e(26%), f(7%), and k(52%). Serotype c was statistically associated with higher caries scores in older children (p<0.001) and serotype k was statistically more likely in females (p=0.004). Fourteen percent of children had CBP. Thirteen S. mutans isolates from 5 children tested positive for both CBP. This study is the first to report on prevalence of S. mutans serotypes in a US population using the PCR‐based approach. The frequency of serotype k in this study is the highest reported in any population, illustrating the need for further study to determine prevalence of this clinically relevant serotype in the US. This is the first study to report S. mutans isolates with both Cnm and Cbm in the same strain, and further analysis is need to determine the clinical significance of these strains.

http://bit.ly/2FIrSpP

Distinguishing pustular psoriasis and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) on the basis of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and MxA protein

Background

Distinguishing acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and pustular psoriasis (PS) can be challenging. Staining for plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or PDCs (producer of IFN‐α/β),[1] and MxA (an IFN‐α/β inducible protein)[2] may help discriminate these entities.

Methods

Forty‐three cases of AGEP and PS were compiled from two academic institutions. All cases were examined for CD123+ PDCs, eosinophils, acanthosis, papillomatosis, suprapapillary plate thinning, tortuous dilated capillaries, single necrotic keratinocytes, papillary dermal edema, vasculitis, eosinophil exocytosis, intraepidermal pustules, and subcorneal pustules. A subset of cases (n=26) was stained with MxA.

Results

Perivascular and intraepidermal PDCs, dilated tortuous vessels and MxA expression in the dermal inflammatory infiltrate, were significantly (p<0.05) in favor of a diagnosis of PS. The absence of PDCs and presence of eosinophils favored a diagnosis of AGEP (p<0.05).

Conclusions

We found compelling evidence for the use of CD123 to highlight PDCs in these cases. The presence of PDCs and expression of MxA in dermal inflammatory infiltrate, as well as absence of eosinophils and presence of tortuous dilated capillaries favored a diagnosis of PS. Expression of MxA in the dermal infiltrate corresponds with a Th1 pathway in PS, and may indicate a Th1 component in the early initial phase of AGEP.

http://bit.ly/2UaSRO2

PLATELET RICH PLASMA IN ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

In recent years, dozens of manufacturers and clinics have been promoting the use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) procedures for skin and hair regeneration. Well‐designed randomized controlled studies for these procedures are lacking. In this communication, we review the efficacy and safety of PRP procedures for androgenetic alopecia from multiple published peer‐reviewed studies. The conclusion of our analysis is that until the present moment there is not enough evidence for the use of PRP procedures in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. We hope that this review will help practitioners and patients to make better‐informed treatment decisions.

http://bit.ly/2S0ypBL

PAM3 supports the generation of M2-like macrophages from lupus patient monocytes and improves disease outcome in murine lupus

Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019

Source: Journal of Autoimmunity

Author(s): Begum Horuluoglu, Defne Bayik, Neslihan Kayraklioglu, Emilie Goguet, Mariana J. Kaplan, Dennis M. Klinman

Abstract

Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune syndrome of unclear etiology. While T and B cell abnormalities contribute to disease pathogenesis, recent work suggests that inflammatory M1-like macrophages also play a role. Previous work showed that the TLR2/1 agonist PAM3CSK4 (PAM3) could stimulate normal human monocytes to preferentially differentiate into immunosuppressive M2-like rather than inflammatory M1-like macrophages. This raised the possibility of PAM3 being used to normalize the M1:M2 ratio in SLE. Consistent with that possibility, monocytes from lupus patients differentiated into M2-like macrophages when treated with PAM3 in vitro. Furthermore, lupus-prone NZB x NZW F1 mice responded similarly to weekly PAM3 treatment. Normalization of the M2 macrophage frequency was associated with delayed disease progression, decreased autoantibody and inflammatory cytokine synthesis, reduced proteinuria and prolonged survival in NZB x NZW F1 mice. The ability of PAM3 to bias monocyte differentiation in favor of immunosuppressive macrophages may represent a novel approach to the therapy of SLE.

http://bit.ly/2W910UG

The long-term prognosis of heart diseases for different metabolic phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

Purpose

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of different categories of weight and metabolic status with risk of heart diseases including myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and heart failure (HF).

