Environmental Radioactivity

Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): Hilde Elise Heldal, Andrey Volynkin, Mari Komperød, Rita Hannisdal, Hilde Skjerdal, Anne Liv Rudjord Abstract Norway is one of the main producers of farmed fish and the world's second-largest exporter of seafood. Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represents the most exported species. This is the first comprehensive survey of anthropogenic (137Cs, 90Sr, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am) and natural (40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb, 210Po) radionuclides in farmed salmon and manufactured fish feed from Norway. The only anthropogenic radionuclide detected in salmon and fish feed was 137Cs. The levels were low with arithmetic means in salmon and feed of 0.13 and 0.30 Bq/kg fresh weight (fw), respectively. The natural radionuclide 40K exhibited the highest levels with arithmetic means in salmon and feed of 115 and 239 Bq/kg fw, respectively. The arithmetic means of 210Po and 210Pb in salmon were 0.013 and 0.044 Bq/kg fw, respectively, with a mean 210Po:210Pb activity ratio of 0.32. For fish feed, the situation was reversed: the arithmetic means of 210Po and 210Pb were 3.8 and 0.67 Bq/kg fw, respectively, with a mean 210Po:210Pb activity ratio of 5.7. The radionuclide levels found in farmed salmon in the present study are comparable to or lower than the levels found in other fish species in the North Atlantic Ocean. A highly conservative dose estimate for consumption showed that doses were no higher than 1.2 μSv/year for toddlers and 4.0 μSv/year for adults. This suggests that the risk associated with radioactivity in farmed salmon is very low even when considering individuals with high consumption and the highest radionuclide levels found in this study.

Assessment of Lagrangian particle dispersion model "LAPMOD" through short range field tracer test in complex terrain Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): Amin ul Haq, Qaisar Nadeem, Amjad Farooq, Naseem Irfan, Masroor Ahmad, Muhammad Rizwan Ali Abstract In this paper the mesoscale application of the 3D Lagrangian particle dispersion model LAPMOD has been assessed for a field tracer test performed in a short-range complex terrain. The meteorological input was provided through the diagnostic model CALMET, the meteorological pre-processor of the CALPUFF model. The CALMET/LAPMOD coupled system was used to simulate the hourly averaged ground level concentration at 47 discrete receptors. The LAPMOD model has a general tendency to slightly underestimate the hourly averaged ground-level concentrations. A Q-Q plot shows that the predicted concentration distribution has a good comparison with observed one. The Robust Highest Concentration (RHC) indicates that the LAPMOD model slightly underestimates the simulated peak concentration in short-term release conditions. The Fractional Bias (FB), Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE), Factor of Two (FAC2), Factor of Four (FAC4) and Factor of Exceedance (FOEX) statistical indices were calculated. The predicted results by LAPMOD are generally in good agreement with observed ones and the model is justified for the use in complex terrain for short-term near-field applications.

Anthropogenic 236U and Pu at remote sites of the South Pacific Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): M.B. Froehlich, A. Akber, S.D. McNeil, S.G. Tims, L.K. Fifield, A. Wallner Abstract Anthropogenic radionuclides, like 236U and 239,240Pu, are present in the environment as a result of global fallout from nuclear weapons tests conducted in the 1950s and 1960s and can potentially be used as tracers in soil erosion and sediment movement studies. Here, we report data on 236U and 239,240Pu in soil samples from the Motueka Valley (New Zealand) and for the first time from two remote islands Rarotonga and Atiu (Cook Islands) in the South Pacific. 236U and 239,240Pu were measured using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the Australian National University. The 236U and 239Pu isotope concentrations versus soil depth and the 240Pu/239Pu and 236U/239Pu isotope ratios are discussed for each site. The radionuclide depth dependence revealed any soil disturbance, whereas the isotopic signatures indicated the source of the radionuclides' origin.

Half a century of Krypton-85 activity concentration measured in air over Central Europe: Trends and relevance for dating young groundwater Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): Andreas Bollhöfer, Clemens Schlosser, Sabine Schmid, Martina Konrad, Roland Purtschert, Roman Krais Abstract For almost half a century weekly samples for the measurement of krypton-85 (85Kr) activity concentrations in surface air have been collected by the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), Germany. Sampling started at Freiburg (230m asl) in 1973, Mt Schauinsland (1205m asl) in 1976 and Mt Jungfraujoch in Switzerland (3454 asl) in 1990. Distinct maxima in the time series of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration are caused by emissions from nuclear reprocessing plants in Europe, mainly the La Hague, France, and Sellafield, UK, reprocessing plants. Between 1970 and 1990 peak activity concentrations measured in winter along the Rhine Rift in Freiburg are often higher than at Mt Schauinsland, due to emissions from the operating pilot reprocessing plant in Karlsruhe - approximately 130 km to the north - and large-scale inversions that inhibit exchange of air masses within the Rhine Rift with those at higher altitudes. From the early 1990s onwards, after the shut-down of the pilot plant, differences between Freiburg and Schauinsland are much smaller. Activity concentrations measured at Jungfraujoch are generally lower and close to baseline levels, due to its location in the free troposphere. Weekly baseline and average 85Kr activity concentration in the atmosphere in Central Europe were modelled from almost 12,000 individual measurements at 11 stations. The baseline and average have continuously increased, interrupted by a relatively stable period between 2009 and the end of 2014 with a baseline activity concentration of about 1.39 Bq/m3. Depending on the geographical location and hydrological conditions, the modelled baseline or average 85Kr activity concentration time series can be used as input functions for the dating of young groundwater.

Assessment of loss of 210Po from fish and shrimp by cooking and its effect on dose estimates to humans ingesting seafood Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): Saif Uddin, M. Behbehani, Scott W. Fowler, Abdulnabi Al-Ghadban, Sam Dupont Abstract An experimental study was conducted to assess loss of 210Po due to cooking fresh seafood, and provide a more realistic and reliable dose estimate that humans may receive from consuming cooked seafood. Fresh fish and shrimp samples from Northern Gulf waters were grilled and boiled to simulate the effect of different cooking methods. Sixteen different species of fish were compared and significant differences in 210Po concentration in uncooked samples were observed between species (ANOVA I, F15,79 = 362.81, p < 0.0001). The effect of the treatment (uncooked, grilled, boiled and stock) was compared for each species and it was found that cooking led to a significant decrease in 210Po concentration ranging from 14 to 58% compared to the uncooked samples, with no difference between grilled or boiled treatments. The effect of the cooking and shrimp treatment on 210Po concentration was tested using ANOVA II after logarithmic transformation. Cooking led to a significant 38% reduction of 210Po concentration as compared to uncooked treatments with no difference between grilled and boiled samples (ANOVA I: F3,99 = 14.72, p < 0.0001). The two treatments with deveined shrimp led to a 75% decrease in 210Po concentration as compared to all other treatments. As a consequence, cooked deveined shrimp contained an 84% lower 210Po concentration than whole uncooked shrimp. As 210Po is known to be the major contributor to radiation dose in humans consuming seafood, based on the results obtained, it is evident there is a need to re-examine how committed effective doses (CEDs) are best calculated for seafood consuming populations considering that most populations consume fish and shellfish cooked.

Dose calculations in aircrafts after Fukushima nuclear power plant accident – Preliminary study for aviation operations Publication date: September 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 205–206 Author(s): A. Vargas, D. Arnold, M.-A. Duch, N. Evangeliou, K. Sievers, C. Maurer Abstract There is little information to decision support in air traffic management in case of nuclear releases into the atmosphere. In this paper, the dose estimation due to both, external exposure (i.e. cloud immersion, deposition inside and outside the aircraft), and due to internal exposure (i.e, inhalation of radionuclides inside the aircraft) to passengers and crew is calculated for a worst-case emergency scenario. The doses are calculated for different radionuclides and activities. Calculations are mainly considered according to International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations and Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, a discussion on potential detectors installed inside the aircraft for monitoring the aerosol concentration and the ambient dose equivalent rate, H*(10), for during-flight monitoring and early warning is provided together with the evaluation of a response of a generic detector. The results show that the probability that a catastrophic nuclear accident would produce significant radiological doses to the passengers and crew of an aircraft is very low. In the worst-case scenarios studied, the maximum estimated effective dose was about 1 mSv during take-off or landing operations, which is the recommended yearly threshold for the public. However, in order to follow the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) criteria and to avoid aircraft contamination, the installation of radiological detectors is considered. This would, on one hand help the pilot or corresponding decision maker to decide about the potential change of the route and, on the other, allow for gathering of 4D data for future studies.

