@media screen and (max-width:400px) { .two .column, .two .left, .two .right{ max-width: 100% !important; } } @media screen and (min-width: 401px) and (max-width:620px){ .two .column, .two .left, .two .right { max-width: 100% !important; } }
|
Τετάρτη 18 Οκτωβρίου 2017
Scholar : Contemporary Music Review, Volume 36, Issue 1-2, February–April 2017 is now available online on Taylor & Francis Online
Experimental investigations on a diesel engine operated with fuel blends derived from a mixture of Pakistani waste tyre oil and waste soybean oil biodiesel
Abstract
The waste tyre and waste cooking oils have a great potential to be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines. The aim of this study was to convert light fractions of pyrolysis oil derived from Pakistani waste vehicle tyres and waste soybean oil methyl esters into valuable fuel and to reduce waste disposal-associated environmental problems. In this study, the waste tyre pyrolysis liquid (light fraction) was collected from commercial tyre pyrolysis plant and biodiesel was prepared from waste soybean oil. The fuel blends (FMWO10, FMWO20, FMWO30, FMWO40 and FMWO50) were prepared from a 30:70 mixture of waste tyre pyrolysis liquid and waste soybean oil methyl esters with different proportions of mineral diesel. The mixture was named as the fuel mixture of waste oils (FMWO). FT-IR analysis of the fuel mixture was carried out using ALPHA FT-IR spectrometer. Experimental investigations on a diesel engine were carried out with various FMWO blends. It was observed that the engine fuel consumption was marginally increased and brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased with FMWO fuel blends. FMWO10 has shown lowest NOx emissions among all the fuel blends tested. In addition, HC, CO and smoke emissions were noticeably decreased by 3.1–15.6%, 16.5–33.2%, and 1.8–4.5%, respectively, in comparison to diesel fuel, thereby qualifying the blends to be used as alternative fuel for diesel engines.
http://ift.tt/2ihCJfH
Residual degradation and toxicity of insecticides against Bactrocera oleae
Abstract
Field and lab trials took place in Crete (July to September 2016), concerning the residual degradation and toxicity of seven active ingredients applied as bait sprays against the olive fruit fly. Highest residues were recorded in olive leaves for dimethoate and phosmet (~ 60 mg/kg) immediately after application (day 1+), while a threefold and fivefold reduction was observed 1 week later, respectively. Residues of pyrethroids were determined at lower levels (< 10 mg/kg) but remained almost stable for a longer period of time. Finally, thiacloprid and spinosad residues were determined at 5.81 and 0.19 mg/kg respectively (day 1+), and rapidly decreased below the LOQ. Highest toxicity against the olive fruit fly was observed just right after the application of dimethoate (100%), a-cypermethrin (80%), and l-cyhalothrin (72.92%). Although the toxicity of dimethoate was significantly reduced 1 week after the application (80%) and then minimized, toxicity of pyrethroids remained almost stable (> 60%) for the first 2 weeks and then decreased to 30–40%, which remained stable up to the end of the study (8 weeks). Concerning phosmet, its toxicity ranged from 35 to 56% for 3 weeks with no significant reduction, while spinosad presented a lower toxicity profile (50% only for 1 week). The benefits of these results in the knowledge of insecticide residues and their toxicity against olive fruit fly can be used for improving olive fruit fly control.
http://ift.tt/2hNbrtY
Estimating the full public health value of vaccination
Publication date: 1 November 2017
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Bradford D. Gessner, David Kaslow, Jacques Louis, Kathleen Neuzil, Katherine L. O'Brien, Valentina Picot, Tikki Pang, Umesh D. Parashar, Mitra Saadatian-Elahi, Christopher B. Nelson
There is an enhanced focus on considering the full public health value (FPHV) of vaccination when setting priorities, making regulatory decisions and establishing implementation policy for public health activities. Historically, a therapeutic paradigm has been applied to the evaluation of prophylactic vaccines and focuses on an individual benefit-risk assessment in prospective and individually-randomized phase III trials to assess safety and efficacy against etiologically-confirmed clinical outcomes. By contrast, a public health paradigm considers the population impact and encompasses measures of community benefits against a range of outcomes. For example, measurement of the FPHV of vaccination may incorporate health inequity, social and political disruption, disruption of household integrity, school absenteeism and work loss, health care utilization, long-term/on-going disability, the development of antibiotic resistance, and a range of non-etiologically and etiologically defined clinical outcomes.Following an initial conference at the Fondation Mérieux in mid-2015, a second conference (December 2016) was held to further describe the efficacy of using the FPHV of vaccination on a variety of prophylactic vaccines. The wider scope of vaccine benefits, improvement in risk assessment, and the need for partnership and coalition building across interventions has also been discussed during the 2014 and 2016 Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forums and the 2016 Geneva Health Forum, as well as in numerous publications including a special issue of Health Affairs in February 2016.The December 2016 expert panel concluded that while progress has been made, additional efforts will be necessary to have a more fully formulated assessment of the FPHV of vaccines included into the evidence-base for the value proposition and analysis of unmet medical need to prioritize vaccine development, vaccine licensure, implementation policies and financing decisions. The desired outcomes of these efforts to establish an alternative framework for vaccine evaluation are a more robust vaccine pipeline, improved appreciation of vaccine value and hence of its relative affordability, and greater public access and acceptance of vaccines.
http://ift.tt/2xPh31H
Prevnar-13 vaccine failure in a mouse model for vitamin A deficiency
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Rhiannon R. Penkert, Amy Iverson, Jason W. Rosch, Julia L. Hurwitz
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is responsible for serious pediatric respiratory infections, and kills close to one million children under the age of five each year. Unfortunately, the Prevnar-13 vaccine (PCV-13) that is used to protect children from the serious consequences of pneumococcus infections is not always successful. Given that vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is known to affect children in both developed and developing countries, we asked if VAD could be responsible, at least in part, for PCV-13 vaccine failures. In a mouse model for VAD, we found that PCV-13 failed to elicit binding and neutralizing antibody activities. Unlike vaccinated, vitamin-replete animals, vaccinated VAD animals were not protected from lethal pneumococcus infections. Results suggest that children with VAD may be susceptible to serious pneumococcal infections even after having received the PCV-13 vaccine.
http://ift.tt/2kWsvCt
Estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness: Evolution of methods to better understand effects of confounding in older adults
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Janet E. McElhaney, Melissa K. Andrew, Shelly A. McNeil
Older adults are at high risk for serious complications of influenza illness and loss of vaccine-mediated protection. It is increasingly recognized that in addition to age, multiple chronic conditions and associated frailty contribute to the decline in vaccine effectiveness in this population. However, observational studies have been fraught with issues of confounding related to the degree of frailty and functional decline, measures of which are not included in standard administrative health care databases that are used to calculate vaccine effectiveness. This issue has led to the identification of confounding by indication or from "healthy vaccinee" bias, which respectively lead to underestimates or overestimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of the criteria used to define influenza-like illness declines with increasing age due to atypical presentations of illness and the inability to distinguish between influenza and other respiratory viruses. The test-negative case:control design has emerged as a method to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness by comparing vaccination rates in those with laboratory-confirmed influenza to those with other acute viral respiratory illnesses. This review provides a perspective on how test-negative case:control study designs and new insights into mechanisms of protection have considerably strengthened influenza vaccination policy decisions for older adults that have historically been undermined by the conclusions of observational studies.
