Developing the Brain – Early Illustrations of Cerebral Cortex and Its Gyri

Publication date: Available online 10 July 2017
Source:Pediatric Neurology
Author(s): Harry Sutherland-Foggio
Throughout the Middle Ages, most representations of the brain amounted to highly schematized ventricles housed within abstract squiggles of neural tissue. The works by the preeminent Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in his De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) added considerably more accuracy and detail – still, his drawings of cerebral hemispheres do not exhibit the gyral-sulcal pattern recognized today. Identifiable cortical landmarks would not be featured in print until the English physician Thomas Willis's Cerebri Anatome (1664). Medieval doctors understood neurophysiology according to the cell doctrine, whereby the first cell (modern-day lateral ventricles) was responsible for sensation, the second cell (third ventricle) for cognition, and the third cell (fourth ventricle) for memory. Vesalius challenged this ventricle-centric model and resolved to portray physical form only, without the influence of conceptual function. A century later, Willis and his illustrator Christopher Wren, citing limited clinical evidence, proposed that the corpus striatum, white matter, and grey matter replace the three cells – finally allowing cortex a physiological rather than structurally supportive role. This relocation of executive function demanded the more meticulous rendering of the brain provided in the Cerebri Anatome. Thomas Willis produced anatomical drawings of the brain depicting previously ill-defined surface features as in Vesalius's Fabrica because of a paradigm shift in neurophysiology, emphasizing cortex over ventricles, not because of advances in techniques of dissection or illustration. Perhaps, as the study of the brain continues, another future revelation in neurophysiology will drive another unexpected, enduring change in the study of the structures of the nervous system.



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