Predictors of reduced smoking quantity among recovering alcohol dependent men in a smoking cessation trial

Publication date: September 2018
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 84
Author(s): Matthew J. Worley, Melodie Isgro, Jaimee L. Heffner, Soo Yong Lee, Belinda E. Daniel, Robert M. Anthenelli
IntroductionAdults with alcohol dependence (AD) have exceptionally high smoking rates and poor smoking cessation outcomes. Discovery of factors that predict reduced smoking among AD smokers may help improve treatment. This study examined baseline predictors of smoking quantity among AD smokers in a pharmacotherapy trial for smoking cessation.MethodsThe sample includes male, AD smokers (N = 129) with 1–32 months of alcohol abstinence who participated in a 12-week trial of medication (topiramate vs. placebo) and adjunct counseling with 6 months of follow-up. Baseline measures of nicotine dependence, AD severity, psychopathology, motivation to quit smoking, and smoking-related cognitions were used to predict smoking quantity (cigarettes per day) at post-treatment and follow-up.ResultsOverall, the sample had statistically significant reductions in smoking quantity. Greater nicotine dependence (Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) = 0.82–0.90), motivation to quit (IRRs = 0.65–0.85), and intrinsic reasons for quitting (IRRs = 0.96–0.98) predicted fewer cigarettes/day. Conversely, greater lifetime AD severity (IRR = 1.02), depression severity (IRRs = 1.05–1.07), impulsivity (IRRs = 1.01–1.03), weight-control expectancies (IRRs = 1.10–1.15), and childhood sexual abuse (IRRs = 1.03–1.07) predicted more cigarettes/day.ConclusionsSmokers with AD can achieve large reductions in smoking quantity during treatment, and factors that predict smoking outcomes in the general population also predict greater smoking reductions in AD smokers. Treatment providers can use severity of nicotine dependence and AD, motivation to quit, smoking-related cognitions, and severity of depression to guide treatment and improve outcomes among AD smokers.



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Organic cattle products: Authenticating production origin by analysis of serum mineral content

Publication date: 30 October 2018
Source:Food Chemistry, Volume 264
Author(s): Ruth Rodríguez-Bermúdez, Carlos Herrero-Latorre, Marta López-Alonso, David E. Losada, Roberto Iglesias, Marta Miranda
An authentication procedure for differentiating between organic and non-organic cattle production on the basis of analysis of serum samples has been developed. For this purpose, the concentrations of fourteen mineral elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) in 522 serum samples from cows (341 from organic farms and 181 from non-organic farms), determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, were used. The chemical information provided by serum analysis was employed to construct different pattern recognition classification models that predict the origin of each sample: organic or non-organic class. Among all classification procedures considered, the best results were obtained with the decision tree C5.0, Random Forest and AdaBoost neural networks, with hit levels close to 90% for both production types. The proposed method, involving analysis of serum samples, provided rapid, accurate in vivo classification of cattle according to organic and non-organic production type.



https://ift.tt/2IvuNmP

Monodisperse Zn-doped Fe3O4 formation and photo-Fenton activity for degradation of rhodamine B in water

Publication date: October 2018
Source:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 121
Author(s): Huoshi Cen, Zhaodong Nan
Zn-doped Fe3O4 can be used as a catalyst in the photo-Fenton process to degrade dye molecules dissolved in water, in which cluster-shaped Zn-doped Fe3O4 (CSZnFe) was synthesized. To enhance the catalytic activity, monodisperse Zn-doped Fe3O4 (MZnFe) was facilely synthesized by a modified solvothermal method through replacement of sodium acetate by urea as a base. The particle size of MZnFe was about 9–16 nm. MZnFe exhibits a larger surface area and higher photo-Fenton catalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B in water than CSZnFe. Additionally, MZnFe exhibits high saturation magnetization (about 80 emu/g), which is very convenient for separation of MZnFe from solution by a magnet. The growth processes for MZnFe were proposed on the basis of results from in situ calorimetry and other techniques, which indicated different formation mechanisms for MZnFe and CSZnFe.

