Osteotomies and autografted artificial dermal substitute over bone marrow in a bone-deep burn in an elder patient: An alternative to amputation

Abstract

In this report, we describe the case of an elder patient who suffered a third-degree fire burn with extensive bone affection and exposure of both tibias. The usual treatment strategy for this type of case would have been amputation, or the performance of a multiple free flap surgery. Notwithstanding taking into account the age and the functional objectives for this patient, the multiple free flap option was disregarded. Therefore, we performed an original limb salvage procedure which consisted in bilateral anterior tibial cortex osteotomies and direct grafting over bone marrow, applying skin grafts over a monolayer artificial dermal substitute (Integra®), covered by a negative pressure therapy device. The wound was successfully and early covered, preventing the patient from the long hospital stay and derived complications that other coverage strategies would have carried.

Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.

http://ift.tt/2t1enfg

Management of nipple-areola complex ischemia after breast reduction: A systematic literature review and algorithm proposal

Abstract

Background

Rare and dreaded, necrosis of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) is one of the major complications of breast reduction surgery. Our objective was to establish a management algorithm summarizing the different possible treatments reported in the literature.

Methods

The data extracted from the articles selected for this literature review covered surgical techniques, frequency of NAC necrosis, type of necrosis, and management proposed for women who have had this surgery for macromastia.

Results

In the 54 articles finally selected, the mean frequency of NAC necrosis was 5.1%. The risk factors for necrosis were the weight of the tissue resected, smoking, obesity, the surgical technique used, and stretch marks. The treatments proposed were listed according to four categories of issues: patient-specific susceptibility, type of breast, surgical technique, and its technical performance.

Conclusions

No consensus exists about the management of NAC necrosis, which remains a complication feared by surgeons. We propose a management algorithm that simplifies the therapeutic indications.

Level of Evidence: Not ratable

http://ift.tt/2Cp9hgQ

Near-infrared fluorescence image-guidance in plastic surgery: A systematic review

Abstract

Background

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging technique, after administration of contrast agents with fluorescent characteristics in the near-infrared (700–900 nm) range, is considered to possess great potential for the future of plastic surgery, given its capacity for perioperative, real-time anatomical guidance and identification. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive literature review concerning current and potential future applications of NIRF imaging in plastic surgery, thereby guiding future research.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in databases of Cochrane Library CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE (last search Oct 2017) regarding NIRF imaging in plastic surgery. Identified articles were screened and checked for eligibility by two authors independently.

Results

Forty-eight selected studies included 1166 animal/human subjects in total. NIRF imaging was described for a variety of (pre)clinical applications in plastic surgery. Thirty-two articles used NIRF angiography, i.e., vascular imaging after intravenous dye administration. Ten articles reported on NIRF lymphography after subcutaneous dye administration. Although currently most applied, general protocols for dosage and timing of dye administration for NIRF angiography and lymphography are still lacking. Three articles applied NIRF to detect nerve injury, and another three studies described other novel applications in plastic surgery.

Conclusions

Future standard implementation of novel intraoperative optical techniques, such as NIRF imaging, could significantly contribute to perioperative anatomy guidance and facilitate critical decision-making in plastic surgical procedures. Further investigation (i.e., large multicenter randomized controlled trials) is mandatory to establish the true value of this innovative surgical imaging technique in standard clinical practice and to aid in forming consensus on protocols for general use.