http://ift.tt/2xO7ekx
Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage and burden of its related diseases in Chinese children: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Ya Yang, Xiang Pan, Wanting Cheng, Yu Yang, Robert W. Scherpbier, Xu Zhu, Yue Chen, Yibiao Zhou, Qingwu Jiang
BackgroundHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an important cause of invasive bacterial disease in children worldwide. The limited awareness of disease burden is a major barrier to the introduction of Hib vaccine into China's National Immunization Program. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate carriage of Hib and burden of its related diseases in Chinese children.MethodsWe systematically searched Pubmed, Web of Science, Ovid, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases for studies published up to December 31, 2016, reporting Hib carriage and burden of Hib diseases among children in Mainland China. Pooled estimates were obtained using random-effects models.ResultsWe included 27 studies with 15783 children across 14 provinces. The pooled carriage of Hib was 5.87% (95% CI 3.42–8.33) for healthy children. The pooled proportion of disease due to Hib were 4.06% (95% CI 3.29–4.83) for acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) and 27.32% (95% CI 0.41–54.24) for bacterial meningitis. The proportion of ALRI caused by Hib was higher in northern China than that in the south. Significant heterogeneity was noted across and within regions (P<0.001). After the induction of Hib vaccine, meta-regression showed that carriage of Hib changed little (P=0.725), but the proportion of ALRI caused by Hib in children decreased (P<0.001).ConclusionsHib carriage persists at low levels among children in China. The proportion of ALRI due to Hib infection decreased with year. Incorporation of Hib vaccine into the National Immunization Program could reduce the burden of Hib disease in China.
http://ift.tt/2kWssXj
Changing livestock vaccination policy alters the epidemiology of human anthrax, Georgia, 2000–2013
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Ian Kracalik, Lile Malania, Mariam Broladze, Archil Navdarashvili, Paata Imnadze, Sadie J. Ryan, Jason K. Blackburn
Anthrax is a widely spread zoonotic disease found on nearly every continent. To control the disease in humans and animals, annual livestock vaccination is recommended. However, in 2007, the country of Georgia ended its policy of compulsory annual livestock anthrax vaccination. Our objective was to assess how the epidemiology of human anthrax has evolved from 2000–2013 in Georgia, in the wake of this cessation. We used passive surveillance data on epidemiological surveys of human anthrax case patients. Risk factors and rates of self-reported sources of infection were compared, before and after the change in livestock vaccination policy. We mapped ethnicity-adjusted incidence during the two periods and assessed changes in the spatial pattern of risk. The overall risk of human anthrax increased >5-fold, from 0.7 cases per 100,000 in 2000 to 3.7 cases per 100,000 by 2013. Ethnic disparities in risk became pronounced; from 2000 to 2013, incidence increased >60-fold in Azerbaijanis from 0.35 to 21.1 cases/100,000 Azerbaijanis compared to 0.61 to 1.9 cases/100,000 among ethnic Georgians. Food-borne exposures from purchasing meat increased from 11% in 2000–2006 to 21% in 2007–2013. Spatial analyses revealed a shift from a random pattern of reporting pre-policy change to clustering among district municipalities following the change in policy. Our findings indicate there were unintended human health consequences associated with changing livestock vaccination policy. Following a reduction in the immunizations administered, there was a major shift in the epidemiology of human anthrax in Georgia. Current infection risk is now highest among ethnic minorities. Increased reporting among individuals uncharacteristically at risk for anthrax from foodborne exposures suggests spillover from modes of agricultural production. Given the importance of human-livestock health linkages, careful evaluations of policy need to be undertaken before changes to animal vaccination are made.
http://ift.tt/2xOB7kH
Editorial Board/Aims and Scope
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
http://ift.tt/2kWsqPb
A prospective, placebo controlled study on the humoral immune response to and safety of tetanus revaccination in myasthenia gravis
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Ellen Strijbos, Maartje G. Huijbers, Inge E. van Es, Iris Alleman, Monique M. van Ostaijen-ten Dam, Jaap Bakker, Erik W. van Zwet, Cornelia M. Jol-van der Zijde, Maarten D. van Tol, Jan J. Verschuuren
ObjectiveTo investigate the humoral immune response to and safety of a tetanus revaccination in patients with myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.MethodsA tetanus revaccination was administered to 66 patients. Before and 4weeks after revaccination a blood sample and clinical outcome scores were obtained. Anti-tetanus IgG total, IgG1 and IgG4 titres were measured with an ELISA and disease-specific antibody titres (AChR, MuSK or VGCC) with a radio-immunoprecipitation assay. A historic healthy control group was used for comparing tetanus antibody titres with that of our patients. A placebo (saline) vaccination group was used to investigate the variability of clinical outcome scores with a 4weeks interval.ResultsIn 60 of 65 patients, a significant increase of the anti-tetanus antibody response was measured. Thymectomy did not have an impact on this responsiveness. Patients with immunosuppressive medication had a significantly lower pre and post titre compared to healthy controls, but their response was still significant. The titres of disease-specific antibodies were unchanged 4weeks after revaccination. The clinical outcome scores showed no exacerbation of symptoms of the disease.ConclusionA tetanus revaccination in patients with myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is safe and induces a significant immune response, irrespectively of their immunosuppressive medication. We observed neither immunological nor clinical relevant exacerbations associated with the tetanus revaccination.Clinical trial registryThe tetanus trial is listed on clinicaltrialsregister.eu under 2014-004344-35. The placebo AChR MG group was part of another clinical trial, investigating influenza vaccination in myasthenic patients. This trial is listed on clinicaltrialsregister.eu under 2016-003138-26.
http://ift.tt/2xQnYr8
Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination on hospitalization for invasive disease in children fifteen years after its introduction in Italy
Publication date: 1 November 2017
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Domenico Martinelli, Chiara Azzari, Paolo Bonanni, Susanna Esposito, Elisabetta Franco, Giancarlo Icardi, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Rosa Prato
In Italy, Hib conjugate vaccine was introduced for infants in 1999 and included in the DTaP-HBV-IPV-Hib combination in 2001, with an uptake of 83.4% in 2002, >90% by 2005, and >95% by 2011. We estimated the impact of Hib vaccination on hospitalizations for H. influenzae invasive disease in children <5years.Age-specific hospitalization rates and hospitalization risk ratios (HRRs) with 95%CI during 2001–2013 were calculated performing time-series analysis. The number of cases reported to the national surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases was compared to the number of hospitalizations between 2007–2013.Hospitalization rates declined from 2.3 in 2001 to 0.9×100,000 in 2002 (HRR=0.4, 95%CI=0.3–0.6, p<0.05) among children 1–4years and from 5.4 in 2001 to 2.4×100,000 in 2005 (HRR=0.4, 95%CI=0.2–0.9, p<0.05) among infants.During 2007–2013: 401 cases were reported, 242 were typed, 12.4% were by serotype b; 861 hospital admissions were recorded. Applying the percentage of typed b strains retrieved from the surveillance to the number of hospitalizations for invasive H. influenzae disease, an estimated 107 episodes could be attributable to serotype b.These findings provided reassuring data on the impact of Hib vaccination on the burden of hospitalization for invasive disease in Italian children.
http://ift.tt/2kYltgr
Hepatitis B vaccine and the need for a booster dose after primary vaccination
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Claudia Pileggi, Rosa Papadopoli, Aida Bianco, Maria Pavia
ObjectivesProtective antibodies levels, induced by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, persist for long-term after primary immunization, but there is evidence that, as the time since vaccination increases, there is a reduced ability to maintain immune memory. The study aim was to determine the prevalence and the duration of persistence of an anti-HBs titer with ≥10mIU/mL and eventual predictors of reduced seroprotection.MethodsThe study was conducted among students attending medical and healthcare professions schools from January 2014 to June 2016. Data were collected through the review of medical records completed during the medical surveillance visit. All subjects had received HBV vaccine according to the Italian Ministry of Health indications.ResultsThe results are reported for 722 subjects. Positive anti-HBs titer was found in 72.6% (95% CI=69–76). The mean age of the subjects was 25.5years. Subjects vaccinated during adolescence and students that had received an adult vaccine dose were significantly more likely to be seroprotected. The longer the time interval since vaccination the lower the probability of being seroprotected; however if the role of time since vaccination was considered after stratification by vaccine dose, a statistically significant association with a lower percentage of seroprotected remains only in the subgroup of subjects who received the pediatric dose. The findings of the multivariate regression analysis partially confirmed those of the univariate analysis.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our findings show that over 25% of HBV vaccine recipients had an antiHBs titer <10mIU/ml after 18years of more from the primary vaccination. Furthermore, in the case a booster dose would be needed, our results suggest that the vaccination strategy should prefer administration of a vaccine adult dose during early adolescence, since it might offer longer-term protection through adulthood.
