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Τετάρτη 2 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Spatial‐temporal dynamics and time series prediction of HFRS in mainland China: a long‐term retrospective study

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Abstract

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is highly endemic in mainland China. The current study aims to characterize the spatial-temporal dynamics of HFRS in mainland China during a long-term period (1950-2018). A total of 1,665,431 cases of HFRS were reported with an average annual incidence of 54.22 cases/100,000 individuals during 1950-2018. The joint regression model was used to define the global trend of the HFRS cases with an increasing-decreasing-slightly increasing-decreasing-slightly increasing trend during the 68 years. Then spatial correlation analysis and wavelet cluster analysis were used to identify four types of clusters of HFRS cases located in central and northeastern China. Lastly, the Prophet model predicts that 14,223 cases of HFRS will occur in mainland China during 2019-2038. Our findings will help reduce the knowledge gap on the transmission dynamics and distribution patterns of the HFRS in mainland China and facilitate to take rel evant preventive and control measures for the high-risk epidemic area.

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Wound healing in endoscopic sinus surgery ‐ Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the role of Chitogel with adjuvants

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Abstract

Background & Objectives

Ostial stenosis and persistent inflammation are the main reasons for revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Post-operative (PO) dressings can improve PO wound healing and patient outcomes after ESS. This study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of Chitogel, with and without Deferiprone (Def) and Gallium Protoporphyrin (GaPP), as a promoter of wound healing to improve surgical outcomes.

Design, Setting & Outcome

A double-blinded, randomized control human clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing ESS as treatment for CRS. Participants underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (1) or FESS with drill out (DO) as required and were randomised to receive test product Chitogel, Chitogel in combination with Def or Def-GaPP versus no packing (control). Patients were followed up at 2, 6 and 12 weeks PO, outcome scores such as SNOT-22, VAS and LKS, pre and post-surgery (12 weeks) were compared.

Results

79 patients completed the study, there was a significant reduction in SNOT-22 score and improvement of VAS at 12-week in patients treated with Chitogel compared to control (p<0.05). In those patients, the mean ostium area for the Chitogel and the Chitogel + Def + GaPP groups were higher across all 3 sinuses compared to the no-treatment control group, without statistical significance. Sphenoid sinus ostium was significantly more patent in patients treated with Chitogel compared to control at the 12-week time point (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Chitogel as a post-operative dressing after ESS results in the best patient reported symptom scores and objective measurements. The combination of Def and GaPP to Chitogel though proving safe, had no effect on the ostium patency or mucosal healing.

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Comparison of clinical features and surgical outcomes between hypopnea‐ and apnea‐predominant obstructive sleep apnea

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Abstract

Objectives

This study is aimed to investigate the differences in the clinical features and surgical outcomes between hypopnea- and apnea-predominant obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design

Cohort study

Setting

Single tertiary care center

Participants

This study included 190 patients with OSA who underwent multilevel upper airway surgery between September 2012 and September 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to the proportion of each respiratory event: hypopnea-predominant (n = 102) and apnea-predominant (n = 88).

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was the percentage improvement in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from baseline AHI after surgery.

Results

The apnea-predominant group included more male patients and had higher AHI, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) than the hypopnea-predominant group. Both groups showed significant improvements in AHI, apnea index, RDI, supine AHI, REM AHI, non-REM AHI, ODI, lowest O2 saturation, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores following the surgery. Notably, hypopnea index increased after surgery in the apnea-predominant OSA group. Although the improvement in the absolute value of AHI by surgery was significantly greater in the apnea-predominant group than in the hypopnea-predominant group, the two groups showed no significant difference in the percentage improvement in AHI from baseline AHI.

Conclusion

Patients with apnea-predominant OSA had more severe disease than those with hypopnea-predominant OSA; however, surgical outcomes, as evaluated by percentage AHI improvement, were comparable between the two groups. In addition, multilevel upper airway surgery may induce the transition from apnea to hypopnea in patients with apnea-predominant OSA.

