Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis Facilitate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Effects

Publication date: Available online 4 October 2016
Source:Immunity
Author(s): Romain Daillère, Marie Vétizou, Nadine Waldschmitt, Takahiro Yamazaki, Christophe Isnard, Vichnou Poirier-Colame, Connie P.M. Duong, Caroline Flament, Patricia Lepage, Maria Paula Roberti, Bertrand Routy, Nicolas Jacquelot, Lionel Apetoh, Sonia Becharef, Sylvie Rusakiewicz, Philippe Langella, Harry Sokol, Guido Kroemer, David Enot, Antoine Roux, Alexander Eggermont, Eric Tartour, Ludger Johannes, Paul-Louis Woerther, Elisabeth Chachaty, Jean-Charles Soria, Encouse Golden, Silvia Formenti, Magdalena Plebanski, Mutsa Madondo, Philip Rosenstiel, Didier Raoult, Vincent Cattoir, Ivo Gomperts Boneca, Mathias Chamaillard, Laurence Zitvogel
The efficacy of the anti-cancer immunomodulatory agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) relies on intestinal bacteria. How and which relevant bacterial species are involved in tumor immunosurveillance, and their mechanism of action are unclear. Here, we identified two bacterial species, Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis that are involved during CTX therapy. Whereas E. hirae translocated from the small intestine to secondary lymphoid organs and increased the intratumoral CD8/Treg ratio, B. intestinihominis accumulated in the colon and promoted the infiltration of IFN-γ-producing γδT cells in cancer lesions. The immune sensor, NOD2, limited CTX-induced cancer immunosurveillance and the bioactivity of these microbes. Finally, E. hirae and B. intestinihominis specific-memory Th1 cell immune responses selectively predicted longer progression-free survival in advanced lung and ovarian cancer patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy. Altogether, E. hirae and B. intestinihominis represent valuable "oncomicrobiotics" ameliorating the efficacy of the most common alkylating immunomodulatory compound.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is an immunomodulatory anticancer compound. Daillère et al. show that the antitumoral efficacy of CTX relies on two gut commensal species, Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis in a NOD2-dependent manner. These two bacteria changed the tumor microenvironment, reducing regulatory T cells and stimulating cognate antitumor CTL responses.


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