Collection of mullet fish ( Mugil cephalus ) from west coast of India: evaluation of its quality with relation to food safety

Abstract

The present study focuses on bacterial and selected heavy metal contaminations of economically important mullet fish (Mugil cephalus) collected from West coast of Gujarat, India. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the presence of Aeromonas veronii, A. mollusorum, A. cavae, A. bivalvum, and V.alginolyticus in the gill and the intestine along with some other non-pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenicity of different Aeromonas species was confirmed by hemolysin assay. Apart from pathogenicity, multidrug resistance pattern was also reported against some commonly used antibiotics. Heavy metal analysis of different parts such as ventral and dorsal muscles as well as gills of M. cephalus revealed maximum concentration of Pb (24.08 ± 4.40 mg/kg), Cd (8.25 ± 3.04 mg/kg), and Cu (33.67 ± 5.34 mg/kg), which were higher than the permissible limit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing different heavy metals and associated bacteria in M. cephalus fish in India. Further, the distribution of heavy metals in M. cephalus fish from other countries was also compared.

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Ibuprofen removal by heterogeneous photocatalysis and ecotoxicological evaluation of the treated solutions

Abstract

Emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals are a class of compounds that are causing great concern due to several environmental problems. Conventional water and wastewater treatments do not achieve high removal efficiencies for many of these drugs. Therefore, the present work investigated the removal of ibuprofen (IBP) by heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 irradiated with artificial UV light or solar radiation. The treated solutions were tested against Daphnia similis and Raphidocelis subcapitata, which are species commonly used as bioindicators of environmental conditions. The results indicated that IBP removal reached 92% after 1 h of treatment using artificial UV and 1000 mg L⁻¹ of TiO₂, which was the optimum catalyst concentration in the range studied (20–1000 mg L⁻¹). TOC removal reached up to 78% after 60 min of treatment using TiO₂/artificial UV. Ecotoxicological bioassays indicated that the treated solutions had acute effects, with 30% immobilization of D. similis and 40% growth inhibition of R. subcapitata.

http://ift.tt/2n4LeeN

Evaluation of atrazine degradation applied to different energy systems

Abstract

Atrazine is an herbicide widely used in crops and has drawn attention due to potential pollution present in soil, sediment, water, and food. Since conventional methods are not potentially efficient to persistent degradation of organic compounds, new technology has been developed to remove them, especially practices utilizing advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This work aims to evaluate the use of different energies (ultraviolet (UV), microwaves (MW), and radiations (MW-UV)) to the herbicide atrazine through the process of photo-oxidation. These systems found degradation rates of around 12% (UV), 28% (MW), and 83% (MW-UV), respectively, with time intervals of 120 s. After the photolytic processes, the samples were analyzed at a wavelength scanning the range of 190 to 300 nm, where the spectral analysis of the signal was used to evaluate the degradation of atrazine and the appearance of some other peaks (degradation products). The spectrum evaluation resulting from photolytic processes gave rise to a new signal which was confirmed by chromatography. This spectrum indicated the possible pathway of atrazine degradation by the process of photolytic MW-UV, generating atrazine-2-hydroxy, atrazine-desethyl-2-hidroxy, and atrazine-desisopropyl-2-hydroxy. The process indicated that in all situations, chloride was present in the analytic structure and was substituted by a hydroxyl group, which lowered the toxicity of the compound through the photolytic processMW-UV. Chromatographic analysis ascertained these preliminary assessments using spectrophotometry. It was also significantly observed that the process can be optimized by adjusting the pH of the solution, which was evident by an improvement of 10% in the rate of degradation when subjected to a pH solution equal to 8.37.

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The influence of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and real income on CO 2 emissions in the USA: evidence from structural break tests

Abstract

The objective of this study is to explore the influence of the real income (GDP), renewable energy consumption and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for the United States of America (USA) in the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for the period 1980–2014. The Zivot-Andrews unit root test with a structural break and the Clemente-Montanes-Reyes unit root test with a structural break report that the analyzed variables become stationary at first-differences. The Gregory-Hansen cointegration test with a structural break and the bounds testing for cointegration in the presence of a structural break show CO₂ emissions, the real income, the quadratic real income, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption are cointegrated. The long-run estimates obtained from the ARDL model indicate that increases in renewable energy consumption mitigate environmental degradation whereas increases in non-renewable energy consumption contribute to CO₂ emissions. In addition, the EKC hypothesis is not valid for the USA. Since we use time-series econometric approaches that account for structural break in the data, findings of this study are robust, reliable and accurate. The US government is advised to put more weights on renewable sources in energy mix, to support and encourage the use and adoption of renewable energy and clean technologies, and to increase the public awareness of renewable energy for lower levels of emissions.