Level of Evidence: Not ratable

http://ift.tt/2sXaWX7

The presence of tumor extrachomosomal circular DNA (ecDNA) as a component of liquid biopsy in blood

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Medical Hypotheses
Author(s): Fatemeh Khatami, Bagher Larijani, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
In molecular biology covalently closed circular DNAsare able to passthrough double layer of eukaryotic cellular membrane. Very recently the presence of circular extra chromosomal DNA (ecDNA) has been shown which are different in seventeen different types of cancers. In fact, ecDNA are the tricky way of oncogenes to increase their copy number. We hypothesis the presence of ecDNA in the blood of cancer patients as a subpopulation of liquid biopsy. On the occasion of their presence in blood they will be very beneficial to cover the small amount of cell frees DNA (cfDNA). Isolation and characterization of ecDNA will be possible by a sensitive method entitled Circle-Seq. The origin of tumor more than its prognosis and diagnosis will be possible in the easiest way by using ecDNA.



http://ift.tt/2EZFxVy

Role of Apolipoprotein E in the tangled mystery of pain

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Medical Hypotheses
Author(s): Harjot Dhillon, Sargun Singh
Pain is one of the common and debilitating manifestations associated with the majority of diseased conditions, making it a serious health concern worldwide. While trying to decipher the cryptic mechanism of pain in hope to provide better gene-based therapeutics, researchers have concluded pain to be of multigenic origin.Apolipoprotein E is a protein coded by APOE gene containing 4 exons, located on chromosome 19q13.2. It is among the key regulators of various crucial body functions such as lipid transport, apoptosis, vitamin k pathway, and cognition, hence, it is highly suspected to play a pivotal role in the nociception process. However, very few studies have tried and succeeded to find a direct involvement of APOE in pain processing.The current article attempts to throw light on some of the major clinical research findings strengthens the hypothesis stating that Apolipoprotein E has a deeply embedded association with the pain regulating pathways, through several underlying physiological, biochemical and neurological processes, that in turn, decide the fate of pain in a complex manner.



http://ift.tt/2FywLPa

Seminal cell-free DNA molecular profile as a tool to discover novel diagnostic and prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers.

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Medical Hypotheses
Author(s): G. Ponti, M. Maccaferri, M. Manfredini, M. Cotugno, G. Pellacani, A. Conti, S. Micali, M. Mandrioli, A. Tomasi




http://ift.tt/2EZdtBH

Optimise the microbial flora with milk and yoghurt to prevent disease.

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Medical Hypotheses
Author(s): James A Morris
Pathogenic bacteria, which are temporary or permanent members of our microbial flora, cause or contribute to a wide range of human disease at all ages. Conditions include Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, autoimmunity and psychosis, amongst others. The mechanism of damage is inflammation which can be chronic or acute. An optimal microbial flora includes a wide range of pathogenic bacteria in low dose. This allows specific immunity to be developed and maintained with minimal inflammatory damage. Human milk has evolved to deliver an optimal microbial flora to the infant. Cow's milk has the potential, following appropriate fortification, to maintain an optimal human microbial flora throughout life. Yoghurt is a fermented milk product in which bacteria normally present in milk convert sugars to lactic acid. The acid suppresses the growth of pathogens in the oral cavity, oropharynx and oesophagus. Thus yoghurt can restore an optimal flora in these regions in the short term. Since bacteria are transported between epithelial surfaces, yoghurt will also optimise the flora elsewhere. The judicious use of milk and yogurt could prevent a high proportion of human disease.



http://ift.tt/2FAG7tN

Up-regulated MiR-27-3p promotes the G1-S phase transition by targeting inhibitor of growth family member 5 in osteosarcoma