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Hiperparatiroidismo: Todo lo que debes saber

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¿Qué es el hiperparatiroidismo?

Las glándulas paratiroideas, generalmente en número de 4 o 5, son pequeñas glándulas situadas en la parte posterior de la glándula tiroides. Son independientes del mismo pero muchas veces están incrustadas dentro del tejido tiroideo. Segregan la hormona paratiroidea (PTH), que junto con la vitamina D, es esencial para mantener el equilibrio fosforo-calcio de forma constante, y así tener una buena salud ósea y un buen funcionamiento del sistema nervioso y muscular.

El hiperparatiroidismo (HPT) se define como un exceso de secreción de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH). Es una patología frecuente, que afecta más a mujeres y su incidencia se incrementa con la edad a partir de la menopausia. La presencia en un paciente joven o de antecedentes familiares obliga a descartar una patología genética asociada.

Tipos de Hiperparatiroidismo

Existen dos tipos de hiperparatiroidismo:

1.Hiperparatiroidismo primario. Es debido a la hipersecreción autónoma de PTH por una glándula paratiroidea (adenoma paratiroideo), o varias glándulas (hiperplasia paratiroidea). Las lesiones son generalmente benignas. La presencia de un carcinoma paratiroideo es excepcional. La mayoría de las veces el HPT es esporádico, pero existen casos familiares de HPT aislados o asociados a otras patologías genéticas endocrinológicas (denominadas MEN), que coexisten con otras glándulas afectadas (hipófisis, suprarrenales, islotes pancreáticos u hormonas digestivas).

2.Hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Se produce por la respuesta secretoria de las glándulas paratiroideas a una disminución de la calcemia, lo que secundariamente provoca la hipersecreción de PTH para mantener la homeostasis de calcio-fósforo.

Las causas más frecuentes de HPT secundario son:

  • Deficiencia de Vitamina D cuya acción principal es favorecer la absorción del calcio intestinal. Se precisa una deficiencia severa de vitamina D para que se produzca un estímulo secundario de la hipersecreción de PTH por las glándulas paratiroideas. El déficit poblacional de vitamina D es cada vez más frecuente por baja exposición solar o por baja ingesta oral.
  • Hipocalcemia secundaria a baja ingesta de calcio o alteración de la absorción del mismo como consecuencia de cirugías abdominales con resecciones intestinales.
  • Insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC): La IRC se asocia a una disminución de la hidroxilación renal de Vit D, así como hipocalcemia y secundariamente a una elevación de los niveles de PTH para mantener el equilibrio calcio-fósforo. La insuficiencia renal crónica es la causa más frecuente de HPT secundario y causa a su vez del HPT terciario que provoca una hipercalcemia causada por la secreción de PTH excesiva y autónoma en un paciente con HPT secundario.

¿Cuáles son los síntomas del Hiperparatiroidismo?

La mayoría de las veces, el diagnóstico del HPT, se realiza de forma casual observando una hipercalcemia en una analítica de rutina y suele ser asintomático en los estadios iniciales. Como es una enfermedad de desarrollo lento, los síntomas dependen del daño orgánico que provoca la hipercalcemia (cólicos renales secundarios a litiasis cálcica, dolores articulares por daño óseo y síntomas derivados de la osteoporosis, incluso mayor incidencia de fracturas e hipertensión arterial).

¿Cómo se trata el Hiperparatiroidismo?

  • El HPT primario se trata generalmente con intervención quirúrgica del adenoma si es localizado con técnicas de imagen. La indicación de cirugía además de la localización se realiza en base a criterios clínicos como nivel de calcemia, presencia de osteoporosis y presencia de otras complicaciones. Cuando existe hiperplasia o las condiciones del paciente impiden la cirugía podemos recurrir a opciones de tratamiento médico.
  • En el HPT secundario requiere controlar la causa como la suplementación de Vitamina D cuando hay déficit, aporte de calcio cuando hay déficit o tratamiento específico en el paciente con IRC, que incluso puede llegar a cirugía de glándulas paratiroides cuando se produce un HPT terciario.