On the use of MnO2 cartridges for the plutonium determination in seawater Publication date: August 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 204 Author(s): Mats Eriksson, Kirsi Ämmälä, Isabelle Levy, Janine Gastaud, Jukka Lehto, Jan Scholten Abstract To analyze plutonium (Pu) in open ocean waters can be challenging due to the low seawater concentrations. In this study we compared two techniques for Pu determination, one in-situ MnO2 cartridge system and the more commonly used MnO2 precipitation technique. During the pre-pilot GEOTRACES cruise ANT XXX-1 (2005) we tested MnO2 cartridges for the pre-concentration of Pu from seawater at 19 sampling stations on a transect in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean between Vigo (Spain) and Cape Town (South Africa). Our in-situ sampling setup consisted of one particle cartridge followed by three MnO2 cartridges in a series. Through the system we pumped between 956 and 2700 l of surface seawater with a flow rate between 1.6 and 5.2 l/min. We found that the adsorption efficiency of a single MnO2 cartridge to adsorb Pu was rather constant and on average a 58 ± 7%. The adsorption efficiency was also found to be independent of seawater: temperature in the range of 18.3–29.2 °C, salinity range 34.2–37.1‰, and conductivity in the range of 46.8–58.4 mS/cm. In parallel with the in-situ sampling, discrete surface water samples between 259 and 281 l were taken and Pu was pre-concentrated using the MnO2 precipitation method. We find a good agreement between the Pu concentrations determined with the two different techniques. The in-situ pre-concentration technique requires more radiochemical work in the laboratory but has the advantage that large seawater volumes can be sampled without the necessity for radiochemical processing on-board the ship. The much larger volumes sampled with the in-situ technique compared with the precipitation technique, enables accurate determination of Pu-isotopic ratios with a low relative standard deviation. We have shown in this study that in-situ MnO2 cartridge technique can be used in a reliable way for the determination of dissolved Pu seawater concentration in open ocean waters.

European decision support modelling of long-term external doses received in inhabited areas contaminated by a nuclear power plant accident – 1: Initial relative dose rate contributions from different contaminated outdoor surfaces Publication date: August 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 204 Author(s): Yvonne Hinrichsen, Kasper G. Andersson Abstract Dose prediction tools making use of existing knowledge on the environmental behaviour of radiocontaminants are essential for justification and optimisation of recovery countermeasure strategies for contaminated inhabited areas. In this context, one necessary requirement is to estimate the relative initial contaminant distribution on different types of surfaces in the environment and the resultant initial dose rates to humans staying in the environment. This paper reports on the latest parametric refinements in this context for use in the ERMIN inhabited area dose model, which is an integral part of the European emergency management decision support systems ARGOS and RODOS.

Levels of uranium and thorium in maternal scalp hair and risk of orofacial clefts in offspring Publication date: August 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 204 Author(s): Yihui Wei, Lei Jin, Zhiwen Li, Jufen Liu, Linlin Wang, Xin Pi, Shengju Yin, Chengrong Wang, Aiguo Ren Abstract Uranium and thorium are common radioactive elements that exist in the environment. However, few environmental epidemiological studies have focused on their possible effects on congenital malformations. Here, we explored the association between uranium and thorium concentrations in maternal scalp hair grown from 3 months before to 3 months after conception, namely during the periconceptional period and the risk of orofacial clefts (OFCs) in offspring. Our study included 153 women whose pregnancies were affected by OFCs (cases) and 601 women who delivered infants without birth defects (controls) from four provinces in China. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect sociodemographic characteristics with a structured questionnaire. Concentrations of uranium and thorium in maternal scalp hair grown during the periconceptional period were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The risk of OFCs in association with higher concentrations of the two radioactive elements was estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while adjusting for potential confounding factors. The levels of uranium and thorium in maternal hair were in agreement with the published literature. After adjusting for several confounders, the ORs of thorium in the highest, upper, and lower quartile versus the lowest quartile were 2.63 (95% CI, 1.41–4.92), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.03–3.79), and 2.73 (95% CI, 1.46–5.12), respectively. No association was found between levels of uranium and the risk of OFCs. Maternal periconceptional exposure to thorium may be a risk factor for OFCs in offspring.

A stilbene - CdZnTe based radioxenon detection system Publication date: August 2019 Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 204 Author(s): Harish R. Gadey, Abi T. Farsoni, Steven A. Czyz, Kacey D. McGee Abstract Atmospheric monitoring of radioxenon is one of the most widely used methods by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) to detect elevated levels of 131mXe, 133/133mXe, and 135Xe. The ratios of these radionuclides help discriminate between peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear weapon explosions. Radioxenon detection systems often use plastic scintillators in the capacity of an electron detector and a gas cell, plastic gas cells are responsible for introducing high memory effect in these systems. This work presents the design of a new detection system for radioxenon monitoring that utilizes silicon photomultipliers, a stilbene gas cell, and a CdZnTe detector. This detector was evaluated using xenon radioisotope samples produced in the TRIGA reactor at Oregon State University. A 48-h background was collected and calculations of the Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) were carried out using the Region of Interest (ROI) approach. An MDC of less than 1 mBq/m3 was obtained for 131mXe, 133Xe, and 133mXe in accordance with the sensitivity limits set by the CTBTO and performs respectably when compared to state-of-the-art radioxenon detection systems. Using 131mXe, this study indicates that the stilbene gas cell exhibits a memory effect of 0.045 ± 0.017%, this is almost a two-order magnitude improvement compared to plastic scintillators. The primary purpose of this work is to explore the use of new stilbene detection media for radioxenon application and addressing the problem of memory effect.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Are light-dark coupled laminae in lacustrine shale seasonally controlled? A case study using astronomical tuning from 42.2 to 45.4 Ma in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): Ke Zhao, Xuebin Du, Yongchao Lu, Shipeng Xiong, Yong Wang Abstract As a typical sedimentary structure in fine-grained rocks, laminae are widely distributed in shales and mudstones in sedimentary basins. The Shahejie Formation (42.2–45.4 Ma) formed during the Eocene of the Paleogene in the Dongying Depression of China is recognized as a typical area to study lacustrine shale. According to the composition of different lamina, four types of couplets are identified, including carbonate-clay couplets, carbonate-organic couplets, clay-organic couplets and carbonate-clay-organic triplets. All couplets are composed of light and dark layers. A combination of core images, microscopic observations, mineral compositions, geochemical data, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and strontium isotopes verifies that the laminae are primarily developed in a saline and anoxic, or even euxinic environment, with a high organic matter (OM) flux. Through astronomical cycle analysis of the natural gamma ray (GR) curve from sample site well NY1, the data suggest that the lacustrine shale laminae are formed annually with an average duration of 1.34 yr. The formation of laminae is affected by the season, which is closely related to the seasonal growth and death of algae. During the period of algae growth, a large number of light-colored carbonate laminae are deposited, whereas when the algae dies, organic matter accumulates at the bottom of lakes and forms dark organic-rich laminae. The interbedded and lenticular laminae, which are subdivided by layering characteristics, are primarily affected by diagenesis in postdepositional processes. Study of the laminae is helpful in understanding the formation process of lacustrine shale, and it provides invaluable sources of information for paleoclimate reconstruction.

Ecophenotypic shape variability within Astarte (Class: Bivalvia) from the Pliocene of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A.: A study using geometric morphometrics Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): R. Philip Roberson, Michelle M. Casey Abstract The Atlantic Coastal Plain has long been recognized as a natural laboratory useful for testing hypotheses surrounding the environmental and ecological effects on marine fauna. To conduct these studies in a rigorous manner, a reliable taxonomy must be established for the organisms within this physiographic province. In this study, we focus on the bivalve genus Astarte, which is commonly found in this region, and has many formally recognized species. We test between two competing hypotheses for the unusually high species richness of this genus: 1) taxonomy – the presence of discrete morphotypes represent valid species within this genus; and, 2) ecology – the many recognized 'species' in this genus in fact represent ecophenotypic variants of a smaller number of species, and thus richness is inflated. We test between these two hypotheses using a geometric morphometric analysis of landmarks placed on 646 shells, representing six different taxa from the Pliocene of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. We performed Procrustes transformation and Principle Components Analysis (PCA) on landmark data, allometric residuals, and outline harmonics to fully understand the variability of morphologies present. All PCA results show large amounts of overlap between all species. It is likely some of these species are valid taxonomic groups within the genus but should be classified as sub-species instead of separate species. These results provide strong support for our 'ecology' hypothesis, and suggests the genus Astarte needs revision. Future studies incorporating detailed sedimentological characteristics or ecological information (e.g., drilling frequency) will further elucidate palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental drivers of ecophenotypic variation present in this genus. Further, the accurate identification of fossil species has important implications for our ability to reconstruct biodiversity trends in relation to the emergence of the Central American Isthmus and subsequent changes in ocean circulation.

Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): Xuefei Chen, Juan Pablo D'Olivo, Gangjian Wei, Malcolm McCulloch Abstract The impact of climate changes on corals living in naturally extreme environments is poorly understood but crucial to longer-term sustainability of coral reefs. Here we report century-long temperature (Sr/Ca and Li/Mg) and calcifying fluid (CF) carbonate chemistry (δ11B and B/Ca) records for a long-lived (1919 to 2016) Porites coral from the high thermally variable Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. We investigate how increasing temperatures and ocean acidification are manifested in the carbonate chemistry of coral's CF and impacts of climate change on calcification. Using Sr/Ca and Li/Mg multiproxy we show that annual temperature in the nearshore Kimberley exhibited a gradual increase (0.009 ± 0.003 °C/yr) from the 1920s onward. However for the most recent years (2000–2015) more rapid summer warming (0.05 ± 0.01 °C/yr) are registered, indicative of intensified warming. Despite that, we find no significant trend for calcification rate of this coral over the past century, as well as 'normal' seasonal variability in coral's CF carbonate chemistry. Importantly, the coral's ability to concentrate inorganic carbon seems to be affected by recent warming, with reduced DICcf observed during 2008 to 2015, while the minimally-affected pHcf acts to compensate the decreases of DICcf with the calcification rate showing only slight decrease. Additionally, we also find that ocean acidification has clearly led to the long-term reduction in the pH of the CF.

The mid-Homerian (Silurian) biotic crisis in offshore settings of the Prague Synform, Czech Republic: Integration of the graptolite fossil record with conodonts, shelly fauna and carbon isotope data Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): Štěpán Manda, Petr Štorch, Jiří Frýda, Ladislav Slavík, Zuzana Tasáryová Abstract The middle Homerian biotic crisis resulted in the almost complete eradication of graptolites. The shale-dominated Kosov Quarry section, central Bohemia, preserves the most complete graptolite record across the crisis in peri-Gondwanan Europe. The pre-extinction graptolite assemblage of the upper lundgreni Biozone, composed of ten species vanished in three extinction phases recognized in an interval 1.6 m thick. The crisis commenced with the increasing dominance of generalist taxa and subsequent extinction of several abundant species including Cyrtograptus lundgreni. The second phase coincided with the extinctions of genera Cyrtograptus and Testograptus, whereas long-ranging, generalist monograptids prevailed before they became extinct as the crisis culminated in its third phase in the flemingii Biozone. The lower part of the overlying parvus Biozone contains only Pristiograptus parvus, which became abundant in the upper part of the biozone, together with incoming Gothograptus nassa. The recovery interval is marked by a moderate diversification of monograptids and retiolitids. The extinction did not affect the diversity of pelagic cephalopods although their abundance was reduced. A bivalve-dominated benthic fauna disappeared throughout the extinction interval and re-appeared not earlier than in the latest Homerian. It was temporarily replaced by a time-specific fauna of anachronistic trilobites and brachiopods. The extinction interval coincided with sea-level fall, indicated by limestone slump-beds in a generally shaly succession. The post-extinction interval corresponds with a lowstand systems tract with deposition of condensed shelly limestone and burrowed shale. A positive carbon isotope excursion started in the flemingii Biozone and δ13C values increased up to the lower parvus Biozone above which the plateau of the first peak started. The beginning of the graptolite extinction predated the early phase of the late Homerian carbon isotope excursion. The terminal phase of the extinction, nevertheless coincided with the onset of the carbon isotope excursion and change in benthic fauna.

An Oligocene microthermal forest dominated by Nothofagus in Sierra Baguales, Chilean Patagonia: Response to global cooling and tectonic events Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): Néstor M. Gutiérrez, Juan Pablo Pino, Jacobus P. Le Roux, Viviana Pedroza, José Luis Oyarzun, Luis Felipe Hinojosa Abstract A large fossil leaf assemblage (>3700 specimens) is reported from the Oligocene Río Leona Formation in the Sierra Baguales of Chilean Patagonia. The association comprises 29 species but is dominated by Nothofagusgenera, which constitutes 65% of specimens. The collection can be classified as a Mixed Palaeoflora of the Austral-Antarctic association. Stratigraphic analysis of the assemblage indicates a decrease in species diversity and richness over time, which was accompanied by species turnover. Quantitative studies of foliar morphology (CLAMP, Leaf Margin Analysis) indicates cool-to-cold and dry climatic conditions, with a Mean Annual Temperature of 9.2 °C, a relatively high seasonality in temperature and precipitation, and a Mean Annual Precipitation of 931 mm. Nothofagus only became dominant in southeastern Patagonia during the Rupelian, coinciding with a marked global cooling period linked to the initiation of glaciation in Antarctica about 34 Ma. The decrease in precipitation following this event is attributed to the development of a rain shadow to the east of the rising Southern Patagonian Andes, which must have been of the order of 1000 m or more for topographic climate forcing to take effect. This contrasts with the rain shadow development east of the Andes at lower latitudes, which was mainly manifested after the middle Miocene.

Reconstructing a high paleolatitude Mesozoic paleoenvironment from a truncated and deeply buried regolith, Norwegian North Sea Publication date: 15 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 528 Author(s): Lars Riber, Steven G. Driese, Gary E. Stinchcomb, Henning Dypvik, Ronald Sørlie Abstract The paleoregolith in this study was unconformably overlain by lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) marine deposits of the Åsgard Formation and buried below two kilometers of sediments, on the Utsira High, Norwegian North Sea. The upwards intensification of chemical alteration, manifested in the replacement of feldspars by clays, leaching of base cations and reduced mechanical rock strength, in addition to the presence of terrestrial biotitic features, suggested weathering during subaerial exposure of the Utsira High during the Mesozoic. The paleoregolith can be divided into three weathering facies: altered coherent rock, saprock and saprolite, whereas the absence of true soil horizons suggested erosional truncation of the regolith before burial. Possible remnants of the eroded soil were identified as pedogenic mud aggregates in the overlying Åsgard Formation, bearing similar compositional characteristics as the saprolite. Clay mineralogy, bulk geochemical composition, micromorphology and depth of biotic features were used to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions that prevailed during the formation of the regolith in the Mesozoic North Sea. Our results point to a regolith formation under periodically water-restricted conditions, promoting the co-existence of interstratified illite-smectite (beidellite) and kaolinite, deep presence of endomycorrhizae (the fungal extension of the root structure) and precipitation of iron oxide nodules. Application of recently developed geochemical climofunctions indicated that the regolith formed in a mesic (10–12 °C) and subhumid (1157–1406 mm/yr) environment, and under strongly acidic soil conditions (pH 5.2–5.6).

Soft-sediment deformation below mammoth tracks at White Sands National Monument (New Mexico) with implications for biomechanical inferences from tracks Publication date: 1 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 527 Author(s): Matthew R. Bennett, David Bustos, Matteo Belvedere, Patrick Martinez, Sally C. Reynolds, Tommy Urban Abstract Implicit in any biomechanical analysis of tracks (footprints), whatever the animal, is the assumption that depth distribution within the track reflects the applied plantar pressure in some way. Here we describe sub-track deformation structures produced by Proboscidea (probably Mammuthus columbi) at White Sands National Monument (WHSA) in New Mexico. Patterns of sub-surface deformation are consistent with the plantar pressure data for modern Proboscidea, but do not reflect track morphology. Our work cautions against overinterpreting track topology of any large animal, including extinct animals such as sauropods, in terms of their biomechanics unless the subsurface stratigraphy and associated variation in shear strength is known.

