Clinical Outcomes for Minimally Invasive Primary and Secondary Orbital Reconstruction using an Advanced Synergistic Combination of Navigation and Endoscopy

Sequelae of inadequate orbital reconstruction include enophthalmos, hypoglobus, and diplopia. Accuracy of orbital reconstruction is largely subjective and especially difficult to achieve due to anatomic distortion in secondary or late reconstruction and in extensive injury. We combined computer navigation and endoscopy to perform accurate, aesthetic, and safe minimal-access primary and secondary orbital reconstruction.

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