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 101
Author(s): Pei Ye, Xueping Ke, Xuehui Zang, Hui Sun, Zhixing Dong, Jun Lin, Lihui Wang, Wenzhou Liu, Guiqiang Miao, Yongtao Tan, Weilai Tong, Haichang Xiao, Lihua Gao
ObjectiveMicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in regulating malignant progression of tumour cells by inhibiting translation or stability of messenger RNA. However, the expression pattern and regulatory mechanism of miR-27-3p in osteosarcoma remains unclear.MethodsWe examined the expression of miR-27-3p in 5 osteosarcoma cell lines compared with that in 2 normal osteocyte cell lines. Osteosarcoma cells U-2OS and MG-63 were transduced to up-regulate or down-regulate the expression of miR-27-3p. The 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, or MTT, assay, colony formation assays, BrdUrd labelling, immunofluorescence, anchorage-independent growth ability assay and flow cytometry analysis were used to test the effect of miR-27-3p. Luciferase assays were added to verify the direct relationship between miR-27-3p and the predicted target gene inhibitor of growth family member 5 (ING5).ResultsThe expression of miR-27-3p was significantly increased in examined osteosarcoma cell lines compared with that in normal osteocyte cell lines. Up-regulation of miR-27-3p significantly accelerated osteosarcoma cell growth via promoting G1-S transition. In addition, the opposite result was observed in miR-27-3p-down-regulated cells. Up-regulation of ING5 significantly attenuated the miR-27-3p-induced proliferation in osteosarcoma cells.ConclusionsThese data suggested that miR-27-3p could promote the G1-S phase transition that leads to proliferation by down-regulating the expression of ING5 in osteosarcoma.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2t0SjRS

Abiraterone acetate in the treatment of prostate cancer

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 101
Author(s): Abhimanyu Thakur, Aishwarya Roy, Arijit Ghosh, Mohit Chhabra, Sugato Banerjee




http://ift.tt/2Cqk61W

Polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel suppresses ovalbumin-induced food allergy through inhibition of Th2 immunity in mice

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 101
Author(s): Dajeong Lee, Hyuk Soon Kim, Eunju Shin, Seon-Gil Do, Chong-Kil Lee, Young Mi Kim, Min Bum Lee, Keun Young Min, Jimo Koo, Su Jeong Kim, Seung Taek Nam, Hyun Woo Kim, Young Hwan Park, Wahn Soo Choi
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substance called allergen that gains access to the body. Food allergy is a hypersensitive immune reaction to food proteins and the number of patients with food allergy has recently increased. Aloe Vera is used for wellness and medicinal purposes. In particular, Aloe vera has been reported to enhance immunity. However, the effect of Aloe vera on food allergy is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effects of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) containing low molecular weight Aloe polysaccharide (AP) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy in mice. Allergic symptoms, rectal temperature, and diarrhea were measured in OVA-induced food allergy mice. Other allergic parameters were also analyzed by RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods. As the results, PAG suppressed the decrease of body temperature, diarrhea, and allergic symptoms in OVA-induced food allergy mice. PAG also reduced serum concentrations of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines (Interleukin-(IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) as well as histamine, mast cell protease-1 (MCP-1), and immunoglobulin (Ig)E. PAG blocked the degranulation of mast cells and infiltration of eosinophils in intestine. Furthermore, PAG suppressed the population of Th2 cells in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. PAG also increased the production of IL-10 and population of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in mice with food allergy. Taken together, our findings suggest that PAG suppressed Th2 immune responses through, at least partially, stimulating the secretion of IL-10 in food allergy mice.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2sVIRPP

Prevention of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced genotoxicity and cardiotoxicity: Effect of plant derived small molecule indole-3-carbinol (I3C) on oxidative stress and inflammation

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 101
Author(s): Subhadip Hajra, Arup Ranjan Patra, Abhishek Basu, Sudin Bhattacharya
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline group of antibiotic available for the treatment of broad spectrum of human cancers. However, patient receiving DOX-therapy, myelosuppression and genotoxicity which may lead to secondary malignancy and dose dependent cardiotoxicity is an imperative adverse effect. Mechanisms behind the DOX-induced toxicities are increased level of oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, in search of a potential chemoprotectant, naturally occurring glucosinolate breakdown product Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) was evaluated against DOX-induced toxicities in Swiss albino mice. DOX was administered (5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and I3C was administered (20 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) in concomitant and 15 days pretreatment schedule. Results of the present study showed that I3C appreciably mitigated DOX-induced chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei formation, DNA damage and apoptosis in bone marrow niche. Histopathological observations revealed that DOX-intoxication resulted in massive structural and functional impairment of heart and bone marrow niche. However, oral administration of I3C significantly attenuated DOX-induced oxidative stress in the cardiac tissues as evident from decreased levels of ROS/RNS and lipid peroxidation, and by increased level of glutathione (reduced) and the activity of phase-II antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, administration of I3C significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated Nrf2-mediated activation of antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and promoted expression of cytoprotective proteins heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and GSTπ in bone marrow and cardiac tissues. In connection with that, I3C significantly attenuated DOX-induced inflammation by downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, viz., NF-kβ(p50), iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 expression. Moreover, I3C attenuate DOX-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of Bcl2 and down-regulation of Bax and caspase-3 expression in bone marrow cells. Thus, this study suggests that I3C has promising chemoprotective efficacy against DOX-induced toxicities and indicates its future use as an adjuvant in chemotherapy.