Formation and evolution of the Ediacaran to Lower Cambrian black shales in the Yangtze Platform, South China Publication date: 1 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 527 Author(s): Xinyan Fang, Liangliang Wu, Ansong Geng, Qian Deng Abstract Black shales in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (predominantly from Member II, IV and equivalent strata) and the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (or equivalents) occur widely in the Yangtze Platform, South China. These black shales could provide sufficient hydrocarbons for the petroleum system in this region. However, biomarker parameters have proven invalid in the assessment of petroleum resources because of the high thermal maturity. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics and formation mechanisms of these two black shales. This study analyzed redox-sensitive elements, total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter in four continuous sedimentary successions including the two investigated shales in the Yangtze Platform (namely Jiulongwan on the inner shelf, Songlin in an intra-shelf lagoon, Dongkanshang on the upper slope, and Fengtan in the basin). Combined with other previously reported five sections, the redox conditions of sedimentary waters and marine paleoproductivity of the Ediacaran to Lower Cambrian black shales in the Yangtze Platform were discussed and compared. The results showed that the redox conditions of the Early Cambrian in the study area were similar to those of the Ediacaran Doushantuo period, which were oxic-suboxic at surface water, and anoxic in the deep with the occurrence of euxinic conditions. However, the euxinic conditions in the deep waters were distributed more widely in the Early Cambrian than in the Ediacaran period. The source of organic matter in the Doushantuo Formation was dominated by algae in the shallow-water platform and the shelf-margin areas, while chemoautotrophic/methanotrophic biomass may also have contributed in the intra-shelf lagoon and deep-water basin areas. In contrast, the organic matter of the Niutitang Formation was mainly contributed by the chemoautotrophic/methanotrophic biomass, with a minor contribution by photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria. During the Doushantuo period, the input of terrigenous clastic materials was low, resulting in the enrichment of organic matter and formation of organic-rich black shale in the Yangtze Platform over a long geological time period. Compared to the Doushantuo period, the shorter sedimentation time and the higher deposition rate during the Early Cambrian produced a thicker and higher-quality Niutitang Formation source rock widely distributed in the Yangtze Platform.

Evaluating the effects of morphology and orientation on feeding in atrypide brachiopods using 3-D printed models Publication date: 1 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 527 Author(s): Rylan V. Dievert, Kristina M. Barclay, Darrin J. Molinaro, Lindsey R. Leighton Abstract The brachiopod order Atrypida was one of the most diverse and abundant clades of marine organisms across North America during the Silurian and Devonian. Atrypide brachiopods were active sessile suspension feeders that used their lophophores to capture food particles from the water. Within the subfamily Variatrypinae, there are two end-member morphotypes associated with either high or low energy environments. It has further been suggested shape played an important role in enhancing feeding efficiency. The first morphotype is shield-shaped, weakly convex, and associated with low-energy systems. The second morphotype is globose and associated with high-energy systems. Furthermore, both pedicle-attached and liberosessile life orientations have been suggested for atrypides, based on both fossil material and biomechanical experiments. Any change in orientation could radically affect feeding efficiency. Our study uses biomechanical experiments on morphologically accurate 3-D printed atrypide models to evaluate the effects of shape and orientation on feeding current strength in the shield-shaped and globose morphotypes. We used 3-D scanning and printing to construct two morphologically accurate gaping models of the end-member shapes. The models included simulated body tissue, a flexible scale lophophore and valves of accurate thickness. A recirculating flume tank and dye streams were used to visualize ambient flow within the models in multiple pedicle-attached and pedicle-absent orientations to flow. During the trials the shield shape produced better ambient flow than the globose shape in pedicle-attached orientations. Further, pedicle-attached orientations produced better ambient flow than pedicle-absent orientations. Our results suggest that, shield-shaped atrypides benefited from enhanced ambient flow, while globose atrypides would have relied more on active pumping when in a pedicle attached orientation. As well, the results suggest a pedicle was required to orient atrypides for efficient feeding.

Pleistocene climatic instability drove the historical distribution of forest islands in the northeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest Publication date: 1 August 2019 Source: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 527 Author(s): Mario Henrique Barros Silveira, Rilquer Mascarenhas, Domingos Cardoso, Henrique Batalha-Filho Abstract To investigate the past spatial dynamics of Atlantic Forest (AF) 'island-like' enclaves in northeastern Brazil, we employed ecological niche modeling (ENM) using a set of georeferenced records of 13 woody plant species. ENMs were constructed using the Ensemble forecasting approach and were projected into past climatic conditions for the last interglacial period (LIG, 120 kyr), last glacial maximum (LGM, 21 kyr), and the Middle Holocene (MH, 6 kyr). Our results suggest an expansion of wetter forests during the LGM into areas currently covered by the Caatinga seasonally dry woodlands, with recent retraction to the current distribution. Central AF islands located south of the São Francisco River underwent a different history compared to Northern AF islands north of this river: the former were mostly connected to coastal AF since the LIG (with a very recent separation), whereas the latter presented a more dynamic historical distribution. Results reveal contrasting spatiotemporal histories of forest instability and isolation across the various enclaves, supporting three main biogeographic hypotheses: i) moderate connectivity with coastal AF and a recent population bottleneck in the Araripe and Pernambuco/Paraíba enclaves, ii) low connectivity to, and long-term isolation from, other enclaves, as well as recent population bottleneck, in the northernmost North Ceará enclaves; and iii) high connectivity with coastal AF and recent population expansion in the southernmost Chapada Diamantina enclaves. Future comparative phylogeography studies will largely aid in assessing the herein proposed biogeographic scenarios during the highly dynamic recent history of the AF enclaves.

Psychiatry

Chatbots in psychiatry: Can treatment gap be lessened for psychiatric disorders in India Om Prakash Singh Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):225-225

Methodologies and skills in child and adolescent mental health, psychosocial care, and protection: A repository of training and intervention materials Sheila Ramaswamy, Shekhar Seshadri Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):226-227

Relative effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine and baclofen as anticraving agents in cannabis dependence – A retrospective study with telephonic follow-up Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha, Lekhansh Shukla, R P S Shyam, Arun Kandasamy, Vivek Benegal Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):228-231 Background: Cannabis dependence is associated with psychiatric, social, and legal consequences. Currently, there is no approved pharmacological treatment for cannabis dependence. Recent studies have reported the utility of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and baclofen (BAC) in the long-term treatment of cannabis dependence, primarily as anticraving agents. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients who received inpatient treatment during 2015–2017 for cannabis dependence syndrome. We included cases only if cannabis dependence was noted as the primary focus for seeking inpatient care. Data are collected up to 6 months following discharge and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The time to the first use of cannabis (in days) following discharge is compared between three groups – psychosocial intervention (PSI) only, BAC in addition to PSI, and NAC in addition to PSI. Results: During the study period, 238 inpatients were diagnosed with cannabis dependence syndrome. However, cannabis dependence was the primary focus of treatment in only 72 patients. Among these patients, 29 (40.2%) received PSI only while 25 (34.8%) received BAC (mean dose = 55 mg per day, standard deviation [SD] = 2.5 mg) and 18 (25%) received NAC (mean dose = 1800 mg per day, SD = 500 mg) in addition to PSI. While 47 (62.5%) of the patients had comorbid psychiatric disorders, it was comparably distributed in the three groups. A survival analysis shows that the probability of cannabis-free survival is significantly higher in the NAC group as compared to the BAC group which is in turn higher than the PSI group (χ2 = 12.1, P= 0.002). Conclusion: The use of anticraving medications, namely BAC and NAC, may be a useful option along with PSIs in patients with cannabis dependence and requires further exploration.

Assessment of prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among schoolchildren in selected schools T Golden Catherine, Nancy Grace Robert, K Kanchana Mala, C Kanniammal, Judie Arullapan Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):232-237 Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Global impairment in children with ADHD increases with increasing number of concurrent disorders. The presence of ADHD in childhood increases the likelihood of additional difficulties in academic performance, social interactions, and low self-esteem developing into adolescents and young adults. Aims: The study aims to (i) to determine the prevalence of ADHD among schoolchildren at selected schools in Kancheepuram district, (ii) to find the agreement between parent and teacher reports, and (iii) to associate the prevalence of ADHD among schoolchildren with their selected demographic variables. Settings and Design: A quantitative research approach with cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. The study focused on primary schoolchildren from the selected schools in Kancheepuram district. Materials and Methods: Totally 3253 children aged between 8 and 11 years were enumerated from the selected six schools in Kancheepuram district after obtaining informed consent from their caregivers. The presence of ADHD was assessed using Conners' Teacher–Parent Rating Scale given to caregivers and teachers and confirmed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria for ADHD. Results: The analysis revealed the overall prevalence of ADHD to be 8.8%. The subtypes of ADHD were categorized as 124 (43.3%) for inattentive type, 124 (43.3%) for hyperactive type, and 38 (13.2%) for combined type of ADHD. Conclusion: The present study shows a high prevalence of ADHD among primary schoolchildren.