Methods

Data from relevant studies were identified systematically by searching PubMed and Scopus search engines up to 29 May 2018. Prospective studies were included in the analyses with metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) as the reference. Pooled RRs and 95% CI were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effect models when appropriate. Subgroup analysis was applied to define possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results

Overall, 21 studies (n = 778,401 participants) were eligible for the present meta-analysis. Generally, the risk of CVDs for all metabolic phenotypes in metabolically unhealthy obese increased compared with the MHNW group. A significant positive association between all metabolic phenotypes and the risk of HF was also observed expect for MHOW (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.60–2.00, P = 0.76) and MHO phenotypes (RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.25–3.77, P = 0.95). Moreover, MUHO phenotype was associated with greater risk of MI compared with the MHNW phenotype (RR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.50–2.22, P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings showed that all metabolically unhealthy phenotypes in different categories of weight were associated with increased incident of CVDs/HF and MI. Furthermore, healthy overweight and obese subjects had increased risk of CVDs.

http://bit.ly/2RFj9Lk

Medical and aesthetic procedural dermatology recommendations for transgender patients undergoing transition

Publication date: Available online 21 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Nikhil Dhingra, Lauren Meshkov Bonati, Erica B. Wang, Margaret Chou, Jared Jagdeo

Transgender individuals may transition to their identified gender through social, hormonal, and procedural methods by using a multidisciplinary team of health care providers, including dermatologists. In this review, we discuss the medical and aesthetic dermatologic needs related to the transitioning of transgender patients and provide therapeutic and procedural recommendations. In addition to routine cutaneous conditions, dermatologists may need to treat hormonal therapy–related complications. Acumen for genital dermatology and familiarity with gender reassignment surgery is important for the dermatologist caring for a transgender patient. From a structural standpoint, transgender beauty poses a unique aesthetic task. We identify key differences in the facial structure and physique of males versus those of females. Dermatologists may have a tremendous impact on the lives of transgender individuals who seek to realize their gender identity.

http://bit.ly/2FSGPET

The Association between Obesity and Hyperhidrosis: A Nationwide, Cross Sectional Study of 2.77 Million Israeli Adolescents

Publication date: Available online 21 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Nadav Astman, Itay Friedberg, Jakob Wikstrom, Estela Derazne, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Arnon Afek, Michal Freireich-Astman, Aviv Barzilai, Tarif Bader, Gilad Twig

http://bit.ly/2FHJYbt

Dermatology Impact on the Care of Children with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease of the Skin

Publication date: Available online 21 January 2019

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Author(s): Anna Cristina Garza-Mayers, L. Elizabeth Anderson, JiaDe Yu, Jennifer T. Huang

http://bit.ly/2FSGG4j

Communicative Misalignment in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Harshali Wadge, Rebecca Brewer, Geoffrey Bird, Ivan Toni, Arjen Stolk

Abstract

Communication deficits are a defining feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), manifest during social interactions. Previous studies investigating communicative deficits have largely focused on the perceptual biases, social motivation, cognitive flexibility, or mentalizing abilities of isolated individuals. By embedding autistic individuals in live non-verbal interactions, we characterized a novel cause for their communication deficits. Adults with ASD matched neurotypical individuals in their ability and propensity to generate and modify intelligible behaviors for a communicative partner. However, they struggled to align the meaning of those behaviors with their partner when meaning required referencing their recent communicative history. This communicative misalignment explains why autistic individuals are vulnerable in everyday interactions, which entail fleeting ambiguities, but succeed in social cognition tests involving stereotyped contextual cues. These findings illustrate the cognitive and clinical importance of considering social interaction as a communicative alignment challenge, and how ineffective human communication is without this key interactional ingredient.