Graphical abstract

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The impact of seasonal varied human activity on characteristics and sources of heavy metals in metropolitan road dusts

Publication date: 1 October 2018
Source:Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 637–638
Author(s): Cong Men, Ruimin Liu, Qingrui Wang, Lijia Guo, Zhenyao Shen
Due to significant human activity, road dust is becoming contaminated by heavy metals in many cities. To comprehensively investigate the variation of contamination level and sources of heavy metals in road dust, 10 heavy metals in road dust samples from Beijing, China, in both summer and winter, were evaluated by spatial analysis using geographic information system (GIS) mapping technology and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) Model. Although the concentrations of some heavy metals between summer and winter had similarities, the differences of others and spatial distributions of heavy metals between summer and winter were considerable. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Fe were lower in winter, while those of Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were higher. According to the values of the Pollution Index (PI) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI), there were no obvious differences between summer and winter, but the range between different sites in winter was nearly twice that of summer. Based on the PMF model, four sources of heavy metals in the dust samples were identified. Although the types of sources were consistent, the relative contributions of each source differed between summer and winter. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions was the most important source in summer (34.47 wt%), while fuel combustion contributed the largest proportion to the total heavy metals in winter (32.40 wt%). The impact of each source also showed spatial variation different trends in summer and winter. With the alteration of seasons, intensity of human activities also changed, such as the number of tourists, energy needs for building temperature regulation, construction, and the amount of pesticides and fertilizer. That might be the reason for the variation of heavy metal concentrations and relative contribution of their sources between summer and winter.

Graphical abstract

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Contamination of heavy metals and isotopic tracing of Pb in surface and profile soils in a polluted farmland from a typical karst area in southern China

Publication date: 1 October 2018
Source:Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 637–638
Author(s): Jing Kong, Qingjun Guo, Rongfei Wei, Harald Strauss, Guangxu Zhu, Siliang Li, Zhaoliang Song, Tongbin Chen, Bo Song, Ting Zhou, Guodi Zheng
Farmland top soils and soil profiles situated in the karst area of Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China, reveal different degrees of heavy metal pollution, both in respect to the lateral as well as the vertical dimension. Pb isotope ratios clearly identify that heavy metal contributions to the soil represent the legacy of former Pb-Zn mining and smelting in the area. Depending upon soil properties, differences in the intensity of the vertical penetration of heavy metal pollution are discernible. Top soil coverage by local farmers provides little remediation. Consequently, hazardous conditions for the regional ecology, for agricultural usage and ultimately for human health remain in place. Based on chemical and isotopic results obtained, more effective remediation strategies need to be developed.

Graphical abstract

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Facile synthesis of mesoporous ZnO sheets assembled by small nanoparticles for enhanced NO2 sensing performance at room temperature

Publication date: 1 October 2018
Source:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 270
Author(s): Ruosong Chen, Jing Wang, Lan Xiang
Here we demonstrate a facile synthesis of nanoparticle-assembled mesoporous ZnO sheets by calcination of a novel sheet-like δ-Zn(OH)2 precursor at low temperature (100 °C). The mesoporous ZnO sheets were assembled by ultrasmall ZnO nanoparticles with an average crystal size less than 10 nm, having a high specific surface area of 87.63 m² g⁻¹. The high specific surface area, rich mesopores and oxygen vacancies, and the small crystal size of the ZnO nanoparticles contributed to the good NO2 sensing performance of the sensors. The comparison study indicated that the mesoporous ZnO sheets assembled by the smallest nanoparticles exhibited the highest response to ppm level of NO2 at room temperature (the response to 1 ppm of NO2 was 135%). Moreover, the sensor exhibited high response/recovery rates, full reversibility and good selectivity to NO2. Based on the surface depletion model, the higher response of the mesoporous ZnO sheets assembled by the smaller nanoparticles was attributed to their more significant narrowing of the conduction channel upon exposure to NO2.



https://ift.tt/2IHs21w

Effects of heavy metal species, concentrations, and speciation on pentachlorophenol sorption by river biofilms

Abstract

The sorption of trace organic pollutants at solid/liquid interfaces is one of the most important processes that influence their fate and behaviours in the aquatic environment. Sorption is affected by coexisting contaminants. The process and extent to which coexisting heavy metals affect the sorption of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), especially acid radical anion heavy metals, are still unclear. Here, the effects of the species, concentrations, and speciation of the heavy metals Cu, Pb, and Cr, and the metalloid As on the sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP), as a model OCP, by river biofilms were investigated through batch experiments. The results show that the presence of Cu, Pb, Cr, and As decreased the maximum sorption quantity of PCP onto the biofilms by 67.7, 9.2, 58.4, and 14.4%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of heavy metals on sorption decreased as the initial concentration ratios of heavy metals to PCP increased. In addition, the impact of heavy metals on PCP sorption was attributed to differences in heavy metal speciation. Cu and Pb commonly existed as divalent cations, but Cr and As existed as anionic acid radicals under the experimental conditions. The inhibitory effects of heavy metals on PCP sorption by biofilms were enhanced as the cation valence state increased, while the effects were weakened as the anionic acid radical valence state increased. Although all four heavy metals had inhibitory effects on PCP sorption by biofilms, there were distinct differences in the mechanisms causing these effects.

