6 Direct Current Stimulation Disrupts Consolidation of Auditory Pitch Discrimination Learning

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Reiko Matsushita, Jamila Andoh, Robert J. Zatorre




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2 Effects of Electrode Drift in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Adam J. Woods, Vaughn Bryant, Daniela Sacchetti, Felix Gervits, Roy Hamilton




http://ift.tt/2iua5G5

Information for Authors

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1





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10 Motor Enhancement with Speech Therapy Primed by rTMS: A Case Report of Oral/Pharyngeal Dystonia

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Susan Wortman-Jutt, Dylan J. Edwards, Douglas Labar, Matthew Fink




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1 Temperature Induced Enhancement of tDCS Efficacy

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): A. Mekonnen, Sh. Gholami-Boroujeny, I. Batkin, H. Caytak, M. Bolic




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3 Single-Word Naming Modulated with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Svetlana Malyutina, Dirk-Bart den Ouden




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5 The Role of the Parietal Cortex in Memory: Insights from Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Denise Pergolizzi, Elizabeth Chua




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7 Noninvasive Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex Strengthens Existing Episodic Memories and Reduces Forgetting in the Elderly

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Marco Sandrini, Michela Brambilla, Rosa Manenti, Sandra Rosini, Leonardo G. Cohen, Maria Cotelli




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9 Brainkit: A Platform for Small-Scale Rational Design of tDCS Montages

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Nathan Whitmore




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11 Open Ephys Electroencephalography: A Novel Method for Real-Time Recording during Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Publication date: January–February 2017
Source:Brain Stimulation, Volume 10, Issue 1
Author(s): Chris J. Black, Jakob Voigts, Chris I. Moore, Stephanie R. Jones




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HNE And Cholesterol Oxidation Products In Colorectal Inflammation And Carcinogenesis

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Daniela Rossin, Simone Calfapietra, Barbara Sottero, Giuseppe Poli, Fiorella Biasi
Consistent experimental data suggest the importance of inflammation-associated oxidative stress in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease with chronic intestinal inflammation is now considered a precancerous condition. Oxidative stress is an essential feature of inflammation. Activation of redox-sensitive pro-inflammatory cell signals and inflammatory mediators concur to establish a pro-tumoral environment. In this frame, lipid oxidation products, namely 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, can be produced in big quantity so as to be able to exert their function as inducers of cell signaling pathways of proliferation and survival. Notably, an important source of these two compounds is represented by a high fat diet, which is undoubtedly a risk factor for inflammation and CRC development. Current evidence for the emerging implication of these two oxidized lipids in inflammation and CRC development is discussed in this review.

Graphical abstract

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High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Olha Zhenyukh, Esther Civantos, Marta Ruiz-Ortega, María Soledad Sánchez, Clotilde Vázquez, Concepción Peiró, Jesús Egido, Sebastián Mas
Leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential aminoacids termed branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) due to its aliphatic side-chain. In several pathological and physiological conditions increased BCAA plasma concentrations have been described. Elevated BCAA levels predict insulin resistance development. Moreover, BCAA levels higher than 2mmol/L are neurotoxic by inducing microglial activation in maple syrup urine disease. However, there are no studies about the direct effects of BCAA in circulating cells. We have explored whether BCAA could promote oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors. In cultured PBMCs, 10mmol/L BCAA increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via both NADPH oxidase and the mitochondria, and activated Akt-mTOR signalling. By using several inhibitors and activators of these molecular pathways we have described that mTOR activation by BCAA is linked to ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. BCAA stimulated the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB, which resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD40L, and the migration of PBMCs. In conclusion, elevated BCAA blood levels can promote the activation of circulating PBMCs, by a mechanism that involving ROS production and NF-κB pathway activation. These data suggest that high concentrations of BCAA could exert deleterious effects on circulating blood cells and therefore contribute to the pro-inflammatory and oxidative status observed in several pathophysiological conditions.

Graphical abstract

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Monodisperse silica-filled composite restoratives mechanical and light transmission properties

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): Eric Habib, Ruili Wang, X.X. Zhu
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to formulate resin-based composites using spherical silica particulate fillers with graded size (75, 150, 350, 500, and 1000nm), and to evaluate the influence of their size and loading on the mechanical and light transmission properties of the resulting material.MethodsA series of five spherical silica fillers were synthesized, and then formulated with BisGMA/TEGDMA or UDMA/TEGDMA resins. These were then tested for maximum filler loading, flexural strength and modulus, as well as transparency and depth of cure.ResultsLow dispersity spherical silica particles of 75, 150, 350, 500, and 1000nm were synthesized. Maximum loading was 70wt% for the three largest particle, and decreased for the smaller sizes, where UDMA-based resins allowed slightly higher loading. When maximally loaded, the largest particle sizes produced the highest flexural properties. However, when using the same loading, all filler sized produced similar flexural strengths and moduli. The optical properties and depth of cure were increased as the filler size decreased.SignificanceWhile hybrid filler particles are the norm in commercial materials, by studying and understanding the influence of individual components on the material properties, we can finely tune the properties of the materials as desired.