http://bit.ly/2FRzCos

Strong insecticidal potential of methanol extract of Ferulago trifida fruits against Anopheles stephensi as malaria vector

Abstract

Many researchers have focused on controlling pest insects and vectors by natural products because of their low environmental pollution. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and larvicidal activities of chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaves, fruits, roots, and isolated coumarin compounds (prantschimgin, oxypeucedanin, and 6-hydroxymethylherniarin) of Ferulago trifida from the Apiaceae family against Anopheles stephensi as one of the main malaria vectors. For insecticidal evaluation, A. stephensi larvae were exposed to different concentrations of the extracts and pure compounds (0.625–1280 ppm) according to the WHO protocol. The mortality percentages were measured 24 h after treatment and lethal concentration values were calculated. In addition, radical scavenging activities of the mentioned extracts and compounds were measured by the DPPH method. The methanol extract of fruits showed potent insecticidal properties with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 2.94 and 18.12 ppm, respectively. The chloroform extracts of the fruits and leaves were the second and third extracts with larvicidal effects. Among pure compounds, only oxypeucedanin showed moderate toxicity against A. stephensi with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 116.54 and 346.41 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were stronger than other extracts with IC₅₀ values of 155.83 and 159.32 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the methanol extract of F. trifida fruits can be used as a potent bio-insecticide in green control programs of mosquitoes, especially A. stephensi.

http://bit.ly/2DrRsgn

Argon laser-assisted hypotony model in the rabbit

Abstract

To investigate whether ocular hypotony formation with 360 degrees endocyclophotocoagulation is possible. Twelve male New Zealand White rabbits were used. Entire ciliary body epithelium was destructed with green laser photocoagulation after pars plana lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy in six rabbits. Endocyclophotocoagulation was not performed to the remaining six rabbits (control group). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured preoperatively and followed up everyday in the first week and weekly until the end of month one. All of the rabbits were sacrificed and ciliary bodies were left for gross and light microscopic examination. Mean baseline IOPs were similar in laser and non-laser group (14.8 ± 1.4 (range 12.2–17.3) vs 14.4 ± 1.4 (range 12.2–15.9), p = 0.650). Mean IOP was 6.6 ± 0.45 mmHg (range 5.9–7.1) in the laser group and 11.5 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 10.2–13.4) in the non-laser group in postoperative day 1. IOP was below 4 mmHg in all eyes on the second day and after in laser group. In the macroscopic evaluation, the entire ciliary body had a white (loss of pigmentation) and atrophic appearance in all of the eyes in the laser-treated group compared to non-laser group. In the laser group, light microscopic examination demonstrated a severe 360 degrees disruption of ciliary processes. Ciliary processes were covered with fibrin exudation consisting of fibroblasts. There was a mild inflammation with disruption or atrophy of ciliary body epithelium with cystic vacuolar degeneration. Three hundred sixty degrees endocyclophotocoagulation yielded severe ciliary epithelium damage. IOP reduction started very early and continued in hypotonic levels during follow up period.