Mortality in schizophrenia: A study of verbal autopsy from cohorts of two rural communities of South India Narayana Manjunatha, C Naveen Kumar, Jagadisha Thirthalli, KK Suresha, DM Harisha, Udupi Arunachala Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):238-243 Background: Schizophrenia is a life-shortening disease. Although the rate of mortality of persons with schizophrenia in India is established to be more compared to that in the general population, there is a little exploration of the causes for the same. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the causes of death in two rural cohorts of schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: In-person interviews of primary caregivers of 53 deceased persons with schizophrenia were conducted using the World Health Organization's verbal autopsy 2014 instrument. Physician-based method was used to determine the causes of death. Results: Average age of 53 deceased schizophrenia patients was 50.45 ± 13.65 years with almost equal gender ratio. Just more than two-thirds of patients were married, just more than one-third are educated up to primary school and also had no formal education each. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) were the most common causes of death (30, 56.6%) in this sample, followed by communicable disease (7, 13.2%), and then unnatural deaths (suicide – 8, 15%, and road traffic accidents – 3, 5.6%). Conclusions: It is the first study in India to explore the causes of death in schizophrenia. NCDs being the most common cause of death in schizophrenia suggests to the need of integration of schizophrenia care into general health care.

Young psychiatrists' opinion on the activities of Indian Psychiatric Society: A survey under the aegis of Research, Education, and Training Foundation of Indian Psychiatric Society Sandeep Grover, Swapnajeet Sahoo, Balachander Srinivas, Adarsh Tripathi, Ajit Avasthi Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):244-252 Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the opinion of young psychiatrists (aged ≤45 years) about the various scientific activities of Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS). Materials and Methods: An online survey using SurveyMonkey electronic platform was conducted. Data of 350 participants were available for analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants (spread across 115 institutes/medical colleges) was 33.61 (standard deviation [SD] – 5.32) years and their mean number of years of experience in psychiatry including the training period was 8.25 (SD – 5.5) years. About 70% of the participants (n = 243) rated the current format of the Annual National Conference of the IPS (ANCIPS) to be “good/very good,” and more than half of the participants agreed that the conferences at the zonal and state level help in enhancing the academic knowledge of the participants as well as such activities help in enhancing the social interaction among fellow colleagues. Among the various scientific sessions of the ANCIPS, workshops and guest lectures were rated as very useful by three-fifth of the participants. Regarding opinion in terms of changes required in the current format of the ANCIPS and other conferences/continuing medical educations (CMEs) being conducted by IPS, more than half to about two-third of the participants reported that having more hands-on workshops, having sessions like meet the experts, having mentorship programs, and more expert speakers from India will “definitely” be useful. Majority of the participants expressed that reduction of concurrent sessions would be definitely be beneficial. In terms of modification of ongoing activities and introduction of new activities, about two-third of the participants expressed that having IPS supported travel fellowship programs within the country and abroad, having subject/topic-focused conferences, and starting online CMEs will be definitely be useful. Conclusions: The present survey reflects that there is a need to have more subject/topic-focused conferences/CMEs, need to introduce online CME activities, reduction of concurrent sessions during the conferences and strengthening the travel fellowship programs. All these can be considered as expectations of the young generation of psychiatrists from the organization like IPS, which should be duly considered while planning future conferences and CMEs.

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene polymorphisms in paraphilic sexual offenders Mujgan Cengiz, Esma Cezayirli, Burcu Bayoglu, Hizir Asliyuksek, Nese Kocabasoglu Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):253-257 Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important problem worldwide. The reason of sex abuse is considered as multifactorial. Genetic contribution reported by recent studies is a significant evidence for this pathologic behavior. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme in the metabolic inactivation of catecholamine and substances containing catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. COMT polymorphism causes functional changes in COMT enzyme activity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor usually synthesized from central nervous system neurons. With the effect of BDNF, dopamine and serotonin play important roles on neurogenesis, survival, and synaptic plasticity. Aim: This study aims to examine COMT Val158Met (rs4680) and BDNF Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphisms in CSA. Settings and Design: This was a case–control study. Materials and Methods: Seventy paraphilic child sexual abuser patients and seventy age- and gender-matched healthy controls participated in this study. COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: COMT Val158Met genotype frequencies were determined as GG 31.4%, GA 45.7%, and AA 22.9% in patients; GG 24.3%, GA 45.7%, and AA 8.6% in controls; and exhibited a positive relationship between the groups (P = 0.018). BDNF Val66Met genotype frequencies were determined as GG 77.1%, GA 21.4%, and AA 1.4% in patients; GG 65.7%, GA 31.4%, AA 2.9% in controls; and no significant relationship was observed between the groups (P = 0.317). Conclusions: This research investigated COMT (Val158Met) and BDNF (Val66Met) in paraphilic child sexual offenders. A positive relationship was found for COMT gene; however, no significant relation was observed for BDNF gene between paraphilic sexual offenders and controls.

Comparison of efficacy of ketamine versus thiopentone-assisted modified electroconvulsive therapy in major depression Amit Jagtiani, Hitesh Khurana, Naveen Malhotra Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):258-264 Background: It is well known that depression improves faster with electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) than with antidepressant medications. N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonists (ketamine) have been shown to have rapid antidepressant effects when given as an intravenous infusion. Faster recovery with ECT is likely when used with ketamine as anesthetic. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the outcome of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) in major depressive disorder patients undergoing MECT with ketamine versus thiopentone anesthesia. Materials and Methods: Sixty hospitalized patients (age: 18–45 years) with major depressive disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV Text Revision) were randomly allocated to either of the two MECT groups (30 patients each) receiving ketamine or thiopentone as anesthetic agent. The participants were assessed on a weekly basis on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Ketamine group required significantly lesser number of MECT sessions for achieving remission and had rapid improvement in HAM-D and BDI scores compared to the thiopentone group. Furthermore, the stimulus intensity required to elicit seizures was significantly less and seizure duration was longer in ketamine group compared to the thiopentone group. Conclusion: The use of ketamine for anesthesia led to rapid recovery from depressive symptoms and seems to be a better option for depressive patients, especially when a rapid response is desired.

Internet addiction and daytime sleepiness among professionals in India: A web-based survey Lokesh Kumar Singh, K Hari Hara Suchandra, Amrit Pattajoshi, Spoorthy Sai Mamidipalli, Huma Kamal, Sharda Singh, Bhoomika Sachacher, Varun Mehta Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):265-269 Background: The likelihood of the relation between Internet overuse and comorbid psychiatric conditions is on the rise. However, sleep disturbances are common psychiatric symptoms associated with internet overuse. Our objective was to examine the association of Internet overuse with excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems in professionals from India. Materials and Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional study through a predesigned questionnaire which included various professional groups. The information included in the questionnaire was sociodemographic details, Young's internet addiction test (IAT) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Results: About 1.0% of total sample population had severe internet addiction whereas 13% were in the range of moderate internet addiction and the mean score on IAT was found to be 32 (standard deviation [SD] = 16.42). The mean duration of total night time sleep (5.61 ± 1.17) is significantly lower in participants with moderate and severe internet addiction (6.98 ± 1.12) compared to those with no and mild internet addiction. The mean scores of ESS were significantly higher in individuals with moderate and severe addiction (M = 10.64, SD = 4.79). We found that sleepiness while in 5 of the situations such as driving a car (χ2 = 27.67; P < 0.001), sitting and reading (χ2 = 13.6; P = 0.004), traveling in a car (χ2 = 15.09; P = 0.002), afternoon rest time (χ2 = 15.75; P = 0.001), and postlunch quiet time (χ2 = 24.09; P < 0.001), predicted membership to moderate-to-severe internet addiction, even after controlling for the confounding effects of age and gender. Conclusions: This study shows an association between Internet overuse, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other sleep problems. Clinicians should be proactive and conscious in scrutinizing the patients for internet addiction and its consequences.

Assessment of cotinine in urine and saliva of smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers: Method validation using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry Priyamvada Sharma, Niharika Sane, Shravanthi D Anand, P Marimutthu, Vivek Benegal Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2019 61(3):270-276 Background: Self-report does not provide complete information about tobacco smoke exposure among users and is not relevant for secondhand exposure detection. Biochemical screening for primary metabolite of nicotine would be useful to validate the smoking status and exposure to secondhand smoke. Aims and Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a sensitive and rapid method to verify smoking status among smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers by quantification of cotinine in saliva and urine using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Materials and Methods: Cotinine (urine and saliva) levels were measured in 98 participants out of which active users (smoked tobacco users; n = 56) and persons exposed to tobacco smoke (passive smokers; n = 15). Values obtained were compared with nonusers (nonsmokers; n = 27). A simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed and validated for this purpose. With minimal sample preparation, the current analytical procedure showed a wide detection range (1.1–1000 ng/mL) which made it suitable for analyzing various biological matrices. Results: The mean cotinine levels of urine for smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers were 1043.7, 36.63, and 13.6 ng/ml, respectively, while in saliva, it was 327.39, 18.31, and 9.53 ng/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Analysis of variance showed that cotinine levels (urine and saliva) of smokers were significantly higher levels than passive smokers and nonsmokers (P < 0.01). Similarly, passive smokers also had significantly higher cotinine levels (urine and saliva) than nonsmokers (P < 0.001).