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La entrada Hiperparatiroidismo: Todo lo que debes saber se publicó primero en Cuida tu tiroides.

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Τρίτη 1 Νοεμβρίου 2022

“Alexa, lock my front door”: An empirical study on factors affecting consumer's satisfaction with VCA‐controlled security devices

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Abstract

Voice conversation agents (VCAs) have moved beyond simple tasks such as information gathering. The integration of VCAs in smart technologies for security has grown in the consumer market. This paper investigates consumers' motivation to use smart technologies controlled by voice conversational agents and how that impacts their perceived hedonic and utilitarian value, which eventually leads to their satisfaction with smart technologies usage. Two cross-sectional studies and a netnography were conducted. The findings showed that the variables measuring technology acceptance mediate the relationship between consumers' motivation and the perceived value of the VCA-controlled smart technologies. Study 1 results show that ease of use and usefulness of the VCA-controlled smart technologies have a more substantial mediating effect between motivation and hedonic value than utilitarian value. For study 2, results show that the mediators had a stronger influence on hedonic and utilitarian va lues for outdoor voice conversational agent-controlled smart technologies than indoor smart technologies. Study 3 showed that smart technologies have both risks and benefits and depend on whether they are being used for themselves or others. The results suggest that marketers need to consider consumer's emphasis on the products' features including its ease of use and usefulness, and strategically complement it with consumers' prevention and promotion focus for each product.

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Survey the effect of drug treatment on modulation of cytokines gene expression in Allergic Rhinitis

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Abstract

Allergic rhinitis as common airway disease has high prevalence in all peoples worldwide. In allergic diseases, Th2 cells release type 2 cytokines which support the inflammation in airways. All the drugs used for allergic rhinitis, do not cure completely, and the choice of drugs according to cost and efficacy is very important in all groups of atopic patients. Therefore, in this study, the effect of commercial drugs on cytokine gene expression has been studied. Male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups. Allergic rhinitis was induced in five of the six groups with ovalbumin, and four of these five groups were treated with salbutamol, budesonide, theophylline and montelukast. The 5th group was used as positive control group and the 6th group as negative control group. For the survey, RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and quantitative real time PCR was done for 21 genes. The four drugs had different effect on mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1b, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 , 17, 18, 22, 25, 31, 33, 37, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and Eotaxin) in the allergic rhinitis groups. Salbutamol can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but it has some side effects. Budesonide in the inhaled form is generally safe in pregnancy. Theophylline cannot control allergic attack in the long run. Montelukast is not useful in the treatment of acute. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of drugs in control of allergic rhinitis via Th2 cytokines can be new approaches in molecular medicine.

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Accessibility of Level III trauma centers for underserved populations: A cross-sectional study

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imageBACKGROUND By providing definitive care for many, and rapid assessment, resuscitation, stabilization, and transfer to Level I/II centers when needed, Level III trauma centers can augment capacity in high resource regions and extend the geographic reach to lower resource regions. We sought to (1) characterize populations served principally by Level III trauma centers, (2) estimate differences in time to care by trauma center level, and (3) update national estimates of trauma center access. METHODS In a cross-sectional study (United States, 2019), we estimated travel time from census block groups to the nearest Level I/II trauma center and nearest Level III trauma center. Block groups were categorized based on the level of care accessible within 60 minutes, then distributions of population characteristics and differences in time to care were estimated. RESULTS An estimated 22.8% of the US population (N = 76,119,228) lacked access to any level of trauma center care within 60 minutes, and 8.8% (N = 29,422,523) were principally served by Level III centers. Black and American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) populations were disproportionately represented among those principally served by Level III centers (39.1% and 12.2%, respectively). White and AIAN populations were disproportionately represented among those without access to any trauma center care (26.2% and 40.8%, respectively). Time to Level III care was shorter than Level I/II for 27.9% of the population, with a mean reduction in time to care of 28.9 minutes (SD = 31.4). CONCLUSION Level III trauma centers are a potential source of trauma care for underserved populations. While Black and AIAN disproportionately rely on Level III centers for care, most with access to Level III centers also have access to Level I/II centers. The proportion of the US population with timely access to trauma care has not improved since 2010. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/Epidemiological; Level IV.
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Postinjury platelet aggregation and venous thromboembolism