http://ift.tt/2F8yIny

MiR-133a/133b inhibits Treg differentiation in IgA nephropathy through targeting FOXP3

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 101
Author(s): Ling-Wei Jin, Han-Yang Ye, Xiao-Yan Xu, Yu Zheng, Yan Chen
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-133a and miR-133b on regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) through targeting forkhead box P3 (FOXP3).MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from IgAN patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20). Percentage of Tregs defined as CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + T cells were determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of miR-133a, miR-133b and FOXP3 were measured by real-time PCR. FOXP3 protein level was analyzed by western blotting.ResultsTregs percentage in PBMCs of IgAN patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls, whereas the expression levels of miR-133a and miR-133b in IgAN patients were dramatically higher than that in the control group. Treg percentage was negatively correlated with miR-133a and miR-133b expressions. Meanwhile, miR-133a and miR-133b modulated FOXP3 expression by detecting of its gene 3′-untranslated region. MiR-133a or miR-133b overexpression significantly decreased the % Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3+) of the total CD4 + T cells while miR-133a or miR-133b knockdown led to an opposite effect. Moreover, FOXP3 levels in IgAN patients was significantly lower than that in the control group and was negatively correlated with miR-133a and miR-133b expression.ConclusionMiR-133a and miR-133b inhibited Treg differentiation in IgA nephropathy through targeting FOXP3.



http://ift.tt/2sXTK3r

Commentary on the paper: “efficacy of a novel strategy for poststernotomy deep sternal infection after thoracic aorta replacement using a prosthetic graft”

Deep sternal wound infections and especially sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinitis in post cardiac surgery still remains a plastic surgical challenge because the reconstructive procedure is extremely intertwined with human physiology. This is in part due to the typically existing multiple co-morbidities in patients afflicted with this complication in addition to the thoracic defect. Since in most cases the thoracic vessels on either one or both sides have been harvested for cardiac revascularization there is the problem of a diminished local peristernal microcirculation 1 .

http://ift.tt/2sZLYGs

Editors, contents and cover information

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Volume 43, Issue 3





http://ift.tt/2EYx8l2

Air pollution from industrial waste gas emissions is associated with cancer incidences in Shanghai, China

Abstract

Outdoor air pollution may be associated with cancer risk at different sites. This study sought to investigate outdoor air pollution from waste gas emission effects on multiple cancer incidences in a retrospective population-based study in Shanghai, China. Trends in cancer incidence for males and females and trends in waste gas emissions for the total waste gas, industrial waste gas, other waste gas, SO₂, and soot were investigated between 1983 and 2010 in Shanghai, China. Regression models after adjusting for confounding variables were constructed to estimate associations between waste gas emissions and multiple cancer incidences in the whole group and stratified by sex, Engel coefficient, life expectancy, and number of doctors per 10,000 populations to further explore whether changes of waste gas emissions were associated with multiple cancer incidences. More than 550,000 new cancer patients were enrolled and reviewed. Upward trends in multiple cancer incidences for males and females and in waste gas emissions were observed from 1983 to 2010 in Shanghai, China. Waste gas emissions came mainly from industrial waste gas. Waste gas emissions was significantly positively associated with cancer incidence of salivary gland, small intestine, colorectal, anus, gallbladder, thoracic organs, connective and soft tissue, prostate, kidney, bladder, thyroid, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphatic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, and other unspecified sites (all p < 0.05). Negative association between waste gas emissions and the esophagus cancer incidence was observed (p < 0.05). The results of the whole group were basically consistent with the results of the stratified analysis. The results from this retrospective population-based study suggest ambient air pollution from waste gas emissions was associated with multiple cancer incidences.