http://ift.tt/2xOZ7UD
Elaboration of tetravalent antibody responses against dengue viruses using a subunit vaccine comprised of a single consensus dengue envelope sequence
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Jin Sun, Min Li, Yinan Wang, Pei Hao, Xia Jin
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are re-emerging pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Each year, they are estimated to infect 390 million people globally. The major challenge confronting dengue vaccine development is the need to induce balanced, long lasting tetravalent immune responses against four co-circulating virus serotypes (DENV-I, -II, -III, -IV), because primary infection by any one of which may predispose infected individuals to more severe diseases during a heterotypic secondary infection. Another difficulty is to select representative strains in vaccine design to provide cross-protection against most circulating virus strains. In this study, aimed at developing a tetravalent subunit vaccine with a representative single protein, we designed two vaccines (named cE80(D4) and cE80(max)) based on the consensus sequences of the ectodomain of envelope protein of 3127 DENV strains, and then expressed them in the baculovirus expression system. Both vaccines were capable of eliciting specific antibodies against all four DENV serotypes, and the predominant IgG subtype elicited by the two vaccines was IgG1. Moreover, these vaccines activated both type I and type II antigen-specific helper T cells that secreted IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively. This proof-of-concept study has set foundation for further optimization of a single protein-based tetravalent DENV vaccine.
http://ift.tt/2x4NqVE
Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine co-administered with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine versus separate administration, in adults ≥50years of age: Results from a phase III, randomized, non-inferiority trial
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Opokua Ofori-Anyinam, Geert Leroux-Roels, Mamadou Drame, Annelies Aerssens, Cathy Maes, Arshad Amanullah, Anne Schuind, Ping Li, Varsha K. Jain, Bruce L. Innis
IntroductionWe compared co-administration versus separate administration of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in adults at high risk of complications of influenza and pneumococcal infection.MethodsThis phase III, placebo-controlled, observer-blind trial (NCT02218697) was conducted in France and Belgium during the 2014–2015 influenza season. Adults≥50years of age meeting their country's vaccination recommendations were randomized 1:1 to co-administration or separate administration. Immunogenicity was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers for IIV4 and 22F-inhibition ELISA for PPV23. Co-primary objectives were to demonstrate non-inferiority of co-administration versus separate administration in terms of geometric mean titer (GMT) ratio for each influenza strain in the IIV4 and geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratio for six pneumococcal serotypes (1, 3, 4, 7F, 14, 19A) in the PPV23 in the per-protocol cohort (N=334).ResultsThe study met its co-primary objectives, with the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the GMT and GMC ratios (separate administration over co-administration) being ≤2.0 for all four antigens of the IIV4 and the six pre-selected serotypes of the PPV23, respectively. Immunogenicity of the IIV4 and PPV23 was similar regardless of administration schedule. In a post hoc analysis pooling participants ≥60years of age from the co-administration and separate administration groups, IIV4 immunogenicity was similar in higher risk adults with comorbidities (diabetes; respiratory, heart, kidney, liver, or neurological diseases; morbid obesity) versus those without. Both vaccines had an acceptable safety and reactogenicity profile; pain was the most common symptom, occurring more often with co-administration than separate administration.ConclusionThe IIV4 and PPV23 can be co-administered without reducing antibody responses reflecting protection against influenza or pneumococcal disease. Co-administration of PPV23 at the annual influenza vaccination visit may improve uptake. Comorbidities had no impact on IIV4 immunogenicity, supporting its value in older adults with chronic medical conditions.Clinical Trial Registry Number: NCT02218697.
http://ift.tt/2yunmVs
Protection of White Leghorn chickens by U.S. emergency H5 vaccination against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Kateri Bertran, Charles Balzli, Dong-Hun Lee, David L. Suarez, Darrell R. Kapczynski, David E. Swayne
During December 2014–June 2015, the U.S. experienced a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx Goose/Guangdong lineage viruses with devastating consequences for the poultry industry. Three vaccines, developed based on updating existing registered vaccines or currently licensed technologies, were evaluated for possible use: an inactivated reverse genetics H5N1 vaccine (rgH5N1) and an RNA particle vaccine (RP-H5), both containing the hemagglutinin gene of clade 2.3.4.4 strain, and a recombinant herpesvirus turkey vectored vaccine (rHVT-H5) containing the hemagglutinin gene of clade 2.2 strain. The efficacy of the three vaccines, alone or in combination, was assessed in White Leghorn chickens against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 HPAI virus challenge. In Study 1, single (rHVT-H5) and prime-boost (rHVT-H5+rgH5N1 or rHVT-H5+RP-H5) vaccination strategies protected chickens with high levels of protective immunity and significantly reduced virus shedding. In Study 2, single vaccination with either rgH5N1 or RP-H5 vaccines provided clinical protection in adult chickens and significantly reduced virus shedding. In Study 3, double rgH5N1 vaccination protected adult chickens from clinical signs and mortality when challenged 20weeks post-boost, with high levels of long-lasting protective immunity and significantly reduced virus shedding. These studies support the use of genetically related vaccines, possibly in combination with a broad protective priming vaccine, for emergency vaccination programs against clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAI virus in young and adult layer chickens.
http://ift.tt/2x4NoNw
Homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different H5 hemagglutinins provide variable protection of chickens from the 2014 U.S. H5N8 and H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
Source:Vaccine, Volume 35, Issue 46
Author(s): Darrell R. Kapczynski, Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, Erica Spackman, Klaudia Chrzastek, David L. Suarez, David E. Swayne
From December 2014 to June 2015, a novel H5 Eurasian A/goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus caused the largest animal health emergency in US history resulting in mortality or culling of greater than 48 million poultry. The outbreak renewed interest in developing intervention strategies, including vaccines, for these newly emergent HPAI viruses. In these studies, several existing H5 vaccines or vaccine seed strains with varying genetic relatedness (85–100%) to the 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses were evaluated for protection in poultry. Chickens received a single dose of either an inactivated whole H5 AI vaccine, or a recombinant fowl poxvirus or turkey herpesvirus-vectored vaccines with H5 AI hemagglutinin gene inserts followed by challenge with either a U.S. wild bird H5N8 (A/gyrfalcon/Washington/40188-6/2014) or H5N2 (A/northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014) clade 2.3.4.4 isolate. Results indicate that most inactivated H5 vaccines provided 100% protection from lethal effects of H5N8 or H5N2 challenge. In contrast, the recombinant live vectored vaccines only provided partial protection which ranged from 40 to 70%. Inactivated vaccine groups, in general, had lower number of birds shedding virus and at lower virus titers then the recombinant vaccine groups. Interestingly, prechallenge antibody titers using the HPAI challenge viruses as antigen in heterologous vaccine groups were typically low (≤2 log2), yet the majority of these birds survived challenge. Taken together, these studies suggest that existing vaccines when used in a single immunization strategy may not provide adequate protection in poultry against the 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Updating the H5 hemagglutinin to be genetically closer to the outbreak virus and/or using a prime-boost strategy may be necessary for optimal protection.