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Cadmium exposure and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase: a meta-analysis

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Effective remediation of low-concentration cadmium in groundwater using nano-scale magnesia

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), one of the hazardous elements in groundwater, is a severe threat to human health and ecological systems even at low concentrations. This study explores the effectiveness of commercial and self-synthesized nano-scale magnesia (NMgO) for remediating low-concentration Cd in groundwater as well as their associated removal mechanisms. The sorption kinetic data for both NMgOs were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model and the calculated q _e values matched the experimental q _e values for both commercial and self-synthesized NMgOs. The sorption equilibrium data for both NMgOs were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model, with the maximum Cd sorption capacity (q _e) of 19.25 and 16.54 mg/g at an initial concentration range of 5–200 μg/L and a temperature of 25 °C, for commercial and self-synthesized NMgOs, respectively. The combined sorption kinetics and equilibrium data suggest that the sorption onto both NMgOs follows a monolayer chemisorption. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses show that the chemisorption of Cd onto commercial NMgO is due to the formation of Cd(OH)₂, which precipitates on the sorbent surface. For the self-synthesized NMgO, it was demonstrated that the hydroxyl group plays a role in the chemisorption process and the amount of Cd sorbed on the sorbent was quantified. The results of batch experiments showed that both NMgOs removed Cd effectively, obtaining a removal efficiency of more than 99%, under different experimental conditions of pH, sorbent dosage, co-existing ions, and simulated groundwater. Results from both the sorption isotherm and desorption experiments indicated strong bonding between Cd and both NMgOs, suggesting that NMgOs are safe, effective, and practical sorbents to remediate Cd in groundwater.

http://ift.tt/2n4LVVs

Sonophotocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A and its intermediates with graphitic carbon nitride

Abstract

Since bisphenol A (BPA) exhibits endocrine disrupting action and high toxicity in aqueous system, there are high demands to remove it completely. In this study, the BPA removal by sonophotocatalysis coupled with nano-structured graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄, GCN) was conducted with various batch tests using energy-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on ultrasound (US) and visible light (Vis-L). Results of batch tests indicated that GCN-based sonophotocatalysis (Vis-L/US) had higher rate constants than other AOPs and especially two times higher degradation rate than TiO₂-based Vis-L/US. This result infers that GCN is effective in the catalytic activity in Vis-L/US since its surface can be activated by Vis-L to transport electrons from valence band (VB) for utilizing holes (h ⁺_VB) in the removal of BPA. In addition, US irradiation exfoliated the GCN effectively. The formation of BPA intermediates was investigated in detail by using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The possible degradation pathway of BPA was proposed.

http://ift.tt/2mnbkWb

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF P16, KI67 AND P53 IN CERVICAL LESIONS - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Publication date: Available online 14 March 2017
Source:Pathology - Research and Practice
Author(s): Daliana Caldas Silva, Ana Katherine Gonçalves, Ricardo Ney Cobucci, Roberta Cecília Mendonça, Paulo Henrique Lima, Geraldo Cavalcanti Júnior
This study evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p16, p53 and Ki-67 in precancerous lesions and in cervical cancer (CC). Identification and review of publications assessing IHC expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and CC until February 15, 2017. Systematic review of studies in women with and without cervical lesions in order to evaluate whether there is overexpression of these biomarkers. A total of 28 publications met the criteria which included 6005 patients. The analysis showed that there is higher IHC expression of these biomarkers associated with the more severe lesions. Nineteen out of 22 evaluated studies have shown that there is a higher p16 expression in more severe lesions (CC), while in P53 expression only 4 out of the 9 studies showed a higher expression among more severe cases. Regarding the Ki67 expression, it was observed that 9 out of 14 studies showed higher expression in more severe lesions. A complete absence of or just minimal IHC expression was observed in the normal cervical epithelium, whilst a significant increase in the expression of these biomarkers was detected according to the severity of lesions. Results suggest that these biomarkers can be considered useful tools for discriminating between the stages of the progressive cervical disease.



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Fat2 and Lar Dance a Pas de Deux during Collective Cell Migration

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Qiyan Mao, Jules Lavalou, Thomas Lecuit
What coordinates the internal leading and trailing edges in collectively migrating cells is largely unknown. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Barlan et al. (2017) delineate a Fat2/Lar planar signaling pathway at the basal, motile cell-cell contacts of Drosophila egg chamber follicle cells.

