Background/Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe a double immunocytochemical staining method for detecting free cancer cells after rectal cancer surgery and to evaluate their extent and prognostic role. Materials and Methods: Immunocytochemistry was performed using antibodies against cytokeratin 20/caudal-typehomeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and mucin glycoprotein-2 (MUC2)/p53 protein. The study included 29 patients with infraperitoneal rectal cancer who underwent bowel resection and four controls. The pelvic lavage was retrieved at the start of laparotomy, after total mesorectal excision and after abdominal lavage with sterile water. Results: Free cancer cells were detected with the double immunocytochemical method in the two controls with carcinomatosis and one control with sigmoidal cancer. None of the patients with rectal tumours had presence of free cancer cells. Conclusion: Immunocytochemical analysis of peritoneal lavage was feasible and negative in patients with infraperitoneal rectal cancer. Further studies are encouraged to investigate the clinical relevance in cases with free cancer cells after incomplete total mesorectal excision.
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