http://ift.tt/2yu3otK
Τρίτη 17 Οκτωβρίου 2017
Phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and future research of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl: A review
Publication date: 10 January 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 210
Author(s): Zhaoyi Wang, Qing Xia, Xin Liu, Wenxue Liu, Wanzhen Huang, Xue Mei, Jun Luo, Mingxu Shan, Zhiqiang Ma, Ruichao Lin
Ethnopharmacological relevanceForsythiae Fructus (called Lianqiao in Chinese), the fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, is utilized as a common traditional medicine in China, Japan and Korea. It is traditionally used to treat pyrexia, inflammation, gonorrhea, carbuncle and erysipelas. Depending on the different harvest time, Forsythiae Fructus can be classified into two forms, namely Qingqiao and Laoqiao. The greenish fruits that start to ripen are collected as Qingqiao, while the yellow fruits that are fully ripe are collected as Laoqiao. Both are applied to medical use. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of F. suspensa (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) and to reveal the correlation between the traditional uses and pharmacological activities so as to offer inspiration for future research.Materials and methodsAll corresponding information about F. suspensa was searched by Scifinder and obtained from scientific databases including Springer, Science Direct, Wiley, Pubmed and China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). Local dissertations and books were searched as well.ResultsAccording to classical Chinese herbal texts and Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Forsythiae Fructus dominantly displays heat-clearing and detoxifying effects in TCM prescriptions. In modern research, more than 230 compounds were separated and identified from F. suspensa. 211 Of them were isolated from fruits. Lignans and phenylethanoid glycosides are considered as the characteristic and active constituents of this herb, such as forsythiaside, phillyrin, rutin and phillygenin. They exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-virus, anti-cancer and anti-allergy effects, etc. Currently, there is no report on the toxicity of Forsythiae Fructus, despite slight toxicity of forsythiaside reported in local publications. Compared to Laoqiao, Qingqiao contains higher levels of forsythiaside, forsythoside C, cornoside, rutin, phillyrin, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid and lower levels of rengyol, β-glucose and S-suspensaside methyl ether.ConclusionHeat-clearing actions of Forsythiae Fructus are based on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of lignans and phenylethanoid glycosides. Detoxifying effects attribute to the antibacterial, antiviral and anti-cancer activities of Forsythiae Fructus. And traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characteristics of Forsythiae Fructus (bitter flavor, slightly cold nature and lung meridian) supported its strong anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities of Forsythiae Fructus contribute to its anti-cancer and neuroprotective activities. The higher proportion of lignans and phenylethanoid glycosides in Qingqiao than Laoqiao might explain the better antioxidant ability of Qingqiao and more frequent uses of Qingqiao in TCM prescriptions. For future research, more in vivo experiments and clinical studies are encouraged to further clarify the relation between traditional uses and modern applications. Regarding to Qingqiao and Laoqiao, they remain to be differentiated by all-round quality control methods, and the chemical compositions and clinical effects between them should be compared.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2grFoDc
Curcumol induces cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells via reactive oxygen species and Akt/ GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathway
Publication date: 10 January 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 210
Author(s): Juan Wang, Xu-mei Li, Zhun Bai, Bi-xia Chi, Yan Wei, Xu Chen
Ethnopharmacological relevanceCurcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang (Guangxi ezhu, in Chinese) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, has been used as a traditionally Chinese medicine nearly 2000 year. Curcumol is one of the guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal isolated from medicine plant Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang, which has been reported possesses anti-cancer effects. Our previous study found that the most contribution to inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth was curcumol.Aim of the studyTo assess the effect of curcumol on cell cycle arrest against human colon cancer cells (CRC) cells (LoVo and SW480) and explore its mechanism in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methodsCurcumol was dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol. The concentration of absolute ethyl alcohol in the control group or in experimental samples was always 1/500 (v/v) of the final medium volume. LoVo and SW480 cells were treated with different concentrations of curcumol (0, 53, 106, 212 and 424μM). And then the cell cycle of each group was examined by flow cytometry. The protein levels of PI3K, p-Akt, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and GSK3β were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, cyclin D1, CDK4, P27, p21, and P16 in the treated cells were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the antitumor activity of curcumol was evaluated in nude mice bearing orthotopic tumor implants.ResultsCurcumol induced cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase. RT-qPCR and Western blot data showed that curcumol enhanced the expression of GSK3β, P27, p21 and P16, and decreased the levels of PI3K, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), cyclin D1, CDK4, cyclin E and CDK2. Furthermore, curcumol induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in LoVo cells, and ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly reversed curcumol-induced cell growth inhibition. Besides, curcumol also prevented the growth of human colon cancer cells xenografts in nude mouse, accompanied by the reduction of PI3K, Akt, cyclin D1, CDK4, cycln E and significant increase of GSK3β.ConclusionsCurcumol caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by ROS production and Akt/ GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathways inactivation, indicating the potential of curcumol in the prevention of colon cancer carcinogenesis.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2gr9Ayl
Antitussive, antispasmodic, bronchodilating and cardiac inotropic effects of the essential oil from Blepharocalyx salicifolius leaves
Publication date: 10 January 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 210
Author(s): Jehison Jiménez Hernández, María Inés Ragone, Patricia Bonazzola, Arnaldo L. Bandoni, Alicia E. Consolini
Ethnopharmacology relevanceBlepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) is a tree native to Argentina and Uruguay that grows and is cultivated along the riverside of the Rio de la Plata. The leaves of this plant species, locally known as "anacahuita" are used in South America to prepare infusions for the empiric treatment of cough and bronchospasm, as well as diarrhoea and other intestinal disorders. Although previous phytochemical studies have been performed with the essential oil extracted from Blepharocalyx salicifolius, pharmacological evidence supporting its traditional use is still lacking.Aim of the studyTo experimentally evaluate the pharmacological properties of Blepharocalyx salicifolius based on its traditional use. The studies were performed with tincture (T-Bs) and essential oil (EO-Bs) prepared from its leaves, in isolated rat trachea, intestine and heart preparations.MethodsThe ex-vivo effects of T-Bs and EO-Bs were evaluated with the agonists carbachol (CCh) and calcium chloride (Ca2+) in the contractile concentration-response curves (CRC) of the isolated intestine. The muscle relaxant effect of EO-Bs was evaluated in the isolated trachea and compared with the effect achieved with papaverine as a positive control. The T-Bs and EO-Bs cardiac effects were analysed by perfusion of an isolated rat heart before a period of ischemia/reperfusion (stunning model). The antitussive effect of both T-Bs and EO-Bs was evaluated in mice exposed to ammonia using codeine as a positive control.ResultsBoth T-Bs and EO-Bs induced a non-competitive inhibition of the CCh-CRC in the rat intestine, with IC50 values of 170.3±48.5µg T-Bs/mL (n = 6) and 5.9±1.6µg EO-Bs/mL (n = 6), respectively. EO-Bs also inhibited non-competitively the Ca2+-CRC, with IC50 value of 1.8±0.3µg EO-Bs/mL (n = 8). A similar effect was obtained with the main active component of the EO-Bs 1,8-cineole. In isolated trachea, EO-Bs induced the relaxation of the CCh-contracted tissue (1.7±0.2µg EO-Bs/mL, n = 11) up to a maximal relaxation that was 1.9 times higher than that of papaverine. In the isolated heart, EO-Bs induced a poor negative inotropic response, and did not improve the contractile and energetic recovery after ischemia and reperfusion. In the mouse cough model, EO-Bs (90mg/Kg) was as effective as codeine (30mg/Kg) in reducing cough frequency.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the preparations from Blepharocalyx salicifolius leaves were effective as central antitussive, bronchodilating and antispasmodic agents, suggestive of a mechanism associated with the inhibition of Ca2+ influx into smooth muscle. The EO-Bs displayed only a poor ability to reduce cardiac inotropism, and was devoid of any cardioprotective properties. Thus, the present study validates the traditional use of this South American plant for asthma, cough and bronchospasm, shedding new light into its potency and putative mechanism of action.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2gqRrQY
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl with mutation G143A in the Cyt b gene is the source of a difficult-to-control allergen
Abstract
The saprotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata is widespread in the agro-environment and produces more than ten allergenic proteins, mostly protein Alt a 1. The frequency of the Alt a 1 gene was analyzed in a group of A. alternata isolates from winter wheat kernels obtained in Poland, and the effectiveness of various fungicides targeting the pathogen was evaluated. The Alt a 1 gene was identified in four of the seven tested isolates. A. alternata colonized 35.67% kernels on average, but its frequency increased in stored grain where the presence of epiphytes was noted on 23.09 to 51.38% kernels, and endophytes—in 26.21 to 42.01% of kernels. The efficacy of field-applied fungicides did not exceed 50%, despite the fact that A. alternata is highly sensitive to propiconazole, fenpropimorph, and tebuconazole under in vitro conditions. The analyzed isolates were characterized by limited sensitivity to azoxystrobin (EC50 ranged from 0.505 to 1.350 μg cm−3) due to a mutation at codon 143 of the CYT b gene, responsible for resistance to quinone outside inhibitor fungicides, which was noted in all isolates. The spread of A. alternata can be effectively controlled with suitable fungicides and by monitoring the prevalence of pathogenic isolates in the environment.
http://ift.tt/2xQ4y5I
Multi-site lymphatic venous anastomosis using echography to detect suitable subcutaneous vein in severe lymphedema patients
The method of lymphatic venous anastomosis (LVA), including its indications or pre-operative examinations, has not been established. The purpose of this study is to reveal the possible application of pre-operative echography in surgical LVA outcome.
http://ift.tt/2yvLubJ
Three-stage folded forehead flap for nasal reconstruction: objective and subjective measurements of aesthetic and functional outcomes.