http://ift.tt/2F5nK2i

Fate of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in sewage sludge during microwave-assisted persulfate oxidation treatment

Abstract

The fate of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been investigated for an emerging sludge treatment technique using microwave heating-assisted persulfate (PS) oxidation. The effect of heating temperature (20, 50, and 70 °C) and PS dose (PS1: 0.01; PS2: 0.1; PS3: 0.2 g/g wet sludge) was studied in sludge spiked with PFOA at an environmentally relevant concentration (200 ng/g wet weight). Control degradation experiments using spiked sludge without PS addition and background sludge (no PFOA spike) with PS addition were also conducted at each temperature. Sludge samples were analyzed for eight perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C4 – C11) using LC-MS/MS. At 20 °C (PS2 dose), minimal (~ 5%) removal of the spiked PFOA was observed after 72 h, suggesting the need for elevated treatment temperature. For the same PS dose (0.1 g /g sludge), treatment at 50 and 70 °C showed a decrease in PFOA concentration with increasing temperature, with ~ 28 and ~ 42% removal following 4 h of treatment. No significant increase in degradation was observed for the highest dose (PS3) after 2 h, possibly indicating self-scavenging of PS at high dosage. Due to the low initial spiking concentration of PFOA and low extraction recovery, all shorter-chain PFCAs (< C8), the degradation products of PFOA, were below quantification limits in all sludge samples.

http://ift.tt/2CNsPHy

Carnosine protects pancreatic beta cells and islets against oxidative stress damage

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Vitale Miceli, Mariangela Pampalone, Giovanna Frazziano, Giuseppe Grasso, Enrico Rizzarelli, Camillo Ricordi, Anna Casu, Gioacchin Iannolo, Pier Giulio Conaldi
Islet transplantation is a valid therapeutic option for type 1 diabetes treatment. However, in this procedure one of the major problems is the oxidative stress produced during pancreatic islet isolation. The aim of our study was to evaluate potential protective effects of L-carnosine and its isomer D-carnosine against oxidative stress. We evaluated the carnosine effect on cell growth, cell death, insulin production, and the main markers of oxidative stress in rat and murine stressed beta cell lines as well as in human pancreatic islets. Both isomers clearly inhibited hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity, with a decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prevented hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis/necrosis, nitrite production, and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition, NF-κB expression/translocation and nitrated protein induced in stressed cells was significantly reduced. Furthermore, both isomers improved survival and function, and decreased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and nitrite and nitrotyrosine production in human islets cultured for 1, 3, and 7 days. These results seem to indicate that both L and D-carnosine have a significant cytoprotective effect by reducing oxidative stress in beta cell lines and human islets, suggesting their potential use to improve islet survival during the islet transplantation procedure.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2EWY1G9

Effects of repeated potassium iodide administration on genes involved in synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone in adult male rat

Publication date: Available online 26 February 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Dalila Lebsir, Line Manens, Stephane Grison, Philippe Lestaevel, Teni Ebrahimian, David Suhard, Guillaume Phan, Isabelle Dublineau, Karine Tack, Marc Benderitter, Annick Pech, Jean-Rene Jourdain, Maâmar Souidi
BackgroundA single dose of potassium iodide (KI) is recommended to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer during nuclear accidents. However in case of prolonged radioiodine exposure, more than one dose of KI may be necessary. This work aims to evaluate the potential toxic effect of repeated administration of KI.MethodsAdult Wistar rats received an optimal dose of KI 1 mg/kg over a period of 1, 4 or 8 days.Resultshormonal status (TSH, FT4) of treated rats was unaffected. Contrariwise, a sequential Wolff-Chaikoff effect was observed, resulting in a prompt decrease of NIS and MCT8 mRNA expression (−58% and −26% respectively), followed by a delayed decrease of TPO mRNA expression (−33%) in conjunction with a stimulation of PDS mRNA expression (+62%).Conclusionwe show for the first time that repeated administration of KI at 1 mg/kg/24h doesn't cause modification of thyroid hormones level, but leads to a reversible modification of the expression of genes involved in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.