Teaser

What coordinates the internal leading and trailing edges in collectively migrating cells is largely unknown. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Barlan et al. (2017) delineate a Fat2/Lar planar signaling pathway at the basal, motile cell-cell contacts of Drosophila egg chamber follicle cells.


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RNA Methylation Clears the Way

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Cassandra Kontur, Antonio Giraldez
During the maternal-to-zygotic transition, maternal mRNAs are cleared by multiple distinct but interrelated pathways. A recent study in Nature by Zhao et al. (2017) finds that YTHDF2, a reader of N⁶- methylation, facilitates maternal mRNA decay, introducing an additional facet of control over transcript fate and developmental reprogramming.

Teaser

During the maternal-to-zygotic transition, maternal mRNAs are cleared by multiple distinct but interrelated pathways. A recent study in Nature by Zhao et al. (2017) finds that YTHDF2, a reader of N⁶- methylation, facilitates maternal mRNA decay, introducing an additional facet of control over transcript fate and developmental reprogramming.


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Buffering Global Variability of Morphogen Gradients

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Ben-Zion Shilo, Naama Barkai
Morphogen gradients determine tissue pattern by triggering differential cell responses to distinct morphogen concentrations. The strict quantitative dependence of the emerging patterns on morphogen distribution raises the challenge of buffering variability in morphogen profile to ensure a reproducible outcome. We describe the underlying principles of two modules for buffering morphogen distribution: buffering morphogen amplitude by storing excess morphogen in a limited spatial region, and buffering morphogen spread by pinning morphogen levels at a distal position through global feedback that adjusts morphogen diffusion or degradation across the tissue. We also present concrete examples of patterning systems that implement these modules.

Teaser

Morphogen gradients determine tissue pattern by triggering differential cell responses to distinct morphogen concentrations. How is variability in morphogen profile buffered to ensure a reproducible outcome? Shilo and Barkai describe underlying principles of two modules for buffering morphogen distribution and present concrete examples of patterning systems that implement them.


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A Wnt5 Activity Asymmetry and Intercellular Signaling via PCP Proteins Polarize Node Cells for Left-Right Symmetry Breaking

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Katsura Minegishi, Masakazu Hashimoto, Rieko Ajima, Katsuyoshi Takaoka, Kyosuke Shinohara, Yayoi Ikawa, Hiromi Nishimura, Andrew P. McMahon, Karl Willert, Yasushi Okada, Hiroshi Sasaki, Dongbo Shi, Toshihiko Fujimori, Toshihisa Ohtsuka, Yasunobu Igarashi, Terry P. Yamaguchi, Akihiko Shimono, Hidetaka Shiratori, Hiroshi Hamada
Polarization of node cells along the anterior-posterior axis of mouse embryos is responsible for left-right symmetry breaking. How node cells become polarized has remained unknown, however. Wnt5a and Wnt5b are expressed posteriorly relative to the node, whereas genes for Sfrp inhibitors of Wnt signaling are expressed anteriorly. Here we show that polarization of node cells is impaired in Wnt5a^–/–Wnt5b^–/– and Sfrp mutant embryos, and also in the presence of a uniform distribution of Wnt5a or Sfrp1, suggesting that Wnt5 and Sfrp proteins act as instructive signals in this process. The absence of planar cell polarity (PCP) core proteins Prickle1 and Prickle2 in individual cells or local forced expression of Wnt5a perturbed polarization of neighboring wild-type cells. Our results suggest that opposing gradients of Wnt5a and Wnt5b and of their Sfrp inhibitors, together with intercellular signaling via PCP proteins, polarize node cells along the anterior-posterior axis for breaking of left-right symmetry.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Polarization of node cells along the anterior-posterior axis of mouse embryos is responsible for left-right symmetry breaking. Opposing gradients of Wnt5a and Wnt5b and of their Sfrp inhibitors, together with intercellular signaling via PCP proteins, polarize node cells along the anterior-posterior axis for breaking of left-right symmetry.


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BTBD18 Regulates a Subset of piRNA-Generating Loci through Transcription Elongation in Mice

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Liquan Zhou, Bertram Canagarajah, Yangu Zhao, Boris Baibakov, Keizo Tokuhiro, Dragan Maric, Jurrien Dean
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs essential for animal germ cell development. Despite intense investigation of post-transcriptional processing, chromatin regulators for piRNA biogenesis in mammals remain largely unexplored. Here we document that BTBD18 is a pachytene nuclear protein in mouse testes that occupies a subset of pachytene piRNA-producing loci. Ablation of Btbd18 in mice disrupts piRNA biogenesis, prevents spermiogenesis, and results in male sterility. Transcriptome profiling, chromatin accessibility, and RNA polymerase II occupancy demonstrate that BTBD18 facilitates expression of pachytene piRNA precursors by promoting transcription elongation. Thus, our study identifies BTBD18 as a specific controller for transcription activation through RNA polymerase II elongation at a subset of genomic piRNA loci.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

piRNAs are small non-coding RNAs primarily expressed in animal gonads. Zhou et al. implicate BTBD18, a nuclear protein, in piRNA biogenesis as key for male fertility. BTBD18 binds to a subset of pachytene piRNA-producing loci in mouse testes, promotes transcription elongation, and promotes piRNA precursor expression for successful germ cell development.