Graphical abstract

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Grinding damage assessment for CAD-CAM restorative materials

Publication date: Available online 12 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): Philippe Curran, Maria Cattani-Lorente, H.W. Anselm Wiskott, Stéphane Durual, Susanne S. Scherrer
ObjectivesTo assess surface/subsurface damage after grinding with diamond discs on five CAD-CAM restorative materials and to estimate potential losses in strength based on crack size measurements of the generated damage.MethodsThe materials tested were: Lithium disilicate (LIT) glass-ceramic (e.max CAD), leucite glass-ceramic (LEU) (Empress CAD), feldspar ceramic (VM2) (Vita Mark II), feldspar ceramic-resin infiltrated (EN) (Enamic) and a composite reinforced with nano ceramics (LU) (Lava Ultimate). Specimens were cut from CAD-CAM blocs and pair-wise mirror polished for the bonded interface technique. Top surfaces were ground with diamond discs of respectively 75, 54 and 18μm. Chip damage was measured on the bonded interface using SEM. Fracture mechanics relationships were used to estimate fracture stresses based on average and maximum chip depths assuming these to represent strength limiting flaws subjected to tension and to calculate potential losses in strength compared to manufacturer's data.ResultsGrinding with a 75μm diamond disc induced on a bonded interface critical chips averaging 100μm with a potential strength loss estimated between 33% and 54% for all three glass-ceramics (LIT, LEU, VM2). The softer materials EN and LU were little damage susceptible with chips averaging respectively 26μm and 17μm with no loss in strength. Grinding with 18μm diamond discs was still quite detrimental for LIT with average chip sizes of 43μm and a potential strength loss of 42%.SignificanceIt is essential to understand that when grinding glass-ceramics or feldspar ceramics with diamond discs surface and subsurface damage are induced which have the potential of lowering the strength of the ceramic. Careful polishing steps should be carried out after grinding especially when dealing with glass-ceramics.



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Effect of nanoclay addition on physical, chemical, optical and biological properties of experimental dental resin composites

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): Tais Munhoz, Yann Fredholm, Pascaline Rivory, Sandra Balvay, Daniel Hartmann, Pedro da Silva, Jean-Marc Chenal
ObjectiveTo prepare organically modified montmorillonite (OM MMT) and assess mechanical, physical, chemical and biological effects of its introduction into resin-composites.MethodsNatural MMT clay was modified by a methacrylate functionalized quaternary ammonium intercalating agent. Interlayer distance was measured by X-ray diffraction. Dental composites were then prepared with x=0, 1, 2.5, 5 or 7.5wt.% of OM MMT, (75−x) wt.% of silanated barium glass and 25wt.% of methacrylate based matrix). Relative weight loss was measured and the effect of the substitution on mechanical properties was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and hardness tests. Properties of resin composites were evaluated in terms of water sorption, light transmittance, biological tests and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ResultsResin based composites with well-dispersed organically modified MMT were successfully prepared. There were no significant weight loss differences shown by TGA within all samples. The DMA analysis showed that the introduction of clays have a beneficial effect in increasing the storage and elastic modulus of composites. Clay presence was shown to interfere with the blue light transmittance, affecting Vickers hardness and water sorption levels. The amount of released monomers measured from extracts was below expected levels for this type of materials and biological tests show satisfactory cell compatibility.SignificanceThis paper reports the successful functionalization of MMT by a methacrylate group and further incorporation in experimental dental composites. Physical and biological results show a potential interest to the application of nanoclays into dental resin composites.



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Reply to: Risk Assessment & Antibiotic Administration Model.

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Nostrilplasty by Manipulating the Dilator Naris Muscles: A Pilot Study.

No abstract available

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Reply: Nostriloplasty by Manipulating the Dilator Naris Muscles: A Pilot Study.

No abstract available

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Modified Lipoabdominoplasty: Updating Concepts.

No abstract available

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Surgical scar revision with A-plasty.

No abstract available

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