This three-stage folded forehead flap (FFF) proved to be a simple and readily available method of lining replacement. To date, no clinical trial has evaluated the outcomes of the FFF the nose shape and function.
http://ift.tt/2xMa2Ka
Investigating the pros and cons of browns gas and varying EGR on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engine
Abstract
The significance of mileage to the fruitful operation of a trucking organization cannot be downplayed. Fuel is one of the biggest variable expenses in a trucking wander. An attempt is made in this research to improve the combustion efficiency of a diesel engine for better fuel economy by introducing hydroxy gas which is also called browns gas or HHO gas in the suction line, without compromising performance and emission. Brown's gas facilitates the air-fuel mixture to ignite faster and efficient combustion. By considering safety and handling issues in automobiles, HHO gas generation by electrolysis of water in the presence of sodium bicarbonate electrolytes (NaHCO3) and usage was explored in this research work over compressed pure hydrogen, due to generation and capacity of immaculate hydrogen as of now confines the application in diesel engine operation. Brown's gas was utilized as a supplementary fuel in a single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. Experiments were carried out on a constant speed engine at 1500 rpm, result shows at constant HHO flow rate of 0.73 liter per minute (LPM), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases by 7% at idle load to 16% at full load, and increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 8.9% at minimum load to 19.7% at full load. In the dual fuel (diesel +HHO) operation, CO emissions decreases by 19.4, 64.3, and 34.6% at 25, 50, and 75% load, respectively, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions decreased by 11.3% at minimum load to 33.5% at maximum load at the expense of NOx emission increases by 1.79% at 75% load and 1.76% at full load than neat diesel operation. The negative impact of an increase in NOx is reduced by adding EGR. It was evidenced in this experimental work that the use of Brown's gas with EGR in the dual fuel mode in a diesel engine improves the fuel efficiency, performance, and reduces the exhaust emissions.
http://ift.tt/2yxPCbS
Determination of element composition and extraterrestrial material occurrence in moss and lichen samples from King George Island (Antarctica) using reactor neutron activation analysis and SEM microscopy
Abstract
Seven lichens (Usnea antarctica and U. aurantiacoatra) and nine moss samples (Sanionia uncinata) collected in King George Island were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis, and concentration of major and trace elements was calculated. For some elements, the concentrations observed in moss samples were higher than corresponding values reported from other sites in the Antarctica, but in the lichens, these were in the same range of concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and statistical analysis showed large influence of volcanic-origin particles. Also, the interplanetary cosmic particles (ICP) were observed in investigated samples, as mosses and lichens are good collectors of ICP and micrometeorites.
http://ift.tt/2gqxfPa
Adsorption and desorption for dynamics transport of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in soil column
Abstract
Batch experiments have been carried out to study the adsorption of heavy metals in soils, and the migration and transformation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the soil of a vegetable base were studied by dynamic adsorption and desorption soil column experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of initial concentration and pH value on the adsorption process of Cr(VI). Breakthrough curve were used to evaluate the capacity of Cr(VI) adsorption in soil columns. The results show that the higher the initial concentration, the worse the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI). The adsorption of Cr(VI) was strongly sensitive to pH value. The capacity of Cr(VI) adsorption is maximized at very low pH value. This may be due to changes in pH that cause a series of complex reactions in Cr(VI). In a strongly acidic environment, the reaction of Cr(VI) with hydrogen ions is accompanied by the formation of Cr3+, which reacts with the soil free iron-aluminum oxide to produce hydroxide in the soil. The results of the desorption experiments indicate that Cr(VI) is more likely to leach from this soil, but if the eluent is a strong acid solution, the leaching process will be slow and persistent. During the experiment, the pH value of the effluent was in the range of 7–8.5, which tends to the original pH value of the soil. It is indicating that the soil has a strong buffer on the acid liquid. The program CXTFIT was used to fit the breakthrough curve to estimate parameters. The results of the calculation of the dispersion coefficient (D) can be obtained by this program. The two-site model fit the breakthrough curve data of Cr(VI) well, and the parameters calculated by the CXTFIT can be used to explain the behavior of Cr(VI) migration and transformation in soil columns. When pH = 2, the retardation factor (R) reach at 79.71 while the value of the R is generally around 10 in other experiments. The partitioning coefficient β shows that more than half of the adsorption sites are instantaneous in this adsorption process and non-equilibrium affects the Cr(VI) transport process in this soil.
http://ift.tt/2yxEOdy
Assessment of filtration efficiency and physiological responses of selected plant species to indoor air pollutants (toluene and 2-ethylhexanol) under chamber conditions
Abstract
Three common plant species (Dieffenbachia maculata, Spathiphyllum wallisii, and Asparagus densiflorus) were tested against their capacity to remove the air pollutants toluene (20.0 mg m−3) and 2-ethylhexanol (14.6 mg m−3) under light or under dark in chamber experiments of 48-h duration. Results revealed only limited pollutant filtration capabilities and indicate that aerial plant parts of the tested species are only of limited value for indoor air quality improvement. The removal rate constant ranged for toluene from 3.4 to 5.7 L h−1 m−2 leaf area with no significant differences between plant species or light conditions (light/dark). The values for 2-ethylhexanol were somewhat lower, fluctuating around 2 L h−1 m−2 leaf area for all plant species tested, whereas differences between light and dark were observed for two of the three species. In addition to pollutant removal, CO2 fixation/respiration and transpiration as well as quantum yield were evaluated. These physiological characteristics seem to have no major impact on the VOC removal rate constant. Exposure to toluene or 2-ethylhexanol revealed no or only minor effects on D. maculata and S. wallisii. In contrast, a decrease in quantum yield and CO2 fixation was observed for A. densiflorus when exposed to 2-ethylhexanol or toluene under light, indicating phytotoxic effects in this species.
http://ift.tt/2gqtnOc
Breast Reduction: Decreasing Complications and Improving Long-Term Aesthetic Results with Parenchymal Sutures
Background: The inverted T/keyhole pattern is commonly used for large breast reductions. This technique relies on the breast skin to retain the shape. With the passage of time "fallout" (pseudoptosis) occurs impairing the cosmetic result. A technique is described that uses parenchymal sutures and inframammary fold (IMF) reinforcement sutures to maintain the intraoperative shape. Methods: A retrospective study of 25 consecutive patients (50 breasts) where the IMF was reinforced and parenchymal sutures were inserted. The patients were followed up and the nipple to notch and nipple to IMF distance was measured and compared with that marked preoperatively and set intraoperatively. Complications, especially T junction breakdown, were also recorded. Results: The mean age was 38 years (range, 16–62 years) with a mean follow-up of 12 months. The mean body mass index was 31 (range, 22–41). The mean mass of tissue excised was 925 g (range, 340–1,800 g) per side. The distance from the suprasternal notch to the nipple remained unchanged. The distance from the nipple to the IMF remained the same as that marked preoperatively except in 3 patients who developed pseudoptosis. Only 3 patients had wound dehiscence. Conclusion: Parenchymal and superficial fascial system sutures combined with IMF reinforcement contributes to maintaining the aesthetic result and decreasing complications, in weight stable patients.http://ift.tt/2zf3Efk
Relationship between empathic processing and drinking behavior in project MATCH
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 77
Author(s): Charles S.H. Robinson, Kathryn Fokas, Katie Witkiewitz
IntroductionFamily relationships, social connectedness and a greater network of supportive others each predict better drinking outcomes among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The association between social factors and drinking may be related to the ability of individuals to take the perspectives of others' mental and emotional states, defined as empathic processing (EP). As such, it may be the case that EP is associated with social support (SS) and drinking behavior among individuals with AUD, yet few prior studies have attempted to define EP in an AUD sample.MethodsThe current study was a secondary data analysis of Project MATCH (N=1726) using structural equation modeling to model EP as a latent factor. The study also sought to test the baseline associations between EP, SS, and drinking behavior, as well as sex differences in the associations between EP, SS, and drinking. It was hypothesized that EP would be positively associated with SS and negatively associated with drinking behavior.ResultsResults suggested adequate model fit of the EP construct. Structural equation models indicated significant associations between EP, SS, and both drinking consequences and percent drinking days, but only for males. Males reported significantly lower EP and SS from friends, but more SS from family, compared to females. EP was not related to drinking among females.ConclusionsThe current study validated a model of EP in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with alcohol use disorder. Future work may consider EP as a treatment-modifiable risk factor for drinking frequency and consequences in males.