Forensic Dental Sciences

Forensic odontology: A paradigm shift in the Indian context Abraham Johnson Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):117-118

The use of dental records as a tool for the Unique Identification Authority of India in personal identification: A proposal Karandeep Singh Arora, Rahul Bansal Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):119-122 The Unique Identification Authority of India is a statutory authority established in 2009, which had started a campaign of issuing Aadhaar (unique identification) cards to every citizen of India under the slogan “Mera Aadhaar Meri Pehchaan” (my unique identification my identity). The government is taking all possible initiatives to make Aadhaar card the identity of an individual and is taking all measures of linking all the valid government-issued documents (such as driving license, PAN card, subsidies etc.) with this card. However, it is a matter of great sadness that some antisocial elements of the society forge or misuse the government-issued identity card and create a fake identity. To strengthen this initiative of unique identification, the dental records need to be amalgamated with this campaign. This article evaluates the importance of maintaining dental records and personal identification and also defines a proposal of linking these dental records to Aadhaar card in India.

Salivary signature in forensic profiling: A scoping review Priyanka Kapoor, Aman Chowdhry Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):123-127 Background: Saliva has recently served as a primary investigative tool in forensics in the detection of crime, cases of sexual assaults, human and animal bite marks, poisoning, hormone identification, and alcohol and drug abuse. Aim: This scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify the role of saliva in comparative and reconstructive identification and propose the concept of salivary signature (SS) in forensics. Methodology: A literature search was performed on electronic databases, PubMed and Google Scholar with keywords, “salivary,” “microbiome,” and “forensics,” and relevant articles identified along with reference tracking. Results: SS model was based on salivary microbiome and biomarkers which together provide pertinent information about lifestyle, behavioral patterns, circadian rhythms, geolocation, cohabitation of individuals, postmortem intervals, systemic and oral ailments or cancers besides salivary flow and composition. Conclusions: This communication highlights the constituents of SS and their significance in forensics. It also enumerates factors altering SS, limitations owing to diversity in microbiome and biomarker status, and possible measures to improve its accuracy and robustness in forensics.

Forensic pediatric dentistry Thorakkal Shamim Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):128-131 Forensic dentistry is the legal field of dentistry which analyses dental evidence in the interest of justice. Pediatric dentistry is that dental specialty concerned with the treatment of dental diseases in children. This specialty is utilized for identification of individuals through visual, clinical, and radiographic interpretation of sound and caries involved teeth, eruption sequence of teeth, shedding sequence of teeth, tooth calcification and maturation, fracture of teeth, root canal therapy, type of restorations and dental crowns and bridges, pit and fissure sealants, appliances, oral and maxillofacial pathologies and associated syndromes and injuries of teeth and tooth mark examination. This specialty is also utilized for age estimation studies which include eruption sequence, Schour and Massler chart, Demirjian's method using dental maturation chart, and Nolla's stages of calcification. This specialty also plays an important role in recognizing child abuse. This paper aims to discuss the forensic aspect of pediatric dentistry from the Indian context.

Assessment of correlation between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturity indicators Akshaya Ojha, MA Prasanth, Vikram Singh, Tarun Sihag, Varsha Bhati, Himanshi Tomar Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):132-136 Introduction: Assessment of age is a critical step in the identification of an individual in forensic cases. The hand–wrist radiographic evaluation and tooth development is also a useful measure of maturity because it represents a series of recognizable changes that occur in the same sequence from an initial event to a constant end point. Aim of the Study: To investigate the relationship of dental calcification stages and skeletal maturity indicators as assessed by the hand–wrist bone radiograph. Objectives: (1) Correlation of dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation. Information for decision-making in treatment plan in growing patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed using orthopantomograph (OPG) and hand–wrist radiographs of fifty children (25 males and 25 females) with age ranging from 8 to 14 years. The hand–wrist radiographs and OPG were analyzed using Fishman's Skeletal Maturity Index and the Demirjian's system, respectively. SPSS software version 19 (IBM) was used in the calculation of all statistical analyses. Results: Correlation coefficient ranged from 0.61 to 0.83 for males and from 0.81 to 0.86 for females. The canine stage F for both sexes coincided with the MP3 stage, which is indicative of the onset of a period of accelerating growth. Conclusion: The findings of this pilot study indicated that tooth calcification stages might be clinically used as a maturity indicator of the pubertal growth period.

Tooth reconstruction in forensic situations through dental materials: An anatomical art Gargi Jani, Abraham Johnson Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):137-142 Introduction: Dental identification is a frequently applied method of forensic investigation, in mass disasters, accidents, and criminal investigations, where the human remains are decomposed, charred, or skeletonized. However, in such events, teeth may dislodge due to postmortem loss or mishandling during transporting and packaging which may further hamper with the identification of an individual. Aim: To investigate the potential for reconstruction of missing teeth utilizing dental materials. Subjects and Methods: Impressions of the intra-alveolar morphology of the empty sockets of a mandible were taken utilizing different impression materials. Positive replicas were prepared, and the profile of the missing/absent dental roots and crowns was constructed. Standardized radiographs were taken to assess the reliability of the method. Results: Based on the subjective observation, the combination of light body and heavy body (Putty)-addition silicone (for negative replica), self-cure (pink-colored) resin (for positive replica), and flowable composite resin (for reconstruction) gave the best outcome among the materials used. Conclusion: Tooth reconstruction utilizing dental materials that may help in comparative identification.

Correlative study on lip prints, fingerprints, and mandibular intercanine distance for gender determination JK Sonia Bai, A Ravi Prakash, A Vikram Simha Reddy, M Rajinikanth, S Sreenath, K Veera Kishore Kumar Reddy Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):143-150 Context: “Identity” is a set of physical characteristics, functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that defines an individual. Identification of an individual is a crucial and an exigent task in forensic investigation. Aims: The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the accuracy of various methods employed in gender determination such as lip prints, mandibular canine index (MCI), fingerprints, and correlation between them. Subjects and Methods: The pilot study group consisted of 300 samples aged between 18 and 25 years. Lip prints, fingerprints, and impressions of lower mandibular arches were collected. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were analyzed using Chi-square test for lip prints and fingerprints with an independent sample t-test for the MCI. Intergroup comparison between the parameters was analyzed by ANNOVA test. Results: Type II lip print pattern and loop pattern of fingerprints were the predominant patterns in both males and females, and mesiodistal width of right MCI has greater sexual dimorphism than left MCI. Conclusions: Although lip prints, fingerprints, and MCI had their own specifications, correlation of the three parameters did not show any significance.

Facial indices in lateral cephalogram for sex prediction in Chennai population – A semi-novel study Mary Sheloni Missier, Selwin Gabriel Samuel, Ashwin Mathew George Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):151-157 Background: Osteological examination is a very reliable tool to determine the sex of the individual as the consolidation of the dimorphic characteristics concludes the sex of the individual. This study was performed with lateral cephalograms, which is a vital diagnostic tool for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. An index was formed, which could be considered as a reliable sex determinant in forensic applications. Materials and Methods: This pilot study was performed on samples of the Dravidian population. Two-fifty individuals, whose age ranged between 25 and 40 years, were taken (125 subjects were males and 125 subjects were females). A total of ninety-nine cephalometric variables were compared, subjected to statistical analysis and tested for significance using the t-test. Results: Out of a total of 99 variables tested only twenty-four variables showed statistical significance. So, these twenty-four variables were then subjected to discriminant function analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of each variable in predicting the sex of an individual Individually, Ramus length (Ramus ln), Condylion to Gnathion (Co-Gn) and ramus height showed the highest sex determining dependability of 78%. On the flipside, lower anterior facial height (LAFH), with 52%, showed the lowest consistency. Conclusion: From this study, it is clearly evident that cephalometric landmarks are reliable sex determinants to a good extent. All the statistically significant measurements, but one, showed acceptable percentages of reliability. This means the chosen variables can be used for the Dravidian population to robustly determine the sex of the individuals of interest.

