3D spongy graphene-modified screen-printed sensors for the voltammetric determination of the narcotic drug codeine

Publication date: 15 March 2018
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 101
Author(s): Mona A. Mohamed, Dalia M. El-Gendy, Nashaat Ahmed, Craig E. Banks, Nageh K. Allam
Adenine-functionalized spongy graphene (FSG) composite, fabricated via a facile and green synthetic method, has been explored as a potential electrocatalyst toward the electroanalytical sensing of codeine phosphate (COD). The synthesized composite is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The FSG was electrically wired via modification upon screen-printed (macro electrode) sensors, which behave as a hybrid electrode material for the sensitive and selective codeine phosphate (COD) determination in the presence of paracetamol (PAR) and caffeine (CAF). The FSG- modified sensor showed an excellent electrocatalytic response towards the sensing of COD with a wide linear response range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸–2.0 × 10⁻⁴M and a detection limit (LOD) of 5.8 × 10⁻⁹M, indicating its potential for the sensing of COD in clinical samples and pharmaceutical formulations.

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