http://bit.ly/2S6z05e

A retrospective comparison of thulium laser en bloc resection of bladder tumor and plasmakinetic transurethral resection of bladder tumor in primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer is currently considered the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. Thulium laser en bloc resection of bladder tumor (TmLRBT) and plasmakinetic transurethral resection of bladder tumor (PK-TURBT) are two alternative common procedures used in our department to manage patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) over the past decade. In this work, the safety and efficacy of TmLRBT were retrospectively compared to those of PK-TURBT in patients with primary NMIBC. From January 2013 to December 2015, 256 patients diagnosed with primary NMIBC were selected for this retrospective study. A total of 136 consecutive patients diagnosed with primary NMIBC were enrolled in the TmLRBT group. A similar historical cohort of 120 consecutive patients who underwent PK-TURBT was used to compare the two procedures. Clinical data, including age, gender, tumor characteristics, operation duration, hospitalization, irrigation, catheterization, and intraoperative and postoperative complications, were recorded. There were no significant differences in age, gender, mean tumor size, mean tumor number, tumor location, or risk between the TmLRBT and PK-TURBT groups. The TmLRBT group was associated with a significantly shorter operation duration (25.96 ± 21.19 min vs 37.18 ± 25.77 min, P = 0.018) and a shorter hospitalization time (3.11 ± 1.05 days vs 5.24 ± 2.06 days, P = 0.036). The postoperative irrigation time (6.33 ± 4.05 h vs 14.76 ± 6.28 h, P = 0.027) and catheterization time (2.03 ± 1.61 days vs 4.27 ± 1.17 days, P = 0.035) in the TmLRBT group were lower than those in the PK-TURBT group. No significant differences in fever and rebleeding were found in the TmLRBT and PK-TURBT groups. There were no significant differences in the overall, low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk recurrence-free rates between the two groups (P = 0.43, P = 0.68, P = 0.71, and P = 0.24, respectively). The proportion of bladder detrusor muscle (BDM) identified in pathologic specimens of the TmLRBT group was higher than that in the PK-TURBT group (P = 0.006). TmLRBT may reduce operation duration time, hospitalization time, postoperative irrigation time, and catheterization time. TmLRBT is considered safer and more effective in treating primary NMIBC. Recurrence-free rates did not differ between groups.

http://bit.ly/2HtkTTg

The retinal pigment epithelial response after retinal laser photocoagulation in diabetic mice

Abstract

To investigate the characteristics of regenerated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells after retinal laser photocoagulation in diabetic mice. C57BL/6J mice were used to induce diabetes using intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The proliferation of RPE cells after laser photocoagulation was determined using the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay in both diabetic and wild-type mice. The morphological changes of RPE cells were evaluated by using Voronoi diagram from immunostaining for ß-catenin. Characteristics of regenerated cells were evaluated by quantifying the mRNA and protein levels of RPE and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. There were significantly less EdU-positive cells in laser-treated areas in diabetic mice than wild-type mice. Hexagonality was extensively lost in diabetic mice. Many EdU-positive cells were co-localized with Otx2-positive cells in the center of the laser-treated areas in wild-type mice, but only EdU-positive cells were widely distributed in diabetic mice. Quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein levels showed that the expression levels of RPE markers, Pax6, Mitf, and Otx2, were significantly decreased in RPE of diabetic mice compared with that of wild-type mice, whereas the expression levels of EMT markers, vimentin and fibronectin, were significantly increased. The proliferation and hexagonality of regenerating RPE cells were impaired after laser photocoagulation, and the regenerated RPE cells lost their original properties in diabetic mice. Further clinical research is needed to elucidate the RPE response after laser photocoagulation in diabetic patients.

http://bit.ly/2S7y6W9

Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans : in vitro study

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser with flat-top handpiece on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The incidence of C. albicans (opportunistic commensal) and S. mutans (facultatively anaerobic) infections is increasing, despite available treatments. Cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were irradiated using Nd:YAG laser (LightWalker, Fotona) with flat-top handpiece (Genova, LightWalker, Fotona) at the following parameters: group G1: 0.25 W, 10 Hz, 15 s, 3 J and group G2: 1 W, 10 Hz, 60s, 59 J. The results were evaluated directly and 24 h after irradiation using a quantitative culture method (estimation of colony-forming units in 1 ml of suspension, cfu/ml), and microscopic analysis with Janus green stain and compared with control group in which laser was not applied. C. albicans was reduced by 20 up to 54% for G1, and for G2 by 10 up to 60% directly after the application. The cfu/ml values for S. mutans decreased by 13% (p = 0.1771) for G1 and 89% (p < 0.0001) for G2. In both test groups 24 h after the application, the number of colony-forming units decreased by 15–46% for G1 and by 15–64% for G2. The arrested cell division, increasing the surface area and increasing the number of metabolically inactive cells, were observed in morphometric analysis. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed a reduction in cell number and a significant decrease of cell metabolism after laser application for both C. albicans and S. mutans.

http://bit.ly/2Ht0vSb

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Τετάρτη 23 Ιανουαρίου 2019

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