http://ift.tt/2ytvrcP
Alcohol expectancies longitudinally predict drinking and the alcohol myopia effects of relief, self-inflation, and excess
Publication date: February 2018
Source:Addictive Behaviors, Volume 77
Author(s): Andrew Lac, Nathaniel Brack
IntroductionAlcohol myopia theory posits that alcohol consumption attenuates information processing capacity, and that expectancy beliefs together with intake level are responsible for experiences in myopic effects (relief, self-inflation, and excess).MethodsAdults (N=413) averaging 36.39 (SD=13.02) years of age completed the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol questionnaire at baseline, followed by alcohol use measures (frequency and quantity) and the Alcohol Myopia Scale one month later. Three structural equation models based on differing construct manifestations of alcohol expectancies served to longitudinally forecast alcohol use and myopia.ResultsIn Model 1, overall expectancy predicted greater alcohol use and higher levels of all three myopic effects. In Model 2, specifying separate positive and negative expectancy factors, positive but not negative expectancy predicted greater use. Furthermore, positive expectancy and use explained higher myopic relief and higher self-inflation, whereas positive expectancy, negative expectancy, and use explained higher myopic excess. In Model 3, the seven specific expectancy subscales (sociability, tension reduction, liquid courage, sexuality, cognitive and behavioral impairment, risk and aggression, and self-perception) were simultaneously specified as predictors. Tension reduction expectancy, sexuality expectancy, and use contributed to higher myopic relief; sexuality expectancy and use explained higher myopic self-inflation; and risk and aggression expectancy and use accounted for higher myopic excess. Across all three predictive models, the total variance explained ranged from 12 to 19% for alcohol use, 50 to 51% for relief, 29 to 34% for self-inflation, and 32 to 35% for excess.ConclusionsFindings support that the type of alcohol myopia experienced is a concurrent function of self-fulfilling alcohol prophecies and drinking levels. The interpreted measurement manifestation of expectancy yielded different prevention implications.
http://ift.tt/2x3upmx
The influence of sleep on human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity: a systematic review
Inadequate sleep is highly prevalent and known to decline both physical- and mental health. Literature suggests that altered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis might underlie this association. This assumption is mainly based on changes in basal neuroendocrine activity and it is of equal importance to elucidate whether sleep may also influence HPA stress responsiveness. The present review provides a complete outline of recent human studies that have investigated how different aspects of sleep influence cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress.
http://ift.tt/2ySR6y4
Scholar : These new articles for International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health are available online
|
Secular trends in height, weight and body mass index of primary school children in Turkey between 1993 and 2016
Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print
http://ift.tt/2yRFdbW
Effects of 1-year growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid volume and function of the children and adolescents with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print
http://ift.tt/2hNdwWT
Early-onset severe obesity due to complete deletion of the leptin gene in a boy
Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Issue: Ahead of print
http://ift.tt/2yRcnbD
Scholar : These new articles for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology are available online
|
Evaluation of mean transit time of aerosols from the area of origin to the Arctic with 210Pb/210Po daily monitoring data
Publication date: Available online 17 October 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
Author(s): Weihua Zhang, Baki Sadi, Christopher Rinaldo, Jing Chen, Norman Spencer, Kurt Ungar
In this study, the activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po on the 22 daily air filter samples, collected at CTBT Yellowknife station from September 2015 to April 2016, were analysed. To estimate the time scale of atmospheric long-range transport aerosol bearing 210Pb in the Arctic during winter, the mean transit time of aerosol bearing 210Pb from its origin was determined based on the activity ratios of 210Po/210Pb and the parent-progeny decay/ingrowth equation. The activity ratios of 210Po/210Pb varied between 0.06 and 0.21 with a median value of 0.11. The aerosol mean transit time based the activity ratio of 210Po/210Pb suggests longer mean transit time of 210Pb aerosols in winter (12 d) than in autumn (3.7 d) and spring (2.9 d).Four years 210Pb and 212Pb monitoring results and meteorological conditions at the Yellowknife station indicate that the 212Pb activity is mostly of local origin, and that 210Pb aerosol in wintertime are mainly from outside of the Arctic regions in common with other pollutants and sources contributing to the Arctic. The activity concentration ratios of 210Pb and 212Pb have a relatively constant value in summer with a significant peak observed in winter, centered in the month of February. Comparison of the 210Pb/212Pb activity ratios and the estimated mean 210Pb transit time, the mean aerosol transit times were real reflection of the atmosphere transport characteristics, which can be used as a radio-chronometer for the transport of air masses to the Arctic region.
http://ift.tt/2yvcFmV
Functionalized polyethylene fibers for the selective capture of palladium ions from aqueous solution
Publication date: 1 March 2018
Source:Applied Surface Science, Volume 433
Author(s): Li-juan Pang, Rong Li, Jiang-tao Hu, Lin-juan Zhang, Ming-xing Zhang, Chen-guang Yang, Guo-zhong Wu
An innovative ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibrous adsorbent was successfully synthesized via radiation grafting and applied to the selective capture of palladium ions from dilute aqueous solutions. The influence of the pH, initial Pd(II) concentration, and temperature on the adsorption performance was examined in a batch adsorption experiment. Pd K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra indicated that Pd(II) was immobilized on the adsorbent surface via a ligand exchange reaction that formed a stable UHMWPE-PMDA-Pd complex. Although the concentrations of coexisting ions (Cu(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI), Fe(III), and Ni(II)) in the solution were much higher than that of Pd(II), the adsorption capacity for Pd(II) of the as-prepared absorbent was significantly greater than that for other metal ions. Kinetic studies showed good correlation with the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum capacity for Pd(II) adsorption was approximately 221.8mg·g−1 at 298K. The adsorption behavior conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of Pd(II) was a feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic process.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2yuIgDS
Structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of transition metal complexes of a hydrazone ligand
Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1154
Author(s): Raghavendra P. Bakale, Ganesh N. Naik, Shrinath S. Machakanur, Chandrashekhar V. Mangannavar, Iranna S. Muchchandi, Kalagouda B. Gudasi
A hydrazone ligand has been synthesized by the condensation of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and hydralazine, and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been reported. Structural characterization of the ligand and its metal complexes has been performed by various spectroscopic [IR, NMR, UV–Vis, Mass], thermal and other physicochemical methods. The structure of the ligand and its Ni(II) complex has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity is tested against Gram-positive strains Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae using ciprofloxacin as the reference standard. Antifungal activity is tested against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger using ketoconazole as the reference standard. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for test compounds as well as for reference standard. Ligand, Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have shown excellent activity against Candida albicans.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2kVcz3j
Coordination-organometallic hybrid materials based on the trinuclear M(II)-Ru(II) (M=Ni and Zn) complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, luminescence and electrochemical properties
Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1154
Author(s): S.B. Pawal, S.R. Lolage, S.S. Chavan