Antemortem dental records versus individual identification Niveditha Thampan, R Janani, R Ramya, R Bharanidharan, A Ramesh Kumar, K Rajkumar Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):158-163 Background: Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in the identification of victims in mass disasters utilizing “preserved dental records” or “ante-mortem records” available with the general dental practitioners. Identification of a deceased individual by comparing antemortem and postmortem records is more reliable and easier as compared to other methods. However, in India, the practice of maintaining dental case record requires additional emphasis. Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental practitioners in South India regarding awareness and importance of maintaining patient's dental records. Settings and Design: A descriptive questionnaire study was conducted among the alumni of the dental institution over a period of 3 months. The alumni who passed out from 2000 to 2015 were included in the study. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing 24 questions regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practice of maintaining clinical case records was prepared and validated. Data were collected from 543 dental practitioners from various parts of South India who were the alumni of the dental institution. Statistical Analysis: The data were summarized and analyzed using the statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The descriptive analysis was done in percentages, and the results were tabulated. Results: Overall, 58.39% of dentists were found to be maintaining records promptly, and 84.6% dentists have knowledge about forensic odontology, but only 8.4% of dentists have helped the government agencies during mass disasters. Conclusion: This study reveals that the need of the hour is to change the attitude and to cultivate interest among practicing dentists regarding dental record maintenance which can tremendously help in the deceased individual identification process.

Charred: Forensic dental identification and scanning electron microscope Luiz Francesquini Júnior, Viviane Ulbricht, Adriano Luis Martins, Rhonan Ferreira Silva, João Sarmento Pereira Neto, Eduardo Daruge Júnior Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 2018 10(3):164-168 The identification of bone and dental remains to establish identity, requested by police and judicial authorities, has increased annually because criminals have been using sophisticated methods that make this identification impractical. This study reports a murder case by charring, which creates dental and bone calcination. In 2013, a completely burned car was examined by forensic experts, containing charred, calcined human bones and teeth inside its trunk, thus an identity needed to be established. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used as a supporting method and indicated the presence of restorative materials, which were compatible and consistent with the chart and radiographic shots provided by the victim's dental surgeon. The SEM examination reinforced the positive identification of the alleged victim performed by comparative radiographic examinations (antemortem and postmortem) in the dental fragments found. It is a supporting method that, even though it does not establish the identity, it helps in the process of identification.

Clinical Practice

Maternal and perinatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in early and late onset preeclampsia with HIV positive and HIV negative South African Women OA Onyangunga, TA Naicker, J Moodley Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):591-597 Objective: We analyzed the maternal and perinatal outcomes in early onset preeclampsia (EOPE) and late onset preeclampsia (LOPE) pregnant women who had scheduled caesarean deliveries. We sub-analyzed the two categories into HIV positive and HIV negative. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a regional hospital in Durban, South Africa during 14 months. A total of 14304 deliveries were registered. Out of the 1759 preeclampsia, 351 (19.9%) were EOPE and 1408 (80.1%) were LOPE. Hundred and twenty preeclamptics (n = 120) scheduled for caesarean delivery were selected and divided into two categories namely EOPE (n = 60) and LOPE (n = 60). Each preeclampsia category was then further stratified into HIV positive (n = 30) and HIV negative (n = 30) groups. Maternal demographic, clinical details for preeclampsia, blood laboratory tests, maternal, and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Results: Women with EOPE were older compared to those with LOPE (P = 0.0001). Also the HIV positive women were older compared to the HIV negative groups in both EOPE and LOPE categories (P = 0.03). However, multiparous and primiparous were predominant in EOPE and LOPE categories, respectively (P = 0.00 and P = 0.00). The severity of hypertension and the HIV status did not differentiate the 2 groups. Overall, maternal complications (eclampsia, persistent postpartum hypertension, HELLP syndrome, maternal death) and poor fetal outcomes occurred predominately in EOPE. Conclusion: This study confirms the heterogeneity of preeclampsia and shows that the timing of onset of this pregnancy disorder is important to disease severity. Further HIV status influences maternal and neonatal outcome.

Which one predicts mortality better? Hemogram and ST elevation myocardial infarction A Avci, BS Avci, Y Donmez, M Kocer, M Gulen, AI Ozer, A Bulut, M Koc, H Nazik, S Satar Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):598-602 Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hematological parameters measured at the moment of admission to the emergency room in predicting in-hospital mortality and to determine cut-off values of strongly predictive values. Subjects and Methods: The study began with approval of the ethics committee. In total, 1,929 patients over 18 years of age, whose date could be obtained, were included in the study. From the hemogram parameters, white blood cells (WBC), red cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, and ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) values were determined and recorded. CK-MB and high-sensitive Troponin T values were recorded as cardiac markers. For statistical analysis, “SPSS for Windows Version 21” package program was used. Findings: About 71.7% (n = 1384) of the patients were male and 28.3% (n = 545) of the patients were female. About 92.5% of the patients (n = 1785) were discharged from the hospital, whereas the remaining 144 patients (7.5%) were exitus in the hospital. When the efficacy of hematological parameters and cardiac markers in predicting mortality was examined by receiver operating charecteristics analysis, NLR was found to be the strongest predictor (area under the curve [AUC], 0.772, standard deviation [SD] = 0.022, 95% confidence interval [CI]). It was found that the WBC value came in second place after NLR as a strong predictor of mortality (AUC, 0.749, SD = 0.024, % 95 CI). Conclusion: The use of predictors for the prediction of mortality for ST elevation myocardial infarction patients is of great importance for faster implementation of treatment modalities. We found that WBC and especially NLR values obtained with a simple method can be used as powerful predictors.

Anatomic variations associated with antrochoanal polyps M Gursoy, N Erdogan, YK Cetinoglu, F Dag, E Eren, ME Uluc Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):603-608 Objective: Although more than a century has passed since antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) were first defined, etiopathogenesis still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ACPs and sinonasal cavity variations. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and forty-four patients with ACP on paranasal sinus computed tomography scans (ACP group) and 160 paranasal sinuses without ACP (control group) were included into the study. The study group was evaluated in respect of the presence of retention cyst in the contralateral maxillary sinus and sinus bone wall sclerosis thickening. Both groups were also compared with respect to the frequency of sinonasal anatomic variations, nasal septal deviation, variations of the uncinate process insertion, concha bullosa, paradoxical middle turbinate, and accessory maxillary sinus ostium. In the ACP group, the cases with septal deviation (SD) were also evaluated whether the deviation convexity was towards the polyp side or the opposite side. In addition, the posterior extension of ACPs were evaluated in three groups as middle meatus, nasopharynx, and oropharynx extension. Results: The prevalence of retention cyst, sinus wall sclerosis thickening, SD, and accessory maxillary ostium was significantly higher in the ACP group. A negative directional correlation was determined between the SD side and ACP side. When the ACP extensions were examined, middle meatus extension was seen in 32.6%, nasopharynx in 56.3%, and oropharynx in 11.1%. Conclusion: Accessory ostium may be an accelerating factor in the transformation of retention cyst to ACP. Furthermore, the changes in the nasal passage airflow on the opposite side suggest that SD contributes to this process.

A comparison of intravenous sugammadex and neostigmine + atropine reversal on time to consciousness during wake-up tests in spinal surgery E Biricik, V Alic, F Karacaer, M Celiktas, H Unlugenc Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):609-615 Objective: The effect of sugammadex on consciousness is not yet fully understood. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study was performed to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) sugammadex and neostigmine + atropine reversals on time-to-consciousness during intraoperative wake-up tests in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Subjects and Methods: A total of 66 American Society of Anesthesiologists I–II patients aged 10–25 years undergoing spinal surgery were recruited. In all patients, bispectral index (BIS), motor-evoked potential (MEP), somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP), and train-of-four (TOF) scores were monitored. Patients received the same total IV anesthesia protocol with a propofol–remifentanil mixture. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. During wake-up test, when the TOF count reached 2 (T2), either sugammadex 2 mg.kg−1 in group S or neostigmine 0.04 mg.kg−1 + atropine 0.01 mg.kg−1 in group N were administered. BIS90, SSEP90, MEP90 was recorded when TOF ratio reached 90, whereas time-to-consciousness (Timecons) was recorded when the patient responded to verbal commands. Results: BIS90 (77.4 ± 4.7, 74.8 ± 3.7), SSEP90(36 ± 9.9, 29.7 ± 8.5), and MEP90 (465.3 ± 34.8, 431.3 ± 28.2) values were significantly greater in group S than in group N (P < 0.05 for each variables). Timecons was significantly shorter with sugammadex than with the neostigmine + atropine combination (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Using IV sugammadex 2 mg.kg−1 reversal provides faster responses to verbal commands than neostigmine–atropine combination during the intraoperative wake-up test in patients undergoing spinal surgery because the time to consciousness was significantly shorter. This difference was thought to be related with faster return of neuromuscular transmission because the TOF ratio was >0.9 well before return of consciousness in both groups.