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Wnt/PCP Instructions for Cilia in Left-Right Asymmetry

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Jun Wu, Marek Mlodzik
Wnt-Frizzled/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling establishes cell orientation within the epithelial plane, but whether Wnts are instructive or permissive is debated. Reporting in Developmental Cell, Minegishi et al. (2017) uncover an instructive link from Wnt5a/b gradients to PCP-factor-regulated polarized cilia positioning that is essential to mouse embryo left-right asymmetry establishment.

Teaser

Wnt-Frizzled/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling establishes cell orientation within the epithelial plane, but whether Wnts are instructive or permissive is debated. Reporting in Developmental Cell, Minegishi et al. (2017) uncover an instructive link from Wnt5a/b gradients to PCP-factor-regulated polarized cilia positioning that is essential to mouse embryo left-right asymmetry establishment.


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Fat2 and Lar Define a Basally Localized Planar Signaling System Controlling Collective Cell Migration

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Kari Barlan, Maureen Cetera, Sally Horne-Badovinac
Collective migration of epithelial cells underlies diverse tissue-remodeling events, but the mechanisms that coordinate individual cell migratory behaviors for collective movement are largely unknown. Studying the Drosophila follicular epithelium, we show that the cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar function in a planar signaling system that coordinates leading and trailing edge dynamics between neighboring cells. Fat2 signals from each cell's trailing edge to induce leading edge protrusions in the cell behind, in part by stabilizing Lar's localization in these cells. Conversely, Lar signals from each cell's leading edge to stimulate trailing edge retraction in the cell ahead. Fat2/Lar signaling is similar to planar cell polarity signaling in terms of sub-cellular protein localization; however, Fat2/Lar signaling mediates short-range communication between neighboring cells instead of transmitting long-range information across a tissue. This work defines a key mechanism promoting epithelial migration and establishes a different paradigm for planar cell-cell signaling.

Teaser

Barlan and colleagues examine how the cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar promote epithelial migration in the context of the Drosophila egg chamber. They show that these proteins form the core of a planar signaling system that coordinates leading and trailing edge dynamics between neighboring cells.


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Kibra and Merlin Activate the Hippo Pathway Spatially Distinct from and Independent of Expanded

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Ting Su, Michael Z. Ludwig, Jiajie Xu, Richard G. Fehon
The Hippo pathway is emerging as a key evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that controls organ size. Three membrane-associated proteins, Kibra, Merlin, and Expanded, regulate pathway activity, but the precise molecular mechanism by which they function is still poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that Merlin and Kibra activate Hippo signaling in parallel to Expanded at a spatially distinct cellular domain, the medial apical cortex. Merlin and Kibra together recruit the adapter protein Salvador, which in turn recruits the core kinase Hippo. In addition, we show that Crumbs has a dual effect on Hippo signaling. Crumbs promotes the ability of Expanded to activate the pathway but also sequesters Kibra to downregulate Hippo signaling. Together, our findings elucidate the mechanism of Hippo pathway activation by Merlin and Kibra, identify a subcellular domain for Hippo pathway regulation, and demonstrate differential activity of upstream regulators in different subcellular domains.

Teaser

Merlin, Kibra, and Expanded are believed to act in a complex at intercellular junctions to control Hippo pathway activity. Su et al. show that instead Merlin and Kibra function at the Drosophila apical medial cortex separately from Crumbs and Expanded, thereby identifying an additional subcellular domain for Hippo pathway regulation.