A new series of trinuclear complexes of the type Ni[R-C6H4NCH(O)C6H3CCRu(dppe)2Cl]2 (1a-c) and Zn[RC6H4NCH(O)C6H3CCRu(dppe)2Cl]2 (2a-c) have been prepared from the reaction of trans-[RuCl(dppe)2CCC6H3(OH)(CHO)] (1) with aniline, 4-nitroaniline and 4-methoxyaniline (R1-3) in presence of nickel acetate and zinc acetate in CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) mixture. The structural properties of the complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques viz. FTIR, UV-Visible, 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectral studies. The crystal structure and morphology of the hybrid complexes was investigated with the help of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal properties of 1a-c and 2a-c were studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The electrochemical behaviour of the complexes reveals that all complexes displayed a quasireversible redox behaviour corresponding to Ru(II)/Ru(III) and Ni(II)/Ni(III) couples for 1a-c and only Ru(II)/Ru(III) couple for 2a-c. All complexes are emissive in solution at room temperature revealing the influence of substituents and solvent polarity on emission properties of the complexes.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2kWy6J4
Preremedial assessment of the municipal landfill pollution impact on soil and shallow groundwater in Subotica, Serbia
Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Science of The Total Environment, Volume 615
Author(s): Dejan Krčmar, Slaven Tenodi, Nenad Grba, Djurdja Kerkez, Malcolm Watson, Srdjan Rončević, Božo Dalmacija
Most regional municipal solid waste landfills in Serbia are operated without control of landfill leachate and gas or with no regard for implementation of national and European legislation. For the first time in Serbia, groundwater and soil at a landfill were subject to systematic annual monitoring according to national, European legislation and adopted methodologies. Characterisation of the groundwater and soil samples from the landfill included ten metals (Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Hg), 16 EPA PAHs, nutrients and certain physicochemical parameters, in order to assess the risks such poorly controlled landfills pose to the environment. This impact assessment was performed using specially adapted pollution indices: LWPI, the Single factor pollution index and the Nemerow index for groundwater, and geo-accumulation index, ecological risk factor and selected rations of PAHs for soil. The data analysis included multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis of principal component analysis (PCA/FA)) in order to assess the extent of the contaminants detected in the groundwater and soil samples.The pollution indices (LWPI: 3.56–8.89; Nemerow index: 2.02–3.78) indicate the quality of the groundwater at the landfill is degrading over time, with PAH16, TOC, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn as the substances of greatest concern. Heavy metals Hg (Igeo≤3.14), Pb (Igeo≤2.22), Cr (Igeo≤3.31) and Cu (Igeo≤2.16) represent the worst soil contamination. Hg has moderate (52.9) to very high (530.0) potential ecological risk, demonstrating the long-term potential effects of bioaccumulation and biomagnification.The results of this work indicate that Cr and Cu should possibly be added to the EU Watch List of emerging substances. This proposition is substantiated by relevant state and alike environmental information from nations in the region. This study demonstrates the need to develop a model for prioritization of landfill closure and remediation based on environmental risk assessment.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2kWJPr5
Second-harmonic generation of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation of solids in liquids
Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 99
Author(s): Israel Rocha-Mendoza, Santiago Camacho-López, Yryx Y. Luna-Palacios, Yasmín Esqueda-Barrón, Miguel A. Camacho-López, Marco Camacho-López, Guillermo Aguilar
We report the synthesis of small zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) based colloidal suspensions and the study of second-harmonic generation from aggregated ZnO NPs deposited on glass substrates. The colloidal suspensions were obtained using the laser ablation of solids in liquids technique, ablating a Zn solid target immersed in acetone as the liquid medium, with ns-laser pulses (1064nm) of a Nd-YAG laser. The per pulse laser fluence, the laser repetition rate frequency and the ablation time were kept constant. The absorption evolution of the obtained suspensions was optically characterized through absorption spectroscopy until stabilization. Raman spectroscopy, SEM and HRTEM were used to provide evidence of the ZnO NPs structure. HRTEM results showed that 5–8nm spheroids ZnO NPs were obtained. Strong second-harmonic signal is obtained from random ZnO monocrystalline NPs and from aggregated ZnO NPs, suggesting that the high efficiency of the nonlinear process may not depend on the NPs size or aggregation state.
http://ift.tt/2kWJJzJ
Altered Macular Microvasculature in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease.
http://ift.tt/2zfp4Jz
Clinical profile of silent growth hormone pituitary adenomas; higher recurrence rate compared to silent gonadotroph pituitary tumors, a large single center experience
Abstract
Purpose
Study and comparison of characteristics of silent growth hormone adenomas (SGHA), silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA), and silent gonadotroph adenomas (SGA) in a single institution cohort of surgically treated pituitary adenomas.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of SGHA surgically resected over 10 years: SGHA was defined as no clinical or biochemical evidence of acromegaly and positive GH immunostaining.
Results
Of 814 pituitary surgeries; 2.1% (n = 17) were SGHA, 4.5% (n = 37) SCA, and 18.9% (n = 70/371; 2011–2016) SGA. Mean age at SGHA diagnosis was 43 years, with a large female predominance (82%). Mean tumor size and cavernous/sphenoid sinus invasiveness for SGHA, SCA, and SGA were 1.5 ± 1.0 cm and 25%, 2.5 ± 1.2 cm and 43%, 2.9 ± 2.0 cm and 41%, respectively (tumor size p = 0.009, SGHA vs. SGA, and invasion p; not-significant). During mean follow-up of 3.9 years, two patients (11%) developed elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 and five patients (29%) required a second surgery for tumor recurrence. Rate of surgical reintervention was similar to SCA (31%), but higher than SGA (10%) (p = 0.035, SGHA vs. SGA), and 18% underwent radiation therapy, similar to SCA (19%, p; not-significant) but higher than SGA (2.9%, p = 0.018).
Conclusion
This is the largest single center study characterizing SGHA behavior with SGA and SCA control groups in a cohort of surgically resected pituitary adenomas. SGHA present mostly in young females, and should be closely followed due to their higher likelihood of recurrence and potential of progression to clinical acromegaly. We propose that a complete hormonal staining panel be routinely performed for all pituitary adenomas.
http://ift.tt/2xLSBcn
Clinical profile of silent growth hormone pituitary adenomas; higher recurrence rate compared to silent gonadotroph pituitary tumors, a large single center experience
Abstract
Purpose
Study and comparison of characteristics of silent growth hormone adenomas (SGHA), silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA), and silent gonadotroph adenomas (SGA) in a single institution cohort of surgically treated pituitary adenomas.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of SGHA surgically resected over 10 years: SGHA was defined as no clinical or biochemical evidence of acromegaly and positive GH immunostaining.
Results
Of 814 pituitary surgeries; 2.1% (n = 17) were SGHA, 4.5% (n = 37) SCA, and 18.9% (n = 70/371; 2011–2016) SGA. Mean age at SGHA diagnosis was 43 years, with a large female predominance (82%). Mean tumor size and cavernous/sphenoid sinus invasiveness for SGHA, SCA, and SGA were 1.5 ± 1.0 cm and 25%, 2.5 ± 1.2 cm and 43%, 2.9 ± 2.0 cm and 41%, respectively (tumor size p = 0.009, SGHA vs. SGA, and invasion p; not-significant). During mean follow-up of 3.9 years, two patients (11%) developed elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 and five patients (29%) required a second surgery for tumor recurrence. Rate of surgical reintervention was similar to SCA (31%), but higher than SGA (10%) (p = 0.035, SGHA vs. SGA), and 18% underwent radiation therapy, similar to SCA (19%, p; not-significant) but higher than SGA (2.9%, p = 0.018).
Conclusion
This is the largest single center study characterizing SGHA behavior with SGA and SCA control groups in a cohort of surgically resected pituitary adenomas. SGHA present mostly in young females, and should be closely followed due to their higher likelihood of recurrence and potential of progression to clinical acromegaly. We propose that a complete hormonal staining panel be routinely performed for all pituitary adenomas.
http://ift.tt/2xLSBcn
Optimal timing of dopamine agonist withdrawal in patients with hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Purpose
Dopamine agonists (DAs) are recommended as first-line treatment for patients with hyperprolactinemia. Generally, it is accepted that patients with hyperprolactinemia do not need lifelong medication, but the optimal timing for DA withdrawal has not been determined. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the impact of DA withdrawal on the clinical outcomes of patients with hyperprolactinemia, and to explore possible factors affecting successful DA withdrawal.
Methods
The databases of PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE were searched up to May 2016.