https://ift.tt/2KexA0P

Determinants of CO 2 emissions in the MERCOSUR: the role of economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of energy consumption (divided into renewable and non-renewable sources) and income on CO₂ emissions within the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). To do so, the annual panel data collected during the 1990–2014 periods was used. The CO₂ variable, representing carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita, was used as a proxy for the emission of pollutants. The annual data were obtained from the World Bank (World Development Indicators). The sample consisted of the five MERCOSUR member countries: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela, comprising a period of 25 consecutive years. The results showed that energy consumption from renewable sources had a negative impact on CO₂ emissions, while the energy consumption from non-renewable sources had a positive impact. The positive impact of economic development on CO₂ emissions was also seen. In addition, this study supports the validity of the EKC hypothesis for the MERCOSUR because GDP (real output) leads to environmental degradation while GDP² reduces the level of gas emissions.

https://ift.tt/2rCG5f5

Remediation of arsenic-contaminated paddy soil by iron-modified biochar

Abstract

Arsenic contamination in paddy soils has aroused global concern due to its threats to food security and human health. Biochar modified with different iron materials was prepared for arsenic (As) immobilization in contaminated soils. Soil incubation experiments were carried to investigate the effects of biochar modified with Fe-oxyhydroxy sulfate (Biochar-FeOS), FeCl₃ (Biochar-FeCl₃), and zero-valent iron (Biochar-Fe) on the pH, NaHCO₃-extractable As concentrations, and the As fractions in soils. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that iron was successfully loaded onto the surface or embedded into the pores of the biochar. Addition of Biochar-FeOS, Biochar-FeCl₃, and Biochar-Fe had no significant effects on the soil pH but significantly decreased the contents of NaHCO₃-extractable As in soils by 13.95–30.35%, 10.97–28.39%, and 17.98–35.18%, respectively. Biochar-FeOS, Biochar-FeCl₃, and Biochar-Fe treatments decreased the concentrations of non-specifically sorbed and specifically sorbed As fractions in soils, and increased the amorphous and poorly crystalline, hydrated Fe, Al oxide-bound, and residual As fractions. Compared with the other iron-modified biochars, Biochar-FeOS showed the most effective immobilization and has the potential for the remediation of As-contaminated paddy soils.

https://ift.tt/2wzsxGn

Morphology-tunable tellurium nanomaterials produced by the tellurite-reducing bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. ZYM-1

Abstract

Although tellurite is highly toxic to organisms, elemental tellurium nanomaterials (TeNMs) have many uses. The microbe-mediated reduction of tellurite to Te(0) has been shown to be a green and cost-effective approach for turning waste into wealth. However, it is difficult to tune the morphology of biogenic nanomaterials. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to investigate the factors influencing tellurite reduction by the tellurite-reducing bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. ZYM-1, including pH, tellurite concentration, temperature, and heavy metal ions. The optimal removal efficiency of tellurite was respectively achieved at pH 8, 0.5 mM tellurite, and 40 °C. All of the tested metal ions retarded the reduction of tellurite, especially Cd²⁺ and Co²⁺, which completely inhibited its reduction. Further characterization of the biogenic TeNMs indicated that their morphology could be tuned by the tellurite concentration, pH, temperature, and organic solvents used. Regular Te nanosheets were produced using 5 mM tellurite. The TeNMs were primarily synthesized in the cell membrane. Hexagonal Te nanoplates, nanorods, nanoflowers, and nanobranches were synthesized when combining membrane fractions with tellurite and NADH. The diverse morphologies are assumed to be induced by the synergy between the reduction kinetics and the protein structure. Therefore, this study confirmed that the bacterium can tune the morphology of TeNMs, broadening the potential application of biogenic TeNMs.

https://ift.tt/2rz3jD1

Controlling risks of P water pollution by sorption on soils, pyritic material, granitic material, and different by-products: effects of pH and incubation time

