Short and long-term impact of remifentanil on thermal detection and pain thresholds after cardiac surgery: A randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND The clinical relevance of the suggested hyperalgesic effects of remifentanil is still unclear, especially in the long term. OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the impact of remifentanil on thermal thresholds 3 days and 12 months after surgery, measured with Quantitative Sensory Testing. DESIGN A prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING A tertiary care teaching hospital in The Netherlands, from 2014 to 2016. PATIENTS A total of 126 patients aged between 18 and 85 years, undergoing cardiothoracic surgery via sternotomy (coronary artery bypass grafts and/or valve replacement) were included. Exclusion criteria were BMI above 35 kg m−2, history of cardiac surgery, chronic pain conditions, neurological conditions, allergy to opioids or paracetamol, language barrier and pregnancy. INTERVENTIONS Patients were allocated randomly to receive intra-operatively either a continuous remifentanil infusion or intermittent intra-operative fentanyl as needed in addition to standardised anaesthesia with propofol and intermittent intravenous fentanyl at predetermined time points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Warm and cold detection and pain thresholds 3 days and 12 months after surgery. In addition the use of remifentanil, presence of postoperative chronic pain, age, opioid consumption and pre-operative quality of life were tested as a predictor for altered pain sensitivity 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Both warm and cold detection, and pain thresholds, were not significantly different between the remifentanil and fentanyl groups 3 days and 12 months after surgery (P > 0.05). No significant predictors for altered pain sensitivity were identified. CONCLUSION Earlier reports of increased pain sensitivity 1 year after the use of remifentanil could not be confirmed in this randomised study using Quantitative Sensory Testing. This indicates that remifentanil plays a minor role in the development of chronic thoracic pain. Still, the relatively high incidence of chronic thoracic pain and its accompanying impact on quality of life remain challenging problems. TRIAL REGISTRY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02031016. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at EudraCT (ref: 2013-000201-23) and ClinicalTrials.gov (https://ift.tt/2Mq69Sn). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. https://ift.tt/OBJ4xP Correspondence to Catherijne A.J. Knibbe, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 609 26 12; e-mail: c.knibbe@antoniusziekenhuis.nl Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (https://ift.tt/2ylyqmW). © 2018 European Society of Anaesthesiology

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