Results
The proportion of patients with persisting normoprolactinemia after DA withdrawal reached 36.6% in a random effects model (95% CI, 29.4–44.2%; I-squared: 82.5%). Data of stratified analysis showed that the success rate of drug withdrawal was high in patients using cabergoline (CAB) as the only treatment (41.2%; 95% CI 32.3–50.4%) and those using CAB over 24 months (48.7%; 95% CI 38.9–58.5%), especially in patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (73.2%; 95% CI 55.6–87.7%). In addition, patients who received a low maintenance dose of CAB, and had a significant reduction in tumor size (over 50%) before withdrawal, were more likely to achieve success (51.5 and 49.4%, respectively).
Conclusion
The success rate of DA withdrawal has increased in recent years. Further, the success rate of CAB withdrawal was higher than that of bromocriptine, especially in patients with a duration of treatment longer than 24 months. Conclusively, the probability of success was higher in patients who received low-dose CAB maintenance treatment and those who achieved a significant reduction in tumor size before withdrawal.
http://ift.tt/2gggW3M
Optimal timing of dopamine agonist withdrawal in patients with hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Purpose
Dopamine agonists (DAs) are recommended as first-line treatment for patients with hyperprolactinemia. Generally, it is accepted that patients with hyperprolactinemia do not need lifelong medication, but the optimal timing for DA withdrawal has not been determined. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the impact of DA withdrawal on the clinical outcomes of patients with hyperprolactinemia, and to explore possible factors affecting successful DA withdrawal.
Methods
The databases of PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE were searched up to May 2016.
Results
The proportion of patients with persisting normoprolactinemia after DA withdrawal reached 36.6% in a random effects model (95% CI, 29.4–44.2%; I-squared: 82.5%). Data of stratified analysis showed that the success rate of drug withdrawal was high in patients using cabergoline (CAB) as the only treatment (41.2%; 95% CI 32.3–50.4%) and those using CAB over 24 months (48.7%; 95% CI 38.9–58.5%), especially in patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (73.2%; 95% CI 55.6–87.7%). In addition, patients who received a low maintenance dose of CAB, and had a significant reduction in tumor size (over 50%) before withdrawal, were more likely to achieve success (51.5 and 49.4%, respectively).
Conclusion
The success rate of DA withdrawal has increased in recent years. Further, the success rate of CAB withdrawal was higher than that of bromocriptine, especially in patients with a duration of treatment longer than 24 months. Conclusively, the probability of success was higher in patients who received low-dose CAB maintenance treatment and those who achieved a significant reduction in tumor size before withdrawal.
http://ift.tt/2gggW3M
Scholar : These new articles for Archives and Manuscripts are available online
|
Experimental and numerical studies on impact behaviors of recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube after exposure to elevated temperature
Publication date: 15 December 2017
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 136
Author(s): Wengui Li, Zhiyu Luo, Chengqing Wu, Vivian W.Y. Tam, Wen Hui Duan, Surendra P. Shah
This study investigated the impact behaviors of recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (RACFST) after exposed to elevated temperatures by experimental and numerical studies. The impact test on RACFST was conducted by a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with 100mm-diameter. After the validation of finite element method simulation by the experimental results, parametric analysis were applied to analyze the effects of RAC strength, steel strength and steel ratio on the impact behaviors and deformation properties of the RACFSTs exposed to elevated temperatures ranging from 20°C, 200°C to 500°C and to 700°C. The results show that both the increases in RAC strength, steel strength and steel ratio significantly enhance the impact resistance of RACFST. However, when RAC strength deteriorates quickly after exposure to high temperature, the increase in RAC strength just slightly improves the impact properties of RACFST, especially after exposure to elevated temperatures higher than 500°C. In conclusion, increasing steel ratio is an effective way for improving the impact behaviors of RACFST, but resulting in higher cost for practical application. For the impact design of RACFST, steel strength and steel ratio are two essential factors in terms of impact behavior enhancement and cost efficiency.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2yo1cXh
Coefficient of thermal expansion of nanostructured tungsten based coatings assessed by substrate curvature method
Publication date: 5 January 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 137
Author(s): E. Besozzi, D. Dellasega, A. Pezzoli, A. Mantegazza, M. Passoni, M.G. Beghi
The in plane coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the residual stress of nanostructured W based coatings are extensively investigated. The CTE and the residual stresses are derived by means of an optimized ad-hoc developed experimental setup based on the detection of the substrate curvature by a laser system. The nanostructured coatings are deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Thanks to its versatility, nanocrystalline W metallic coatings, ultra-nano-crystalline pure W and W-Tantalum coatings and amorphous-like W coatings are obtained. The correlation between the nanostructure, the residual stress and the CTE of the coatings are thus elucidated. We find that all the samples show a compressive residual state of stress that decreases as the structure goes from columnar nanocrystalline to amorphous-like. The CTE of all the coatings is higher than the one of the corresponding bulk W form. In particular, as the grain size shrinks, the CTE increases from 5.1 10−6 K−1 for nanocrystalline W to 6.6 10−6 K−1 in the ultra-nano-crystalline region. When dealing with amorphous W, the further increase of the CTE is attributed to a higher porosity degree of the samples. The CTE of the coatings is also investigated as function of materials stiffness: when stiffness decreases, the CTE increases.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2ynBXnT
Micromechanics modeling of metallic alloys 3D printed by selective laser melting
Publication date: 5 January 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 137
Author(s): Mohsen Taheri Andani, Mohammad Reza Karamooz-Ravari, Reza Mirzaeifar, Jun Ni
Nowadays, additive manufacturing of metallic materials plays a key role in manufacturing technology due to its unique capability of printing strong and complicated components with high precision. Currently, the approach to obtain a specific mechanical performance in 2D printed metallic parts is a challenging and expensive iterative process. Using computational models to predict the mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM) metallic alloys based on their microscopic features can be leveraged to reduce the iteration cost for obtaining the desired mechanical properties. An accurate computational model will also be a superior tool to investigate practical modifications in the processing parameters to improve the mechanical performance of 3D printed metals. In this paper, a novel technique is developed to study the correlation between microstructural features, including melt pools and grain structures, and the macroscopic mechanical properties of SLM products. Crystal plasticity is utilized and calibrated to represent the material properties of grains. The capability of the model in considering the role of texture, process defects, mechanical loading direction, and laser scan hatch space on the mechanical behavior of SLM parts are evaluated. The good agreement between the obtained results and the reported experimental data confirms the accuracy of the developed computational model.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2yo9xu9
Development of high-performance energy absorption component based on the structural design and nanocrystallization
Publication date: 5 January 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 137
Author(s): Tao Tang, Yuan Gao, Lu Yao, Ying Li, Jian Lu
Over the past decades, to meet the ever-increasing energy-saving and environmental-friendly needs, light-weight vehicles, e.g., electric cars, have been widely advocated. Due to significant deterioration in the capability of energy dissipation, crashworthiness enhancement becomes again the most critical issue for the light-weighted vehicles. However, the design based on conventional structure has been more difficult, and the employment of high-strength materials induces much higher cost. To achieve both large safety margin and low cost, this study implemented both material enhancement and structure optimization in the energy absorber design. Since most light-weight structures involve thin-walled frames, the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), able to induce nanostructures in metals for strength enhancement without sacrificing ductility, is the perfect choice. Based on the structure of energy absorber, SMAT technology was intensively improved to take full advantage of the excellent performance of the advanced steel material and fulfill real-life application. Structure optimization was also explored through extensive experiments and numerical simulations. The final products was examined by real tests, and the results revealed that it was lighter, stronger and have high-safety impact levels compared to similar products on the present market as expected.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2yoQAHB
White Clot Syndrome
Publication date: Available online 17 October 2017
Source:European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Author(s): Alexandros Mallios, William Jennings
http://ift.tt/2ihU749
Scholar : These new articles for Activities, Adaptation & Aging are available online
|
-
Ειδοποίηση Μελετητή:[ ωτα ] [HTML] Gender, identity and material: Film screening C Brand - 2017 ftypM4V *M4V M4A mp42isom*a┌moovlmvhd...
-
Publication date: September 2017 Source: Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 110 Author(s): Lucía Fernández-del-Río, Anish Nag, Elen...