Abstract

Batch experiments were used to test P sorbent potential of soil samples, pyritic and granitic materials, mussel shell, mussel shell ash, sawdust, and slate waste fines for different pH and incubation times. Maximum P sorption varied in a wide range of pH: < 4 for pyritic material, 4–6 for forest soil, > 5 for slate fines, > 6 for shell ash, and pH 6–8 for mussel shell. P sorption was rapid (< 24 h) for forest soil, shell ash, pyritic material, and fine shell. On the opposite side, it was clearly slower for vineyard soil, granitic material, slate fines, pine sawdust, and coarse shell, with increased P sorption even 1 month later. For any incubation time, P sorption was > 90% in shell ash, whereas forest soil, pyritic material, and fine shell showed sorption rates approaching 100% within 24 h of incubation. These results could be useful to manage and/or recycle the sorbents tested when focusing on P immobilization or removal, in circumstances where pH changes and where contact time may vary from hours to days, thus aiding to diminish P pollution and subsequent eutrophication risks, promoting conservation and sustainability.

https://ift.tt/2wBR3Gz

Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of 20C from Gastrodia elata via regulating autophagy in LPS-activated BV-2 cells through MAPKs and TLR4/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 99
Author(s): Qian-hang Shao, Xiao-ling Zhang, Ying Chen, Cheng-Gen Zhu, Jian-Gong Shi, Yu-he Yuan, Nai-hong Chen
20C, a novel bibenzyl compound, is isolated from Gastrodia elata. In our previous study, 20C showed protective effects on tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, rotenone-induced apoptosis and rotenone-induced oxidative damage. However, the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 20C is still with limited acquaintance. The objective of this study was to confirm the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 20C on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells and further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, 20C significantly attenuated the protein levels of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin (IL)-1β, and secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 cells. Moreover, 20C up-regulated the levels of autophagy-related proteins in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. The requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has been well documented for regulating the process of autophagy. Both 20C and rapamycin enhanced autophagy by suppressing the phosphorylation of MAPKs signaling pathway. Furthermore, 20C treatment significantly inhibited the levels of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), indicating blocking TLR4/Akt/mTOR might be an underlying basis for the anti-inflammatory effect of 20C. These findings suggest that 20C has therapeutic potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases in the future.



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Comments on: " Complementary and alternative therapies for restless legs syndrome: An evidence-based systematic review"

We read carefully the article by Xu et al [1] published in a recent issue of Sleep Medicine Reviews. The topic of the review is interesting and much work and effort was put in this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative therapies for restless leg syndrome (RLS). The review included 18 Randomized Control Trials (RCTs), which include different outcomes measures such as International restless legs syndrome rating scale (IRLS), visual analogue scale (VAS), periodic leg movements index (PLMI), sleep disturbance, depression, and Quality of Life scales (QoL).

https://ift.tt/2rEaIAa

Fisetin inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators in interleukin-1β–induced human lung epithelial cells by suppressing the NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways

Publication date: July 2018
Source:International Immunopharmacology, Volume 60
Author(s): Hui-Ling Peng, Wen-Chung Huang, Shu-Chen Cheng, Chian-Jiun Liou
Fisetin, a flavone that can be isolated from fruits and vegetables, has anti-tumor and anti-oxidative properties and ameliorates airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice. This study investigated whether fisetin can suppress the expression of inflammatory mediators and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in A549 human lung epithelial cells that were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to induce inflammatory responses. A549 cells were treated with fisetin (3–30 μM) and then with IL-1β. Fisetin significantly inhibited COX-2 expression and reduced prostaglandin E2 production, and it suppressed the levels of IL-8, CCL5, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6. Fisetin also significantly attenuated the expression of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine genes and decreased the expression of ICAM-1, which mediates THP-1 monocyte adhesion to inflammatory A549 cells. Fisetin decreased the translocation of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) subunit p65 into the nucleus and inhibited the phosphorylation of proteins in the ERK1/2 pathway. Co-treatment of IL-1β–stimulated A549 cells with ERK1/2 inhibitors plus fisetin reduced ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, fisetin significantly increased the effects of the protective antioxidant pathway by promoting the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 and heme oxygenase 1. Taken together, these data suggest that fisetin has anti-inflammatory effects and that it suppresses the expression of chemokines, inflammatory cytokines, and ICAM-1 by suppressing the NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in IL-1β–stimulated human lung epithelial A549 cells.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2IdmI6T

Orally administered brown seaweed-derived β-glucan effectively restrained development of gastric dysplasia in A4gnt KO mice that spontaneously develop gastric adenocarcinoma

