Aim: To identify clinical benefits of dose escalation in accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy (AH-RT) for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis. Materials and Methods: Our study retrospectively examined 294 patients undergoing definitive radiotherapy [131 patients, conventional once-daily radiotherapy (OD-RT); and 163, AH-RT] who were followed-up for a median of 40.4 months. The impact of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LRC) was investigated. Results: Pre-PSM, the median OS, PFS, and LRC durations were 23.1 vs. 39.9 (p=0.03), 8.9 vs. 13.5 (p<0.01), and 12.9 vs. 50.3 (p<0.01) months in the OD-RT and AH-RT groups, respectively. After-PSM (two matched groups of 144 patients), AH-RT was associated with better LRC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.33-0.99, p=0.04] and marginally better PFS (aHR=0.65, 95% CI=0.41-1.03; p=0.06), but not OS (aHR=0.75, 95% CI=0.46-1.24; p=0.26). Conclusion: After PSM analysis, dose escalation using AH-RT improved LRC and PFS in patients with locally advanced NSCLC. AH-RT can be a promising option for patients with advanced NSCLC.
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