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imageBACKGROUND Posttraumatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains prevalent in severely injured patients despite chemoprophylaxis. Importantly, although platelets are central to thrombosis, they are not routinely targeted in prevention of posttraumatic VTE. Furthermore, platelets from injured patients show ex vivo evidence of increased activation yet impaired aggregation, consistent with functional exhaustion. However, the relationship of this platelet functional phenotype with development of posttraumatic VTE is unknown. We hypothesized that, following injury, impaired ex vivo platelet aggregation (PA) is associated with the development of posttraumatic VTE. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of 133 severely injured patients from a prospective observational study investigating coagulation and inflammation (2011–2019). Platelet aggregation in response to stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, and thrombin was measured at presentation (preresuscitation) and 24 hours (postresuscitation). Viscoelastic clot strength and lysis were measured in parallel by thromboelastography. Multivariable regression examined relationships between PA at presentation, 24 hours, and the change (δ) in PA between presentation and 24 hours with development of VTE. RESULTS The 133 patients were severely injured (median Injury Severity Score, 25), and 14% developed VTE (all >48 hours after admission). At presentation, platelet count and PA were not significantly different between those with and without incident VTE. However, at 24 hours, those who subsequently developed VTE had significantly lower platelet counts (126 × 109/L vs. 164 × 109/L, p = 0.01) and lower PA in response to ADP (p
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Histological features associated with Human Monkeypox Virus Infection in 2022 outbreak in a non-endemic country

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Abstract
Skin histology of papule and pustules from 5 MSM patients with Monkeypox infection showed viral intracytoplasmic cytopathic changes, interface dermatitis, marked inflammatory dermic infiltrate including superficial neutrophils and deep lymphocytes perivascular and periadnexal. Histologic description of Monkeypox lesions improves our understanding about clinical presentations and may have some therapeutic implications.
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New perspectives for prosthetic valve endocarditis - impact of molecular imaging by FISHseq diagnostics

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Abstract
BackgroundThe causative microbial etiology of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (PVE) can be difficult to identify. Our aim was to investigate the benefit of the molecular imaging technique fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with 16S rRNA-gene PCR and sequencing (FISHseq) for the analysis of infected prosthetic heart valves.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic outcome of 113 prosthetic valves from 105 patients with suspected PVE, treated in the years 2003-2013 in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin. Each prosthetic valve underwent cultural diagnostics and was routinely examined by FISH combined with 16S rRNA-gene PCR and sequencing. We compared classical microbiological culture outcomes (blood and valve cultures) with FISHseq results and evaluated the diagnostic impact of the molecular imaging technique.
Results
Conventional microbiological diagnostic alone turned out to be insufficient, as 67% of p reoperative blood cultures were non-informative (negative, inconclusive or not obtained) and 67% valve cultures remained negative. FISHseq improved the conventional cultural diagnostic methods in PVE in 30% of the cases and increased diagnostic accuracy. Out of the valve culture-negative PVE cases, FISHseq succeeded to identify the causative pathogen in 35%.
Conclusions
FISHseq improves PVE diagnostics, complementing the conventional cultural methods. In addition to species identification, FISH provides information about the severity of PVE and state of the pathogens, e.g. stage of biofilm formation, activity and localization on and within the prosthetic material. As a molecular imaging technique, FISHseq enables the unambiguous discrimination of skin flora as contaminant or infectious agent.
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