Publication date: July 2018
Source:International Immunopharmacology, Volume 60
Author(s): Mark Joseph Desamero, Shigeru Kakuta, James Kenn Chambers, Kazuyuki Uchida, Satoshi Hachimura, Masaya Takamoto, Jun Nakayama, Hiroyuki Nakayama, Shigeru Kyuwa
β-Glucan refers to a heterogeneous group of chemically defined storage polysaccharides containing β-(1,3)-d-linked glucose polymers with branches connected by either β-(1,4) or β-(1,6) glycosidic linkage. To date, an extensive amount of scientific evidence supports their multifunctional biological activities, but their potential involvement in the progression of premalignant lesions remains to be clarified. A4gnt KO mice that lack α1,4-N-acetylglucosamine-capped O-glycans in gastric gland mucin are a unique animal model for gastric cancer because the mutant mice spontaneously develop gastric cancer through hyperplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. In particular, A4gnt KO mice show gastric dysplasia during 10–20 weeks of age. Here we investigated the putative gastro-protective activity of brown seaweed-derived β-glucan (Laminaran) against development of gastric dysplasia, precancerous lesion for gastric cancer in A4gnt KO mice. The mutant mice at 12 weeks of age were randomly assigned into three treatment groups namely, wildtype control + distilled water (normal control), A4gnt KO mice + distilled water (untreated control), and A4gnt KO mice + 100 mg/kg Laminaran. After 3 weeks, the stomach was removed and examined for morphology and gene expression patterns. In contrast to the untreated control group, administration of Laminaran substantially attenuated gastric dysplasia development and counterbalanced the increased induction in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, Laminaran treatment effectively overcame the A4gnt KO-induced alteration in the gene expression profile of selected cytokines as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Collectively, our present findings indicate that β-glucan can potentially restrain the development of gastric dysplasia to mediate their tissue-preserving activity.



https://ift.tt/2rFBc48

The new world of biosimilars in oncology: Translation of data to the clinic

Publication date: June 2018
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 96
Author(s): Hope S. Rugo, Javier Cortes




https://ift.tt/2KTXs30

Exceptional response to olaparib in BRCA2-altered urothelial carcinoma after PD-L1 inhibitor and chemotherapy failure

Publication date: June 2018
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 96
Author(s): Andrea Necchi, Daniele Raggi, Patrizia Giannatempo, Alessandra Alessi, Gianluca Serafini, Maurizio Colecchia, Siraj M. Ali, Jon H. Chung




https://ift.tt/2rCJ2vv

Letter comments on EJC published paper: ‘No overdiagnosis in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program estimated by combining record linkage and questionnaire information in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study’

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2018
Source:European Journal of Cancer
Author(s): Per Henrik Zahl




https://ift.tt/2KWxfko

Re: No overdiagnosis in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program estimated by combining record linkage and questionnaire information in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2018
Source:European Journal of Cancer
Author(s): Eiliv Lund, Aurelie Nakamura, Jean-Christophe Thalabard




https://ift.tt/2rEfPQY

Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery-Based Iliac Bone Flap Transfer for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

J reconstr Microsurg
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1651489

Background The superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA)-based iliac bone flap has yet to be widely used. The purpose of this article is to validate the feasibility of SCIA-based iliac bone flap transfers for reconstruction of small to moderate-sized bony defects. Retrospective outcome comparisons between SCIA-based iliac bone flaps and fibula flaps were made. Methods Twenty-six patients with bony tissue defects underwent reconstructions using either free SCIA-based iliac bone flaps (13) or fibula flaps (13). Outcomes were evaluated 9 months after the reconstruction on the following basis: bone length, pedicle length, skin paddle area, bone union, donor-site complications, skin paddle survival, and complications at the reconstructed site. Results There was no statistically significant difference in pedicle length (iliac bone vs. fibula; 5.5 ± 1.8 vs. 4.1 ± 1.5 cm; p = 0.181), in bone union rate (iliac bone vs. fibula; 100 vs 92.3%; p = 0.308), in donor-site complication rate (iliac bone vs. fibula; 0 vs. 7.7%; p = 0.308), or in skin paddle complete survival rate (iliac bone vs. fibula; 100 vs. 83.3%; p = 0.125). Statistically significant differences were observed in bone flap length (iliac bone vs. fibula; 4.8 ± 2.2 vs. 11.1 ± 4.8 cm; p = 0.0005), in skin paddle area (superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap vs. peroneal artery perforator flap; 58.8 ± 35.6 vs. 27.7 ± 17.5 cm2; p = 0.0343), and in reconstructed site complication rate (iliac bone vs. fibula; 0 vs. 30.8%; p = 0.030). Conclusion In our series of SCIA-based iliac bone flap transfers, up to 8 × 3 cm could be procured along the iliac crest. When compared with fibula flap transfers, there were no significant statistical differences in pedicle length or in bone union rate; the SCIA-based iliac bone flap may be a feasible option for bony defects of small to moderate size.
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