Abstract
The mineralization of bio-recalcitrant humic acids (HAs) by a solar photo-Fenton (SPF) process was investigated in aqueous system, in order to understand its abatement in real high-HA content matrices, such as sanitary landfill leachates. SPF reactions were performed in tubular photoreactors with CPCs at lab-scale (simulated solar light) and pilot-scale (natural sunlight). Considering the experimental conditions selected for this work, the formation of insoluble HA-Fe3+ complexes was observed. Thus, to avoid HA precipitation, oxalic acid (Ox) was added, since Fe3+-Ox complexes present a higher stability constant. The effect of different process variables on the performance of SPF reaction mediated by ferrioxalate complexes (SPFF) was assessed with excess of H2O2 (50–250 mg L−1), at lab-scale: (i) pH (2.8–4.0); (ii) initial iron concentration (20–60 mg Fe3+ L−1); (iii) iron-oxalate molar ratio (Fe3+-Ox of 1:3 and 1:6); (iv) temperature (20–40 °C); (v) UV irradiance (21–58 WUV m−2); and (vi) commercial-HA concentration (50–200 mg C L−1). At the best lab conditions (40 mg Fe3+ L−1, pH 2.8, 30 °C, 1.6 Fe3+-Ox molar ratio, 41 WUV m−2), commercial HAs' mineralization profile was also compared with HAs extracted from a sanitary landfill leachate, achieving 88 and 91% of dissolved organic carbon removal, respectively, after 3-h irradiation (8.7 kJUV L−1). Both reactions followed the same trend, although a 2.1-fold increase in the reaction rate was observed for the leachate-HA experiment, due to its lower humification degree. At pilot-scale, under natural sunlight, 95% HA mineralization was obtained, consuming 42 mM of H2O2 and 5.9 kJUV L−1 of accumulated UV energy. However, a pre-oxidation during 2.8 kJUV L−1 (12 mM H2O2) was enough to obtain a biodegradability index of 89%, showing the strong feasibility to couple the SPFF process to a downstream biological oxidation, with low chemicals and energetic demands.
Graphical abstract
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