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Planarian Epidermal Stem Cells Respond to Positional Cues to Promote Cell-Type Diversity

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Omri Wurtzel, Isaac M. Oderberg, Peter W. Reddien
Successful regeneration requires that progenitors of different lineages form the appropriate missing cell types. However, simply generating lineages is not enough. Cells produced by a particular lineage often have distinct functions depending on their position within the organism. How this occurs in regeneration is largely unexplored. In planarian regeneration, new cells arise from a proliferative cell population (neoblasts). We used the planarian epidermal lineage to study how the location of adult progenitor cells results in their acquisition of distinct functional identities. Single-cell RNA sequencing of epidermal progenitors revealed the emergence of distinct spatial identities as early in the lineage as the epidermal neoblasts, with further pre-patterning occurring in their post-mitotic migratory progeny. Establishment of dorsal-ventral epidermal identities and functions, in response to BMP signaling, required neoblasts. Our work identified positional signals that activate regionalized transcriptional programs in the stem cell population and subsequently promote cell-type diversity in the epidermis.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Wurtzel et al. examine how in planarian regeneration, adult progenitor cell location contributes to acquisition of distinct functional identities. They provide insight for how progenitors in the epidermis read their position in the animal to activating region-specific transcription, which is ultimately propagated to differentiated progeny to generate the required cellular functions.


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Cell-Cell Contact Area Affects Notch Signaling and Notch-Dependent Patterning

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Developmental Cell, Volume 40, Issue 5
Author(s): Oren Shaya, Udi Binshtok, Micha Hersch, Dmitri Rivkin, Sheila Weinreb, Liat Amir-Zilberstein, Bassma Khamaisi, Olya Oppenheim, Ravi A. Desai, Richard J. Goodyear, Guy P. Richardson, Christopher S. Chen, David Sprinzak
During development, cells undergo dramatic changes in their morphology. By affecting contact geometry, these morphological changes could influence cellular communication. However, it has remained unclear whether and how signaling depends on contact geometry. This question is particularly relevant for Notch signaling, which coordinates neighboring cell fates through direct cell-cell signaling. Using micropatterning with a receptor trans-endocytosis assay, we show that signaling between pairs of cells correlates with their contact area. This relationship extends across contact diameters ranging from micrometers to tens of micrometers. Mathematical modeling predicts that dependence of signaling on contact area can bias cellular differentiation in Notch-mediated lateral inhibition processes, such that smaller cells are more likely to differentiate into signal-producing cells. Consistent with this prediction, analysis of developing chick inner ear revealed that ligand-producing hair cell precursors have smaller apical footprints than non-hair cells. Together, these results highlight the influence of cell morphology on fate determination processes.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Cell geometry varies considerably between cells in almost every tissue. Shaya et al. show that Notch signaling between pairs of cells correlates with their contact area. This dependence of signaling on contact area can bias Notch-mediated cell fate decisions such as those occurring in chick inner ear development.


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The effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth movement during canine distalization

Abstract

The aim of the study is to determine the effects of low level laser therapy on tooth movement during canine distalization by evaluating IL-1β, TGF-β1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid. Maxillary first premolars of the 15 Angle Class II division I patients (12–19 years old) were extracted. Right maxillary canines were distalized by standard protocol as control group whereas the left maxillary canines distalized by laser application. A gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode laser with an output power of 20 mW was applied as five doses from the buccal and the palatal side on the day 0, and the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21th 30th, 33st, 37th, 60th, 63th, and 67th days. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were obtained with filtration paper at the initial, 7th, 14th, and 21th days, and the IL-1ß and TGF-ß1 cytokine levels were analyzed. Orthodontic models and periodontal indices were taken initially and on the days 30th, 60th, and 90th of canine distalization period. Tooth movement was assessed by scanning models (3Shape). The amount of tooth movement in the laser group was 40% more than the control group. First day IL-1ß levels were statistically higher than initial and 21st day levels (P= 0.003, P = 0.012). The rise in IL-1ß levels caused the negative correlations between 7th day IL-1β and 21st day TGF-β1 levels describes the tissue effects of laser application. Periodontal indices showed no sign of gingival inflammation during canine distalization period. As conclusion, laser does accelerate tooth movement and could shorten the whole treatment duration.

http://ift.tt/2mFd7HI

Anti-Depressant Therapy Brightens the Outlook for Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases

Publication date: 13 March 2017
Source:Cancer Cell, Volume 31, Issue 3
Author(s): Michael D. Nyquist, Peter S. Nelson
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Wu et al. identify MAOA as a key mediator of osteolytic bone responses that involve complex paracrine interactions between tumor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Pharmacological inhibition of MAOA enzymatic activity effectively interrupted osteolysis and metastatic progression in preclinical models, suggesting a new treatment opportunity.

Teaser

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Wu et al. identify MAOA as a key mediator of osteolytic bone responses that involve complex paracrine interactions between tumor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Pharmacological inhibition of MAOA enzymatic activity effectively interrupted osteolysis and metastatic progression in preclinical models, suggesting a new treatment opportunity.


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