http://ift.tt/2FxYDTC

Pyrolysis of wastewater sludge and composted organic fines from municipal solid waste: laboratory reactor characterisation and product distribution

Abstract

Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants and organic fines from mechanical sorting of municipal solid waste (MSW) are two common widespread waste streams that are becoming increasingly difficult to utilise. Changing perceptions of risk in food production has limited the appeal of sludge use on agricultural land, and outlets via landfilling are diminishing rapidly. These factors have led to interest in thermal conversion technologies whose aim is to recover energy and nutrients from waste while reducing health and environmental risks associated with material re-use. Pyrolysis yields three output products: solid char, liquid oils and gas. Their relative distribution depends on process parameters which can be somewhat optimised depending on the end use of product. The potential of pyrolysis for the conversion of wastewater sludge (SS) and organic fines of MSW (OF) to a combustion gas and a carbon-rich char has been investigated. Pyrolysis of SS and OF was done using a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Herein, the physical characterisation of the reactor is described, and results on pyrolysis yields are presented. Feedstock and chars have been characterised using standard laboratory methods, and the composition of pyrolysis gases was analysed using micro gas chromatography. Product distribution (char/liquid/gas) from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge and composted MSW fines at 700°C for 10 min were 45/26/29 and 53/14/33%, respectively. The combustible fractions of pyrolysis gases range from 36 to 54% for SS feedstock and 62 to 72% from OF. The corresponding lower heating value range of sampled gases were 11.8–19.1 and 18.2–21.0 MJ m⁻³, respectively.

http://ift.tt/2ETGBOt

Ascorbic acid protects male rat brain from oral potassium dichromate-induced oxdative DNA damage and apoptotic changes: the expression patterns of caspase-3, P 53, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes

Abstract

Our study designed to study the potential of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) oral exposure to induce damage in male rat brain and to compare the possible protective role of vitamin C (VC) either pre and/or concurrent supply against (K₂Cr₂O₇) induced changes. Thirty male rats were divided into five groups. First control group received distilled water (C), second received 120 mg/kg b.wt (VC), third received 25 mg/kg b.wt K₂Cr₂O₇ (Cr), fourth group received VC together with K₂Cr₂O₇ by the same former doses (VC + Cr), and the fifth group received the same oral doses of VC 2 weeks prior to and along with K₂Cr₂O₇ for 6 weeks (VC + Cr pro/co treated). The obtained results revealed that K₂Cr₂O₇ induced a significant decrease in cholinergic activity, glutathione reductase GR activity, reduced glutathione content GSH and ATP levels. Furthermore, K₂Cr₂O₇ induced a significant increase in oxidative DNA damage indicated by 8-hydroxy 2′-deoxyguanosine (8OH2′dG) and formation of apoptotic DNA ladders, significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Increased mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including caspase-3, p53, and Bax, unlike Bcl-2 expression, was decreased. K₂Cr₂O₇ increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 immuno-labeling. VC supply noticeably ameliorates K₂Cr₂O₇-induced changes which were more significantly in VC pro and concurrent supplement rather than VC concurrent supply only. Finally, it is concluded that K₂Cr₂O₇ oral administration induced oxidative apoptotic changes in rat brain and confirms the usefulness of VC pre and concurrent supply for the amelioration of K₂Cr₂O₇-induced events more significantly than VC concurrent supply only.

http://ift.tt/2BSpud6