Development of helix-stabilized cell-penetrating peptides containing cationic α,α-disubstituted amino acids as helical promoters

Publication date: 15 March 2017
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 25, Issue 6
Author(s): Hiroko Yamashita, Takashi Misawa, Makoto Oba, Masakazu Tanaka, Mikihiko Naito, Masaaki Kurihara, Yosuke Demizu
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have attracted many scientists' attention as intracellular delivery tools due to their high cargo molecule transportation efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Therefore, in many research fields CPP, such as HIV-Tat and oligoarginine (Rn), are used to deliver hydrophilic drugs and biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. We designed four types of CPP that contained cationic α,α-disubstituted amino acids (Api^C2Gu and Api^C4Gu) as helical promoters; i.e., 1–4 [FAM-β-Ala-(l-Arg-l-Arg-Xaa)3-(Gly)3-NH2 (1: Xaa=Api^C2Gu, 2: Xaa=Api^C4Gu), 3: FAM-β-Ala-(l-Arg)8-Api^C2Gu-(Gly)3-NH2, and 4: FAM-β-Ala-(l-Arg)5-Api^C2Gu-(l-Arg)2-Api^C2Gu-(Gly)3-NH2], and investigated their preferred secondary structures and cell membrane-penetrating ability. As a result, we found that the permeation efficiency of the CPP was affected by the number of helical promoters in their sequences. Specially, peptide 1, which contained three Api^C2Gu residues, formed a stable helical structure and passed through the cell membrane more efficiently than the other peptides. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the spatial arrangement of the peptides' side chains also influenced their permeability and the helical stabilization of their main chains.

Graphical abstract

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