3-D mapping of cortical bone thickness in subjects with different face form and arch form: A CBCT analysis S Chaturvedi, MA Alfarsi Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):616-625 Objective: To determine the relationship between face form (FF), arch form (AF), and cortical bone thickness in anterior and posterior region of the mandibular jaws, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Patients and Methods: Total 90 subjects were selected. For each subject FF (euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic) was determined using Prosopic Index. CBCT scans were done for each subject to determine mandibular AF (as tapered, oval, or square in horizontal sections) and cortical bone thickness (at two vertical levels 4 and 7 mm from the alveolar crest in the anterior and posterior region of mandible in sagittal sections). Numerical data so obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance followed by Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) test at a statistical significance level of 5%. Results: Significant difference in thickness of cortical bone was noted between various AF and face. In square AF, mean value of thickness of cortical bone was highest both at 4 and 7 mm vertical level and tapered AF had minimum mean values at 4 mm and oval at 7 mm in anterior region and posterior region on buccal and lingual sides, in all the three-FF. Conclusion: Significant effects of FF and AF on cortical bone thickness were seen both on buccal and lingual side and the effect of AF was more compared to FF. The availability of the cortical bone in euryprosopic FF and square AF patients was more; therefore, implants with a shorter length may be used in these clinical cases.

Rational drug use and prescribing behavior of family physicians in Erzurum, Turkey EO Calikoglu, E Koycegiz, Z Kosan, A Aras Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):626-632 Background: Widespread irrational medical prescription adversely affects the outcomes of patient health and medical services. Aim: This study aims to investigate the determinants of medical prescription behavior of family physicians in Erzurum Province. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during August–December 2016 on a voluntary sample of 191 out of 234 physicians (81.6%) working at family health centers in the districts of Erzurum. Physicians were visited at their workplaces, and data were collected using a self-administered and structured, 45-item questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the physicians was 34.7 ± 7.9 years, and 70.7% (n = 135) of the participants were males. About 83.8% (n = 160) of physicians responded “yes” or “sometimes” to the question “Do you prescribe medicine on demand of the patients?” The two most important factors that affected the prescribing behavior of the participants were the pharmacology lectures attended during medical education (50.8%) and the prescribing experience acquired during clinical internship (46.0%). Presentations given by the representatives of drug companies, in-service training programs after graduation, and Internet/mobile phone applications had the lowest rate of contribution as behavioral determinants. The participants perceived having sufficient information in the areas of indication for use (77.5%) and daily dose (72.8%). Only 4.2% of participants deemed their knowledge of medication costs sufficient. Pharmacology lessons were found to be more effective in the prescribing behaviors of the physicians who had less than 10 years of professional experience (Chi-square = 12.131; P = 0.002). Conclusion: Rational medical prescription continues to be a trouble among family physicians. The study findings suggest a substantial knowledge gap in participating physicians occurring after graduation and clinical internship training, in the areas of costs of medicine and rational medical prescribing.

Comparative evaluation of marginal adaptation and microleakage of low-shrinking composites after thermocycling and mechanical loading OK Hepdeniz, RB Ermis Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):633-641 Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate marginal adaptation and microleakage of different low-shrinking composites. Materials and Methods: Standardized class V cavities (n = 20/group) with occlusal margin in enamel and gingival margin in dentin were restored with low-shrinking silorane-based (Filtek Silorane) or methacrylate-based (Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Grandio, Reflexions XLS, Tetric EvoCeram, Premise, Ceram-X Duo, Aelite LS Posterior) composites and a conventional composite (Filtek Z250). All teeth were stored in water (24 h), thermocycled (5000×), and mechanically loaded (60,000×). Marginal adaptation of epoxy resin replicas was analyzed using scanning electron microscope. Microleakage of the restoration was assessed by dye penetration on sectioned specimens under stereomicroscopy. Data were statistically analyzed with Mann–Whitney U test, with a significance of P < 0.05. Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between results of margin analysis and microleakage. Results: No statistical difference in marginal gap formation was determined between Filtek Silorane and Z250. The lowest microleakage score at dentin margins was recorded for Filtek Silorane, which was not significantly different from that of all other groups. No similar ranking between the results of microleakage at enamel and dentin margins was observed for the materials tested. Marginal adaptation was not correlated to microleakage, except for Filtek Silorane, Grandio, and Filtek Z250. Conclusions: Compared to the conventional composite Filtek Z250, Filtek Silorane demonstrated no improvements with reduced marginal gap formation. Low-shrinking properties of composites appear to have no ability of sealing restoration margins and preventing leakage.

Comparison of clinical findings in adult and paediatric burn victims C Tiryaki, MC Haksal Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):642-647 Aim: We aimed to compare the epidemiological data, general characteristics, laboratory findings, and outcomes of burn patients with ≤18 and >18 years of age. By this way, we also aimed to determine the effective preventive measures appropriate for different age groups. Subjects and Methods: The data of 630 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital with 2nd or 3rd degree burn injuries were retrospectively investigated. The patients were grouped into two regarding their ages as ≤18 (group 1) and >18 (group 2) years. Data of age, gender, cause of injury, location of injury, total burn area, length of hospital stay, laboratory data, and outcome of treatment were recorded. Results: We determined that although burn injury is more common in males compared with the females, male predominance is more commonly determined in older age group than children. Extremities are most commonly affected areas in both groups. In children, the most common etiological agent was hot beverages while in older age group electrical burns, and work accidents were more common (P < 0.001). Among children, patients younger than 3 years of age were compromising 62.4% of all cases. In adult group, total burned body surface area %, operation or intensive care unit requirement, hospitalization period, blood transfusion, or fresh frozen plasma requirement and the number of patients expired were all significantly higher compared with the children. Regarding the admission laboratory data, renal and liver function tests were significantly worse in older age group. However, neutrophile percentage was significantly higher in older group which may be a sign of augmented inflammatory response. Conclusion: Especially clinicians and public health providers should be aware of the clinical findings and outcomes of burn victims in order to drive more effective preventive measures.

Factors impacting 1-year mortality after hip fractures in elderly patients: A retrospective clinical study M Gurger Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):648-651 Background: This study aimed to evaluate risk factors that impact 1-year mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures after treatment with primary arthroplasty and proximal femoral nail. Patients and Methods: Overall, 109 patients aged ≥65 years with nonpathological hip fractures, treated between 2015 and 2016, were included in this study. Thirty-nine patients (35.8%) were treated with primary arthroplasty, and 70 patients (64.2%) were treated with proximal femoral nail. To determine whether the risk factors affected mortality, Kaplan–Meier and log-rank analyses were conducted, and a Cox regression analysis was conducted to include the factors determined to have an impact on mortality. Results: Twelve patients (11%) died during hospitalization, and 24 patients (22%) died within 1 year after discharge from the hospital. The mortality risk was high for patients who underwent surgery 72 h after fracture, who could not independently perform their daily activities before the operation, had accompanying diseases, had an American Society of Anaesthesiologists score of 3 or 4, and had postoperative complications. There was no statistically significant difference between primary arthroplasty group and proximal femoral nail group with respect to mortality risk. Conclusion: Delayed surgery and postoperative complications may be the most important risk factors increasing 1-year mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures after treatment with primary arthroplasty and proximal femoral nail. These two risk factors can be prevented with proper precautions, and the rate of 1-year survival for these patients can be increased.

Analyses of clinical and osteoimmunological parameters on keratinized mucosa around dental implants E Sukuroglu, E Baltacioglu Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(5):652-660 Introduction: This study investigated the effects of keratinized mucosa width (KMW) on peri-implant tissues by evaluating peri-implant clinical and bone resorption parameters. Subjects and Methods: Seventy-one dental implants (DIs) were separated based on adequacy/inadequacy of KMW. DIs with inadequacy KMW were grouped as peri-implant plastic surgery (PIPS) (free gingival graft/free periosteal graft groups) and maintenance (M) groups. DIs with adequacy KMW were grouped as the controls. Peri-implant clinical parameters were measured at the baseline and 6th month. Levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in peri-implant sulcular fluid were determined after clinical measurements using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: In baseline, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and plaque index (PI) were lower in controls compared to the PIPS and M groups, and KMW was higher. At 6th month, peri-implant pocket depth and PI were lower in the PIPS groups and controls compared to the M group, and KMW was higher. While RANKL and OPG values and RANKL/OPG ratio at baseline were not significantly different between groups, OPG concentration and RANKL/OPG ratio in the 6th month were higher in the PIPS group compared to the M group (P < 0.05). The RANKL/OPG ratio decreased at 6th month in the PIPS groups and controls (P < 0.05). Positive and negative correlations were observed between peri-implant clinical and osteoimmunological parameters. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that adequate KMW and PIPS techniques exhibited positive effects on clinical peri-implant parameters and osteoimmunological mediators.